加强农村卫生服务体系建设 促进人人享有基本卫生保健

建立国家基本卫生制度、实现人人享有基本卫生保健是国际社会＂全民健康覆盖＂目标的具体体现。过去几十年,江苏省农村卫生服务体系得到了较好发展,基本建立具有较高可及性的农村服务组织网络,为实现农村居民人人享有基本卫生保健打下了良好的基础,同时还存在诸多亟待解决的问题。为此提出建议：明确政府健康责任,改革卫生投入机制;优化卫生服务体系布局,提高高质量卫生服务的可及性;加强基层卫生人才队伍建设,提高基本卫生服务质量;完善薪酬分配制度,调动卫生人员积极性。     

Guinea worm control: testing the efficacy of health education in primary care

Health education has been advocated as a major foundation for primary health care. However, the value of this approach is yet to be fully proven. An experimental PHC programme in ten Nigerian farm hamlets using methods such as community organization, participatory training and village meetings, put health education to the test. Significant short term improvements in community health knowledge resulted after training of a village health worker from each hamlet. Positive intermediate results in water sanitation behaviours were later observed. Three years after initial intervention, long term health outcomes included the reduction in prevalence of guinea worm, a locally endemic water borne disease. The programme also encountered certain organizational and technological issues. For example, integration with existing health care systems and local well construction capabilities surfaced as problems. Consequently efforts are currently underway to expand research into these areas.     

The organization and financing of health services for persons with disabilities

Americans with disabilities are rarely considered a distinct group of health care users in the same way as are older Americans, children, racial and ethnic minorities, and others who are perceived to have different needs and access issues. Indeed, to some extent individuals with disabilities overlap with all these groups. But they also have distinct needs with material implications for the organization, delivery, and financing of health care services. Despite the disproportionate health care needs and expenditures of many--though not all--individuals with disabilities, the mainstream health services research community has largely neglected them. This article outlines the most pressing health service research issues in addressing the health care needs of individuals with disabilities.     

Risk-sharing in rural health care.

Kasturba Hospital in Sevagram, India, has helped to initiate an outreach health program for nearby villages. A health insurance scheme has evolved where the community contributes sorghum for a fund and participates in decision-making and the supervision of village health workers. Contributors are entitled to free primary care and subsidized referral care. Only villages where at least 75% of the poor community agreed to enroll in the health insurance scheme were adopted by the hospital. The hospital offers insured persons free inpatient treatment for unexpected illness and a 75% subsidy for care during normal pregnancy or with cataract and hernia operations. The mobile health team, comprising auxiliary nurse-midwife, social worker, and village health worker, provides maternal and child health services in the localities. The village health workers provide symptomatic drug treatment, exercise a preventive role with the help of visiting health team members, and refer patients to hospital. The auxiliary nurse-midwife and social workers organize visits for vaccination and provide maternal and child health care. The doctor in charge treats patients in the hospital and trains village health workers. More than 75% of the villages in the area have enrolled in the scheme over the last 10 years. No vaccine-preventable illness (measles, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus) was reported in children or mothers after mass immunization was instituted, no maternal deaths have occurred during the past 10 years, and perinatal mortality has fallen steeply. The village health teams are now regarded as counselors on health-related matters, among them drinking-water supplies, irrigation, and programs for income generation. It is necessary to regulate the private health sector, including professionals, the drug industry, and investors. If outpatient services are opened up to the private sector, a system of universal medical insurance, financed by local government, should operate.     

Technical assistance offered to community health programs through a resource model.

A multidisciplinary unit in the Department of Community Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, consists of a core group of specialists who plan, develop, and evaluate community health care programs. The primary tools used by the staff of the Services Coordination Unit, epidemiology and behavioral and management sciences, result in improved organization and coordination of health services and community resources. The small unit of specialists functions as a resource group, helping community groups address the complex problems of planning, organization, delivery, and financing of health services. By offering technical assistance rather than day-to-day health care services, the unit has established an education and training program in New York''s East Harlem, which surrounds the medical school. Over the last 10 years, that approach has enhanced the administrative and financial viability of existing health programs in East Harlem. Since the unit''s establishment, it has collaborated with a broad variety of community groups. More than 20 programs have resulted. The income generated by the unit completely covers the expenses and has done so since 1976; "seed money" was used for startup and the first 3 years of operation. The unit is paid for long-term services and for most consultations.     

The continuing care guidelines and primary and community health services

The confirmation of NHS responsibilities for continuing health care has important implications for primary and community health services. In early 1996, during the period of consultation on draft local policies and eligibility criteria, exploratory interviews were carried out with general practitioners (GPs), community nursing managers, primary care development officers and social services purchasers in three health authority areas. The interviews indicated that few GPs had responded to local consultation and were only slowly becoming aware of the implications for the provision and purchasing of primary and community health services. Moreover, local continuing care policies had apparently not addressed two issues which GPs and community nursing staff indicated were currently highly problematic: their responsibilities in relation to independent sector residential and nursing home patients; and the consequences for primary health and community nursing services of hospital discharge decisions. The need for purchasers and commissioners of health services, whether health authorities or GPs, to begin collecting information on patients' potential needs for continuing care services was widely recognised as an urgent priority.     

