Effective treatment of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis with cefazolin and ceftazidime in children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the combination of cefazolin and ceftazidime for initial treatment of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis in pediatric patients. DESIGN: Retrospective nonrandomized study. SETTING: Pediatric dialysis units of the University Medical Center of Utrecht and Nijmegen, The Netherlands. PATIENTS: 40 children (median age 5.4 years) who were treated with PD during the study period of 4.5 years. INTERVENTIONS: All 50 episodes of peritonitis that occurred during the study period were evaluated by review of medical records. Patients were given intraperitoneal ceftazidime 500 mg/L dialysis fluid, and cefazolin 500 mg/L as a loading dose, followed by a maintenance dose of ceftazidime 125 mg/L and cefazolin 100 mg/L, intraperitoneally, 4 times daily. Antibiotics were continued for 14 days. RESULTS: After identification of the causative microorganism, one of the antibiotics was discontinued in 34 cases, and the antibiotic schedule was adapted in 2 cases. All cases were initially cured within 3 days. In 5 cases (10%), there was a peritonitis with the same organism recurring within 2 weeks after completion of treatment. There were 4 cases of PD-related peritonitis caused by pseudomonas, all of which were cured. CONCLUSIONS: The antibiotic combination of cefazolin and ceftazidime is effective for the initial therapy of PD-related peritonitis in children. The toxic complications of aminoglycosides are avoided with this combination.     

单糖特征分析在腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎病原菌诊断中的价值

目的 单糖是病原菌的重要组成成分,不同类型的病原菌具有不同的单糖特征。本研究拟通过高效液相色谱法测定腹膜透析液中单糖的水平,探讨单糖检测对腹膜炎及引起腹膜炎的病原菌的诊断价值。方法 收集2020年10月01日至2021年10月31日到青岛大学附属医院西海岸肾病科住院的腹膜透析患者的腹膜透析液样本90例,其中包括无腹膜炎样本52个,腹膜炎样本38个,腹膜炎样本中革兰阳性菌腹膜炎腹透液样本24个,革兰阴性菌腹膜炎腹透液样本14个。利用高效液相色谱法测定所有样本中降解的甘露糖、葡萄糖、岩藻糖浓度,比较无腹膜炎组腹透液样本与革兰阳性菌腹膜炎组、革兰阴性菌腹膜炎组腹透液样本在甘露糖、葡萄糖、岩藻糖水平上的差异;采用Logistic回归分析各单糖水平与腹膜炎发生的关系,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估各单糖水平对腹膜炎不同病原菌的诊断价值。结果 3组各单糖水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与无腹膜炎组相比,腹膜炎组的葡萄糖浓度和岩藻糖浓度均显著下降(P<0.01)。与革兰阴性菌腹膜炎组相比,革兰阳性菌腹膜炎组甘露糖浓度显著下降(P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析表明...     

Weekend compared with weekday presentations of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

♦ Objective: Management of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis requires timely intervention by experienced staff, which may not be uniformly available throughout the week. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of weekend compared with weekday presentation on peritonitis outcomes.♦ Methods: The study, which used data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry, included all Australian patients receiving PD between 1 October 2003 and 31 December 2008. The independent predictors of weekend presentation and subsequent peritonitis outcomes were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.♦ Results: Peritonitis presentation rates were significantly lower on Saturdays [0.46 episodes per year; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.42 to 0.49 episodes per year] and on Sundays (0.43 episodes per year; 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.47 episodes per year) than all other weekdays; they peaked on Mondays (0.76 episodes per year; 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.81 episodes per year). Weekend presentation with a first episode of peritonitis was independently associated with lower body mass index and residence less than 100 km away from the nearest PD unit. Patients presenting with peritonitis on the weekend were significantly more likely to be hospitalized [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 2.32; 95% CI: 1.85 to 2.90], although microbial profiles and empiric antimicrobial treatments were comparable between the weekend and weekday groups. Antimicrobial cure rates were also comparable (79% vs 79%, p = 0.9), with the exception of cure rates for culture-negative peritonitis, which were lower on the weekend (80% vs 88%, p = 0.047). Antifungal prophylaxis was less likely to be co-prescribed for first peritonitis episodes presenting on weekdays (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.89).♦ Conclusions: Patients on PD are less likely to present with peritonitis on the weekend. Nevertheless, the microbiology, treatment, and outcomes of weekend and weekday PD peritonitis presentations are remarkably similar. Exceptions include the associations of weekend presentation with a higher hospitalization rate and a lower cure rate in culture-negative infection.     

Vancomycin and ciprofloxacin: systemic antibiotic administration for peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis.

