微笑缩短距离

微笑是人类最甜美、最动人的表情，在日常生活和人际交往中具有重要作用。在教学过程中，教师的微笑尤为重要。实践证明，教师的微笑是打动学生心灵最美好的表情，是教育学生最好的手段。教师的微笑传递着对学生的“爱”，可提高学生学习的兴趣。教师的微笑是热爱学生的外在表现，没有爱的教育犹如荒漠。教师面带微笑走进教室是与学生进行沟通的首要条件。在教学过程中，如果教师面孔冷漠、威严，不苟言笑，学生就会感到拘束，形成一种紧张的、消极的、甚至是对抗性的学习环境，这会抑制大脑皮质的兴奋度，对学生的心理和学业带来不良影响。当我们用一颗赤诚的心去爱学生，以真诚的微笑面对学生时，他便将“爱”悄悄地带给了学生，会使学生感到和蔼可亲，能使学生消除陌生感，缩短与我们的距离，对所教的学科感兴趣，将点燃学生智慧的火花，学生的思维之门也会为之大开，接受信息的灵感度会随之提高，学习该课程的兴趣会不断增强。     

找寻情与钱间幸福之门

情和钱不是对立的,有情不必排斥钱,我们完全可以将未来的自己定位为有情有义的有钱人,并为之开启自己的梦想。大胆追求,努力拼搏,用智慧和汗水实现自己的梦想。或许是命运的不幸会暂时将缤纷多彩的梦撞碎;或许是天地的无     

艾滋病流行对宏观经济的影响研究

随着艾滋病的流行,艾滋瘸感染者和患者人数的不断增加,艾滋病对社会经济的影响也越来越来明显,正确评估艾滋病流行对社会经济的影响就显得十分必要.本文就如何在人口统计学预测的基础上借助一定的经济学模型来定量刻画艾滋病对宏观经济的影响程度做了详细的研究,为今后进一步研究艾滋病对社会经济的影响提供理论参考.     

金牛宝宝的HAPPY SHOW

金牛宝宝☆性格小提示尽管生来慢性子,但无论他们慢到何种程度,改变还是一直在继续的,所以牛牛们在很多事情上都需要爸妈的耐心引导.在引导中,更要注意牛牛的内心很敏感,还经常伴着与生俱来的距离感,即使是细微的变化也会产生影响,所以从小培养他们对人的信任也很重要.其实,牛牛的能力一般都很强:主动关心别人、良好的自我管理、不错的动手能力,所以只要给予充裕的思考时间、有规律的生活、安静舒适的环境,牛牛们自然会健康地成长.……     

应对孕期三大棘手问题

70%以上的准妈妈,孕期会遭遇痔疮的烦恼;几乎是所有的准妈妈在孕期前3个月或轻或重都会产生恶心呕吐的状况,严重的甚至会持续更长时间;一旦怀孕后,准妈妈常常有昏昏欲睡的感觉,很容易疲惫。痔疮、疲劳、孕吐,是准妈妈孕期非常棘手的三大问题,让孕妈妈想说轻松不容易。     

构建以人为本的就医环境建设的思考

随着社会的发展和科学技术的进步,随着医学模式的变化,构建医院以人为本的就医环境是我们医院管理工作者实践科学发展观的一项重要任务.我院有50多年的历史,由于多种原因,发展比较缓慢,近几年来在省政府的支持下,经过全院几届领导和职工的努力,现已成为开放床位650张,职工800多人,科室齐全、设备先进、环境优美的医疗、教学、科研取得很大发展的三级综合性教学医院.     

关于她的绯闻

她一定是软的、慢的、柔的,像白云或棉絮那样的质地轻薄。结婚后搬去和公婆同住。一栋老式的楼里,住的都是多年的老邻居,见证着彼此的家事、儿女的成长以及所有林林总总散播的飞短流长。故而这样的环境,名声就是脸面,叛逆与出轨的边缘化行为别想得到大众认     

男性“食”什么“性”什么

良好的饮食习惯是健康的关键,保持良好的性欲和性能力同样与饮食有关。不论是中国还是欧美的医学专家都承认:吃不一定会提高性技巧,但肯定会起到助性的作用。男性很在乎自己的性能好坏,却很少注意到自己的性福其实就毁在饮食上。     

巧食红绿豆,身材更纤瘦

N年前我还是小姑娘的时候,虽然不属于纤细的那种体形,倒也婀娜有致,该肥的肥,该瘦的瘦。26岁那年刚生完孩子从医院回家洗澡,站在浴室镜子前看到已经肥胖变形的身体,真是有一种欲哭无泪的感觉,那个青春的躯体已经不复存在,生育的代价就是把自己从一个玲珑有致的少女变成了一个一身横肉的悍妇!心里的痛真是无     

南京市下关区学校食堂卫生状况调查

学校(包括托幼机构)食堂是特殊的食品加工经营场所,其卫生状况的好坏直接影响师生的身体健康,对维持学校正常的教学秩序和社会稳定有着重要的意义.学校食堂卫生目前已成为公共卫生的重要课题,是卫生监督管理的重点.笔者于2006年2～5月,对南京市下关区学校食堂的卫生状况进行了专项调查.     