Exploring the 'fit' between people and providers: refugee health needs and health care services in Mt Roskill, Auckland, New Zealand

The needs of refugees and the struggles on the part of service providers to address this diverse population have received limited attention within the academic literature. This paper profiles Hauora o Puketapapa/Roskill Union and Community Health Centre (HoP), which is a non-profit, community owned and operated health clinic designed to deliver accessible, affordable and appropriate primary health care services to low-income groups in the Mt Roskill area of Auckland, New Zealand. The clinic's locality has undergone considerable demographic change over recent years with the arrival of refugees from diverse backgrounds. This situation has resulted in new sets of health needs and expectations which need to be addressed. The study took place in 2002-2003 and employed qualitative methods. In-depth interviews with community representatives, clinic users and health service staff members revealed that refugees face considerable barriers in accessing and utilising health services. Similarly, we found that health practitioners face the daunting task of endeavouring to meet these needs in an effective and culturally appropriate manner within a limited funding environment. We conclude that, despite these challenges, HoP has successfully established itself as a well-regarded place of primary health care. In so doing, it has strengthened the capacity of the local community to respond to the changing policy environment. However, long-term sustainability issues remain unless resourcing issues are adequately addressed.     

医务人员视角下县乡村医务人员整合协作现状——以江苏省三县为例

目的:以江苏开展慢性病综合防控示范区建设的县城为例,借鉴DMIC整合医疗服务发展模型的9大维度对县、乡、村医务人员慢性病整合服务协作的工作现状进行分析,以期为医务人员跨机构慢性病协作提供改善方向。方法:采用典型抽样和多阶段随机抽样相结合,对278名医务人员进行问卷调查,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果:村医在整合协作工作中参与度最强,但人力年龄结构老化、文化程度低;县、乡、村医务人员均对开展跨机构协作工作表示高度认可,但实际协作水平低;县、乡、村连通的卫生信息平台尚未建立。     

Improving immunization coverage

A study was made on the causes of unsatisfactory progress in immunization coverage in an area of Tamil Nadu, southern India. The findings led to the appointment of additional community health workers (CHW), improvement in supervision, the enhancement of accessibility to services through an increase in the number of peripheral clinics and the organizing of temporary clinics, and the concentration of effort on underprivileged groups. As a result, immunization coverage was more than doubled. The Community Health and Development Project, a primary health care program serving 68 villages since 1981 with a population of about 80,000 was the site of the study which was conducted by discussions with staff and various members of the community. Issues explored were nonacceptance or dropout reasons, and specific factors affecting immunization coverage. A special effort was made to obtain the views of staff working at the periphery, particularly CHWS. The service area was divided into 4 sectors and the CHWS, auxiliary nurse midwives, community health nurses and other development staff in each were brought together for discussions. Views were also solicited from mothers' clubs and youth groups and in meetings with village leaders. Issues raised were further considered by supervisory staff. Statistical studies and other studies were done to clarify doubtful issues and test hypotheses emerging from the discussion. Poor immunization coverage was linked to inadequate supervision of CHWs, scattered communities (village with houses clustered together had better acceptance rates), difficulty of access to health services (distance factors), and low economic and educational status. In light of the study findings, community health workers were increased from 42 in 1984 to 57 in 1987 to cover all the villages, with modifications in selection method to make the worker acceptable to all sections of the villages; abolishment of the auxiliary nurse midwife and addition of a new category, health aide, to link the CHW and the community health nurse, increase of peripheral clinics from 37 to 75 and holding of more temporary clinics, more efforts to reach all socioeconomic groups and increased health education through film shows, drama, and work with village groups.     

Community health in a rural area of Sudan

A community survey was conducted in Al awayda village, one of eight villages selected for study in the rural Gezira province of Sudan. The objective of the survey was to identify the main health, social and economic problems of people in rural areas and to set priorities as a first phase in a rural development program. The results showed a high illiteracy rate and poor socioeconomic status aggravated by the drought and famine which affected this area of Africa in the years 1983-85. There was an inadequate safe water supply, poor environmental sanitation and inadequate primary health care services. The major disease problems were malaria, diarrheal diseases and schistosomiasis. The implementation of primary health care services with special emphasis on maternal and child health and health education is a clear need. The impact of Sennar Sugar Agricultural Scheme on this village is also discussed.     

Alternative approaches to improve child health in India

The existing health care system in India has led to high birth and death rates and an alarming incidence of infant mortality. People in the community should be allowed to become involved in their own health state. It is recognized by health experts that self reliance and self help are important in primary health care. Community health services should integrate preventive, curative, promotive, and rehabilitative health measures with community development activities. These health facilities should be simple and effective in terms of cost, technique, and organization. Mature female workers could be trained as nonmedical primary health aides working in their own communities. Nutrition supplemental programs also would contribute to improved infant health. These simple reorganizational measures should improve the health status at the village level.     