OBJECTIVES: Peritonitis due to peritoneal dialysis (PD) is best treated empirically while waiting for the results of the dialysate culture. Thus, antibiotic therapy must cover both gram-positive and gram-negative micro-organisms. First, over a period of 9 years in a multicenter study we evaluated the efficiency of a vancomycin and ciprofloxacin combination given as the first-line treatment protocol for PD peritonitis. Second, we evaluated whether a systemic route of administration of the antibiotics could be an interesting alternative to the usual cumbersome intraperitoneal drug administration. METHODS: Vancomycin 15 mg/kg body weight, intravenous, and oral ciprofloxacin 250 mg two times per day (500 mg twice per day if residual creatinine clearance was above 3 mL/minute) were prescribed at diagnosis of peritonitis. Vancomycin injections were repeated (when blood trough level was expected to be below 12 microg/mL) in cases of gram-positive organisms for a total duration of 3 weeks. Ciprofloxacin was given for a total of 3 weeks in cases of gram-negative and a total of 10 days for susceptible gram-positive infections. RESULTS: A total of 129 episodes of peritonitis occurred; 28 of them were not included in the study because of protocol violation (n = 15) or fungal (n = 7) or fecal (n = 6) peritonitis, leaving 101 peritonitis episodes for analysis. 52 (51.5%) gram-positive and 28 (27.7%) gram-negative organisms were grown; 38 gram-positive organisms were coagulase-negative staphylococci. No organism was identified in 8 peritonitis episodes, whereas 13 peritonitis episodes were caused by more than 1 organism. 35% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci were resistant to first-generation cephalosporin and methicillin, whereas all were susceptible to vancomycin. For gram-negative bacilli, the susceptibility rate was 96% and 95% for ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime respectively. The overall treatment success rate was 77.2% (78 of the 101 peritonitis episodes): 61.4% at first intention and 15.8% after optimization of the antibiotic therapy (second intention).The protocol failed in 22.8% of the peritonitis episodes. Hospitalization was required in 52% of the peritonitis episodes; average hospitalization was 11 (range 1-45) days. CONCLUSION: Systemic vancomycin and ciprofloxacin administration is a simple and efficient first-line protocol antibiotic therapy for PD peritonitis. In our opinion, vancomycin should still be used for gram-positive infections because of its high susceptibility rate compared with first-generation cephalosporins, providing a close monitoring of the local epidemiology. Oral ciprofloxacin provides satisfactory results in gram-negative infections, comparable to those obtained with intraperitoneal ceftazidime or aminoglycosides.     

时间平均的焦虑积分独立预测腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的风险

目的探讨透析开始时,以及长期随访中的焦虑抑郁状态是否预测腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生,以及其预测性是否受腹膜透析患者临床特征和合并症的影响。方法本研究共纳入2002年2月至2007年2月新增腹膜透析患者240名,随访观察2011年6月,将第一次腹膜炎发生作为终点事件,死亡、转血液透析和移植记为删失。收集患者透析开始时的人口学资料,生化参数和残余肾功能作为基线值。分别于透析开始,透析后1,2,3年采用Hamilton焦虑抑郁量表评估出基线和时间平均的焦虑抑郁积分。结果患者年龄(59.2±14.2)岁,40%为男性。随访时间(51±25)月,随访结束时110名(45.8%)患者死亡。从透析开始到首次腹膜炎的随访时间是31(18～61)月。COX回归分析提示,时间平均的焦虑积分,经多变量校正(经年龄,性别,体质量指数,糖尿病,教育程度,经济收入水平,血红蛋白,血白蛋白,肾小球滤过率和合并症指数),仍为腹膜炎的独立预测因子[HR=1.057(1.022～1.094)](P=0.001)。而基线时的焦虑抑郁积分均不能预测腹膜炎。结论时间平均的焦虑积分是腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的独立预测因素.应在长期随访中密切关注腹膜透析患者的焦虑状态,预防腹膜炎的发生。     

Procalcitonin fails to differentiate inflammatory status or predict long-term outcomes in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis.