中山市儿童期超重对青少年肥胖影响的队列研究

目的 了解广东省中山市7~18岁儿童青少年肥胖的发病率,探讨儿童期超重对青少年肥胖的影响。方法 于2005年对中山市一年级小学生体检测量身高、体重,连续随访10年(1次/年),共有2 188名中山市小学一年级到高中一年级学生作为回顾性队列研究对象。使用2018年颁布的《学龄儿童青少年超重与肥胖筛查》 (WS/T 586-2018) 评价超重及肥胖,并计算肥胖的检出率及发病率,采用χ²检验和log-binomial模型分析儿童期超重对青少年肥胖的影响。结果 小学一年级学生肥胖的检出率为4.89%,小学四年级时达到最高为6.99%,高中一年级时为4.43%。肥胖的发病率在小学二年级时最高为1.83%,高中一年级时降低到0.74%。小学一年级时超重的学生在高中一年级时肥胖累积发病率是小学一年级时正常体重学生的8.85倍(9年的累积发病率41.33% vs.4.67%,RR=8.85,95%CI:6.12~12.78)。结论 从小学一年级到高中一年级期间,儿童期肥胖发病率较高。儿童期超重明显增加青少年肥胖的风险。肥胖干预应该从儿童期开展,尤其应该重点关注超重的儿童。     

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Efficacy, potential abuse, and dependence in the treatment of alcohol addiction

The main objective in alcoholism therapy is to achieve and maintain abstinence and to prevent relapse. Pharmacotherapy may be necessary in treating persons who are not helped by group or psychosocial support alone. Among the substances experimented with in the past few years, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid has been effective in preventing alcohol withdrawal syndrome and in inducing a reduction in craving and an increase in the abstinence rate in treated alcoholics, in view of the alcohol-mimicking effects of the drug on the central nervous system. However, a possible development of craving for the drug and the risk of abuse and physical dependence have been reported in subjects who used gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for different reasons, including alcoholism therapy. The present review updates the existing differences in drug abuse behavior, side effects, and poisoning in the use of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in a treatment alcoholism program and in self nonclinical illicit use.     

中国东中西部地区乙型病毒性肝炎流行现状

目的了解中国东、中、西部地区乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)流行现状。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查保留的血清开展乙肝病毒感染血清学检测。结果①中国东、中、西部地区全人群乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)标化阳性率分别9.20%、7.24%、8.24%。东部地区城市、农村全人群HBsAg阳性率分别为4.29%、11.79%;中部地区城市、农村全人群HBsAg阳性率分别为4.41%、7.84%;西部地区城市、农村全人群HBsAg阳性率分别为4.53%、9.05%。②东、中、西部地区<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为6.46%、4.47%、5.48%。东部地区城市、农村<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为2.29%、12.39%;中部地区城市、农村<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为1.61%、6.82%;西部地区城市、农村<15岁儿童HBsAg阳性率分别为2.57%、7.35%。结论中国东、中、西部地区全人群HBsAg阳性率均有不同程度下降,<15岁儿童下降最明显。表明中国自1992年将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理效果显著。     

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis B virus vaccination and transmission among men who have sex with men: A mathematical modelling study

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccinations among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been considerably lower than before the pandemic. Moreover, less frequent HBV testing and a reduction in numbers of sex partners have been reported. We assessed the impact of these COVID-19-related changes on HBV transmission among MSM in the Netherlands.MethodsWe estimated the changes in sexual activity, HBV testing, and HBV vaccination among MSM during the pandemic from Dutch data. We used a deterministic compartmental model and investigated scenarios with small or large declines in sexual activity, testing, and vaccination for the current phase of the pandemic (without available data). We examined the increase in HBV vaccinations needed to prevent further increase in HBV incidence.ResultsWith a decrease in numbers of sex partners of 15–25% during the first lockdown and 5% during the second lockdown, we found a decline of 6.6% in HBV incidence in 2020, despite a >70% reduction in HBV testing and vaccination during the first lockdown. With numbers of sex partners rebounding close to pre-pandemic level in 2021, and a reduction of 15% in testing and 30% in vaccination in 2021, we found an increase of 1.4% in incidence in 2021 and 3.1% in 2026. With these changes, an increase of ≥60% in HBV vaccinations in 2022 would be needed to bring the HBV incidence in 2023 back to the level that it would have had if the COVID-19-related changes had not occurred.ConclusionsDespite reductions in sexual activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, the decrease in HBV vaccinations may result in a small increase in HBV incidence after 2021, which may persist for years. It is important to restore the vaccination level and limit further increase in HBV transmission among MSM.     

Morphologie et alimentation de l’enfant : Évolution au cours des dernières décennies

Growth is a favourable period to study the association between environmental factors and body composition, as many body parameters can be investigated. The analysis of secular trends in nutrition and growth could suggest hypotheses about the factors responsible for the body parameter changes over time.We have conducted several studies at different periods to assess secular trends. We also have developed growth indicators such as the BMI growth curves, the adiposity rebound and the arm muscle and arm fat areas.Since many years, increased stature has been recorded in various countries. The same trend was recorded in our studies. Mean stature in 2000 was 1.31m and 1.30m in 8-year-old boys and girls respectively. In 1960, in the French reference study, these figures were 1.27 and 1.26m, corresponding to a 4cm increase over the last 40 years. A comparison between two longitudinal studies conducted 30 years apart, indicates that the higher stature recorded at adult age in the more recent study, mainly results from an increase stature in early life. This increase mainly results from increased leg length. Birth weight recorded in studies conducted at different periods did not reveal any changes. By contrast, in school children, an increase in weight has been recorded in the last decades. Studies conducted in 10-year-old children at different time periods revealed that the prevalence of overweight defined by the 97^th centile of the French reference values was about 3% in 1965, 6% in 1980, 12% in 1995 and 16% in 2000. The age at adiposity rebound was 6.2 years in children born in 1965 and 5.6 in those born 30 years later. The earlier rebound recorded in the more recent study reflects an acceleration of growth.While children are taller, fatter, and grow faster, mean energy intake decreases over time, particularly due to a decrease in fat intake. The infant diet in many countries (by the age of 6-12 months) is characterised by high levels of proteins and low levels of fat. The high protein diet in infancy could explain the rapid growth process observed nowadays. Various studies have suggested that an accelerated growth in early life is associated with risk factors. Like in adults, obesity in children, is associated with metabolic diseases.In conclusion, growth is the period when environmental factors can have long lasting influence on body composition. The secular trends reported in many countries, such as increased stature, accelerated growth or the increasing prevalence of obesity, could result from influences taking place early in life. It is then important to develop research focussing on the identification of the early environmental factors which influence adult health.     

Social inequalities in ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular disease mortality in men: Spain and France, 1980–1982 and 1988–1990

In this study we analyse the trend in socio-economic differences in mortality from ischaemic heart and cerebrovascular diseases in the economically active male population aged 25–64 years in Spain and France. The data used were taken from deaths from these two causes in 1980–1982 and 1988–1990; in the case of Spain the data came from the Eight Provinces Study. Individuals were grouped into four categories — professional/managerial, clerical/sales/service workers, farmers, and manual workers — and the mortality rate ratio was estimated with reference to the professional/managerial group. For ischaemic heart disease in 1980–1982, professionals and managers aged 25–44 years had the lowest risk of mortality in Spain, and the highest risk of mortality in France; in 1988–1990 the socio-economic differences in mortality in Spain increased, whereas the relation was inverted in France. In 1980–1982, professionals and managers aged 45–64 years had higher mortality from ischaemic heart disease than the other occupational groups in both countries; in 1988–1990 this relation was inverted, except in the case of clerical/sales/service workers in Spain. For cerebrovascular disease, manual workers experienced the highest mortality in the 25–44 year age group in 1980–1982, and the differences increased in 1988–1990 in all groups with respect to professionals and managers in both places. Professionals and managers in France and manual workers in Spain had the highest mortality between 45 and 64 years in 1980–1982; in contrast, in 1988–1990 professionals and managers had the lowest risk of mortality from this disease in both Spain and France, although in Spain the magnitude was similar to that of clerical/sales/service workers. In general terms, mortality from each disease was different in professionals and managers than in clerical/sales/service workers. Thus, the pattern of mortality and its evolution in different socio-economic groups cannot be analysed accurately when the two occupational groups are combined in a single large group of non-manual workers.     