BACKGROUND: Peritonitis is the major complication in patients undergoing maintenance peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is associated with a significant risk of mortality. Previously, we have shown that patients treated for peritonitis and having prolonged elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with higher mortality. The underlying cause for the chronic systemic inflammation remains unknown. We studied serum procalcitonin (PCT), which has been reported as an accurate marker for infection and inflammation, with respect to being a diagnostic and prognostic indicator of persistent chronic inflammation after peritonitis in patients with PD-related peritonitis. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study on PD patients that developed PD-related peritonitis. Blood samples obtained at routine check-up before the onset of peritonitis were taken as baseline (D0). When patients developed PD-related peritonitis, serial blood samples were obtained on day 1 (D1), day 7 (D7), and day 42 (D42) for PCT, CRP, and other inflammatory markers. Patients were followed up for at least 2 years, during which outcomes of peritonitis and causes of death were recorded. Serum levels of CRP and PCT at day 42 were analyzed to assess for long-term prognosis. RESULTS: 35 patients [female 42.9%; mean age 63.8 +/- 13.1 years; 12 (34.3%) diabetics] were recruited. The onset of peritonitis was 3.61 +/- 3.56 years after PD initiation and median residual renal function at that time was 1.06 (range 0 - 6.1) mL/min. Median total white cell counts in PD effluent at days 1, 3, 7, and 42 were 3505/mm(3) (range 377 - 20 500/mm(3)), 297 (8 - 5880)/mm(3), 34 (0 - 5290)/mm(3), and 10 (0 - 115)/mm(3), respectively. Twelve (34.3%) and 14 (40%) PD effluents grew gram-positive and gram-negative micro-organisms respectively; others were culture negative. Median PCT was increased significantly at day 1 [2.00 (0.12 - 58.7) ng/mL, p < 0.001], day 7 [0.76 (0.13 - 15.25) ng/mL, p < 0.001], and day 42 [0.30 (0.13 - 0.79) ng/mL, p = 0.005] compared to baseline [0.20 (0.09 - 0.69) ng/mL]. Seven of 35 patients had false-negative results on day 1 (range 0.12 - 0.46) when PCT <0.5 ng/mL was used as the cutoff value for diagnosing peritonitis. For the long-term prognostic outcome, CRP at day 42 was significantly better than PCT in assessing overall prognosis (CRP: AUC 0.712, 95% CI 0.534 - 0.890 vs PCT: AUC 0.652, 95% CI 0.448 - 0.855). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, patients with elevated CRP (>3.0 mg/L) were associated with poorer long-term survival (p = 0.04) but elevated PCT at the 25th, 50th, or 75th percentiles failed to provide prognostic value. CONCLUSIONS: PD patients after peritonitis may be associated with prolonged systemic inflammation. CRP was a better serum marker for monitoring inflammatory status and predicting long-term prognosis in our study. Although serum PCT is elevated in some patients at the time of peritonitis, its value in making a diagnosis and predicting long-term prognosis remains doubtful.     

Intraperitoneal vancomycin concentrations during peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: correlation with serum levels

♦ Background: For the treatment of peritoneal dialysis–associated peritonitis (PDP), it has been suggested that serum concentrations of vancomycin be kept above 12 mg/L – 15 mg/L. However, studies correlating vancomycin concentrations in serum and peritoneal dialysate effluent (PDE) during active infection are sparse. We undertook the present study to investigate this issue and to determine whether achieving the recommended serum level of vancomycin results in therapeutic levels intraperitoneally.♦ Methods: We studied patients treated with intraperitoneal (IP) vancomycin for non-gram-negative PDP. We gave a single dose (approximately 30 mg/kg) at presentation, and we subsequently measured vancomycin levels in PDE on day 5; we wanted to determine if efflux of vancomycin from serum to PDE during a 4-hour dwell was consistent and resulted in therapeutic levels.♦ Results: Of the 48 episodes of PDP studied, serum vancomycin concentrations exceeding 12 mg/L were achieved in 98% of patients, but in 11 patients (23%), a PDE vancomycin level below 4 mg/L—the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of many gram-positive organisms—was observed at the end of a 4-hour dwell on day 5. The correlation between the concentrations of vancomycin in serum and PDE (from efflux of antibiotic over 4 hours) was statistically significant, but poor (R² = 0.18).♦ Conclusions: Our data support the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis statement that adequate serum vancomycin concentrations can be achieved with intermittent dosing (single dose every 5 days), but cannot guarantee therapeutic PDE levels in the treatment of PDP. Intermittent dosing of vancomycin may not consistently result in PDE concentrations markedly greater than MIC of many important pathogens. Although the clinical significance of this finding remains to be determined, it may be preferable to give smaller but more frequent doses of PDE vancomycin (continuous dosing) for adults with PDP (as is currently recommended for children).     

Comparison of methods for processing dialysate in suspected continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis

Three methods of processing dialysate from patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and with suspected peritonitis were compared: (a) direct inoculation of 10 ml of dialysate into an Isolator tube, (b) direct inoculation of 5 ml of dialysate into each of two Bactec blood culture bottles (NR 6A and 7A), and (c) centrifugation of 50 ml upon receipt in the laboratory and culture of the sediment. A diagnosis of peritonitis was made in 33 of 52 suspected episodes. Pathogens were recovered by Isolator in 26 of the 33 specimens, by Bactec in 21, by centrifugation in 25, and by any method in 27. Time to detection of positivity was the same for Isolator and Bactec in 20 of 21 cases and for Isolator and centrifugation in 21 of 24 cases. Identification was available 24-48 hr earlier with Isolator than with centrifugation in three of 24 cases and 24 hr earlier with Isolator than Bactec in 20 of 21 cases.     

Influence of climate on the incidence of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis.

OBJECTIVE: The use of peritoneal dialysis has expanded in many developing subtropical countries; however, the role of climatic factors in dialysis-related peritonitis has not been studied in detail. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: A single regional dialysis unit in a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: We reviewed all cases of dialysis-related peritonitis treated in our dialysis unit from January 1995 to December 2001. Information was collected on demographic data, microbiologic etiology, associated catheter exit-site infection, and clinical response. RESULTS: In 24,059 patient-months of follow-up, 1344 episodes of peritonitis were recorded. There were significantly more peritonitis episodes in July and August [odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.32], and fewer peritonitis episodes in December (odds ratio 0.79, 95% CI 0.61-0.98). There was also a trend of more peritonitis in March (odds ratio 1.18, 95% CI 0.97-1.41), but the difference was not statistically significant. When the incidence of peritonitis caused by individual bacterial species was further analyzed, we found a significant seasonal variation in the rate of peritonitis caused by gram-negative bacteria, except Pseudomonas (overall chi-square test, p = 0.002). A similar trend of seasonal variation was also observed in gram-positive peritonitis, but the result was not statistically significant. There was significant seasonal variation in the rate of peritonitis that had coexisting exit-site infection (overall chi-square test, p = 0.02), with peak incidence in July. However, the proportion of peritonitis that had coexisting exit-site infection did not have significant seasonal variation. There was significant correlation between monthly peritonitis rate and average humidity (r = -0.346, p < 0.002) and temperature (r = -0.264, p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: There is substantial seasonal variation in the incidence of dialysis-related peritonitis, with peak incidence in the months that are hot and humid. Keeping a cool and dry living environment may help to reduce peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients in tropical countries.     

Prevention of peritonitis in children on peritoneal dialysis.

We reviewed methods of preventing peritonitis in children. A considerable body of evidence indicates that peritonitis rates are lowest with the use of a double-cuffed catheter, with a downward directed tunnel, placed by an experienced surgeon. Evidence in adults, but lacking in children, suggests that exit-site mupirocin will lower Staphylococcus aureus exit-site infections and thus peritonitis rates. The risk of peritonitis due to contamination can be diminished by the avoidance of spiking and by the provision of a long training period. Catheter removal and replacement for catheter-related peritonitis may be done simultaneously in certain circumstances and is useful in decreasing the risk of recurrent peritonitis. Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of catheter insertion, for contamination, during dialysate leaks, and for invasive procedures appears to be useful in diminishing peritonitis risk.     

高通量测序技术在尿路感染及腹膜透析相关腹膜炎病原学诊断中的价值

目的 比较尿路感染、腹膜透析相关腹膜炎患者采用高通量测序技术、常规培养法对病原体的检出情况,探讨高通量测序技术在尿路感染、腹膜透析相关腹膜炎病原学诊断中的应用价值.方法 收集77例尿路感染患者中段尿标本,36例腹膜透析相关腹膜炎患者透析流出液标本,分别应用高通量测序技术、常规培养法进行检测,记录病原体检出率及病原体分布...     

红细胞体积分布宽度预测腹膜透析相关腹膜炎患者预后的价值

目的探讨红细胞体积分布宽度(RDW)对腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者预后的评估意义。方法前瞻性收集2012年10月至2014年10月在南海医院接受腹膜透析(CAPD)治疗的患者,将发生腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎患者作为研究对象,并对上述患者随访18个月,同时记录研究对象临床资料与实验室检查数据。结果共有研究对象59例,平均透析时间(14.98±3.6)个月,再发腹膜炎(1.4±0.5)次。其中,存活组54例,死亡组5例,透析时间、心血管事件、红细胞分布宽度变异系数(RDW-CV)水平在死亡组发生率更高。进一步根据COX回归分析得出,腹膜炎患者心血管事件(HR=0.765,95%CI:0.107~0.388,P=0.072)、RDW-CV水平(HR=0.681,95%CI:0.518~0.985,P=0.058)并不是影响患者死亡的危险因素,而透析时间长短(HR=1.03,95%CI:0.788~1.857,P=0.023)与腹膜炎患者预后相关。结论腹膜透析患者存在微炎症状态,RDW-CV可能参与炎症变化过程,但并不是影响患者预后的独立危险因素,仍需更多的研究。