2007年宁南县麻风病疫点与家庭发病情况调查

[目的]为制定麻风病防制策略提供科学参考。[方法]2007年,对宁南县全部现存麻风病患者及历年治愈者(现存者)进行疫点与家庭发病情况调查。[结果]调查全部现存者218例,占全县人口的0.12%,占调查疫点人口的2.08%,占调查家庭人口的17.94%。MB病例所占比例,全县为58.26%(127/218),调查疫点为63.77%(44/69),调查家庭为62.92%(56/89);调查疫点继发率为146.43%,调查家庭继发率为117.07%,MB率分别为63.41%和41.67%。[结论]疫点人群和家庭人群是麻风病防制的监视人群。     

In vitro vs in vivo Pb effects on brain protein kinase C activity

Alteration of normal protein kinase C (PKC) function by environmental Pb exposure during neurodevelopment is hypothesized to be an important mechanism of toxicity underlying neurologic impairment. Previous studies have reported widely varying effects of Pb on PKC, possibly in part because of differences in in vitro and in vivo models used in those studies. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that, with comparable tissue Pb levels, the effects of in vitro Pb exposure on brain PKC are the same as the effects caused by in vivo Pb exposure of intact animals. For chronic in vivo Pb exposure, female Long-Evans rats were exposed to Pb or vehicle from postnatal days 1 to 34-36 (n=10/treatment). For in vitro Pb exposure, homogenate of the frontal cortex region was exposed directly to Pb in an amount comparable to that accumulated in brain during chronic in vivo Pb exposure. Brain Pb levels were measured using ultraclean techniques and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. PKC activity was subsequently determined in cytosolic and membrane subcellular fractions in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and remaining brain regions. Results indicate that brain Pb levels following in vivo Pb exposure were increased approximately 20-fold above those of nonexposed animals (vehicle group [Pb] approximately 130ng Pb/g dry wt.). However, in vivo Pb exposure did not measurably alter brain PKC activity in the regions tested. In contrast, in vitro Pb exposure significantly increased PKC activity by approximately 20% in the frontal cortex homogenate membrane subcellular fraction. These results indicate that Pb added in vitro caused more dramatic effects than those produced by a comparable amount of Pb in the tissue from in vivo exposure. While the mechanisms underlying these outcomes are not clear, they suggest that in vitro models might not accurately reflect effects of chronic low-level in vivo Pb exposure.     

Human biomonitoring in Israel: past, present, future

The first human biomonitoring (HBM) studies in Israel in the 1970s and 80s focused on measuring exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine insecticides in the general population and organophosphate pesticides in agricultural workers. In the late 1990 s, a regional human biomonitoring study found differences in blood lead levels in children from Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority. Taken together with data on time trends in lead emissions in Israel, the study indicated the benefits from phasing out of leaded gasoline. More recently, a pilot study in pregnant women in Jerusalem, conducted in collaboration with the US-CDC, found widespread exposure to phthalates, organophosphate pesticides, and the carbamate bendiocarb. Creatinine-adjusted total dimethyl (DM) metabolite concentrations were between 4 and 6 times higher than populations of pregnant women in the United States. The Israel Ministry of Health is currently collaborating with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Al Quds University to study exposures to phthalates and organophosphates in pregnant women in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The Israel Ministry of Health has also begun the first National Biomonitoring Study to measure exposures to bisphenol A, phthalates, organophosphates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, the phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein, and cotinine in the Israeli adult population. This study is being carried out in collaboration with the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg in Germany. Until recently, HBM programs in Israel were targeted at selected occupational groups (workers potentially exposed to metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and cholinesterase inhibitors) and naval divers potentially exposed to environmental contaminants. The future of HBM in Israel lies in extending such programs to measuring exposures in representative samples of the general population, increasing international collaboration in this field, developing analytical capacity and expertise, and increasing use of human biomonitoring studies in forming and evaluating environmental health policy.     

Occupational stress and strain in the Naval Service: 1999 and 2004

BACKGROUND: Surveys of occupational stress were undertaken in 1999 and 2004. OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of psychological strain and exposure to work-related stressors in personnel. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey using a validated, reliable questionnaire was undertaken in 1999 and was replicated in 2004. The data were combined and models of stress-strain were developed for male and female personnel in the Royal Navy (RN) and males in the Royal Marines (RM). RESULTS: The response rates were 78% in 1999 and 67% in 2004. Strain prevalence was 32% in 1999 and 33.5% in 2004. Strain rates were higher in females than in males and in personnel serving at sea. Reduced organizational commitment was associated with strain in males and females. Dissatisfaction with the physical work environment was associated with strain in RN females and RM. Role conflict was associated with strain in all groups. Work-family conflict was associated with strain in males, but not in females. The models accounted for 20-30% of the variance in strain. CONCLUSION: The strain rate in the Naval Service appeared to be similar to that in the other service occupations such as the UK Police, as did the sex difference in strain. The strain rate and stressor exposure ratings were remarkably stable over the period. Role conflict was found to be a generic stressor associated with strain.