Health services utilization and cost in Ismailia, Egypt

A pilot study has been undertaken to assess the utilization patterns of health services and to estimate the expenditure on health care in the Governorate of Ismailia, Egypt. A stratified random sample of 89 households (576 individuals), along with 5 pharmacies, 4 primary health care units (PHCUs) and 10 traditional health workers (THWs) has been selected and studied using personal interviews. PHCUs are facilities affiliated with the Governorate Health Directorate and provide free public primary health care services. They include rural health units, rural hospitals and urban health centres. THWs are individuals with informal training and experience in medical care, and officially unrecognized, but provide some primary health care services to the people. They include traditional midwives (TMs) and traditional healers (THs). The estimated average annual per capita expenditure on health care was L.E. 9.2 (Egyptian L.E. approximately or equal to US$ 1.25). The per capita cost of medication (L.E. 3.5) was double the cost of physicians' fees (L.E. 1.77). An annual rate of hospital admission of 24.3 per 1000 population at an average cost of L.E. 10.5 per case admitted was incurred by the sample. There is evidence that the PHCUs have not been utilized efficiently and there was some degree of dissatisfaction with their services. The households relied more on private physicians as their first contact for seeking help for health problems. The majority utilized TMs for care of delivery despite the shortcomings in their training and supervision. Eighty per cent of the mothers in the sample have had no ante-natal care during pregnancy despite the availability of such care in the PHCUs. Possible reasons for these underutilization patterns of the PHCUs have been discussed, and major approaches for increasing the efficiency and utilization of the health services have been proposed. THWs should be officially recognized by health authorities, should be properly trained and supervised, and their services should be fully integrated with the community health care programmes. Also, programmes for proper administration, organization and supervision of the PHCUs and programmes. Also, programmes for proper administration, organization and supervision of the PHCUs and programmes for developing health manpower responsive to community health needs should be planned and implemented. Finally, a flexible system to compensate fairly physicians and staff of the PHCUs and to allow reasonable chance for physicians for private practice must be established.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

基层和公共卫生人员实际收入与期望收入比较分析

目的：通过分析基层和公共卫生服务机构卫生人员的实际收入和期望收入情况,为完善卫生人员经济激励制度提供政策建议。方法：采用定量问卷调查的方法调查了县CDC、乡镇卫生院、社区卫生服务机构、村卫生室的卫生服务人员,共1020人。分别计算平均月收入,期望月收入和期望收入指数。结果：基层和公共卫生人员的实际收入与期望收入之间存在较大差距。县CDC卫生人员实际月收入最高,乡镇卫生院和社区卫生服务机构医生收入水平仅略高于护士和公共卫生人员。村医平均月收入仅为1204元,期望收入指数最高,达3.22。乡镇卫生院和县CDC内不同学历的卫生人员收入没有统计学差异。结论与建议：提高基层和公共卫生人员的工资水平,建立合理的绩效考核制度。同时,应特别注意村医报酬补偿和保障问题。     

Mental health training and development needs of community agency staff

Emphasis has long been placed in UK national policy on providing 'seamless' mental health services to meet both the health and social care needs of service users. While attention has been paid to the training required by specialist mental health and primary care staff in order to achieve this, the needs of other community agency staff have received less attention. The present article describes a study designed to identify the training needs of staff working within a broad range of agencies. Focus group discussions were used to explore participants' experiences of mental health problems amongst clients, their confidence in dealing with these, current sources of support and perceived training needs. The results indicate that participants in all agencies routinely encountered a range of problems. Colleagues were the main source of support, followed by line managers, but supervision structures and wider organisational support were lacking in some cases. Joint working with specialist mental health services was almost universally problematic and all groups identified a range of training needs. On the basis of the results, the present authors put forward suggestions as to how these needs might be met.     

国家基本公共卫生服务项目实施进展及公平性

目的：分析国家基本公共卫生服务项目实施进展与公平性,为项目持续发展提供参考。方法：在安徽、河南和重庆调查15个区县的所有社区卫生服务中心和乡镇卫生院,分析基本公共卫生筹资、人员配置和服务提供进展,并以基尼系数分析公平性改善情况。结果：基本公共卫生服务经费逐年提高,2011年人均筹资标准已超过25元／刖年;基层公共卫生人员数量有所增加,但人员配置相对不足且公平性有待提高;服务提供公平性有所改善,妇幼保健服务相对较好,高血压和糖尿病规范化管理明显改善。结论：基本公共卫生筹资可能存在“隐性不公平”,基层公卫人员配置相对不足,服务提供实效性有待提升。建议重视项目成本测算,加强基层人才队伍建设,合理确定服务项目,建立以质量为导向的绩效考核机制,创新基层公共卫生服务模式等。     

Leadership and quality of working life in home health care

Home health care has undergone startling changes in the past decade and, in the process, become a strategically important ingredient of health care delivery. However, the question remains whether home health care organizations can deliver the benefits anticipated for integrated care delivery systems. The answer to this question depends to a great extent on whether home health care organizations build vibrant, visionary leadership capable of transforming organizations and motivating staff to deliver high quality and low cost services. This paper examines a case study of transformational leadership as it relates to the quality of working life for nurses, homemakers, and staff. The findings indicate that leader behaviour is strongly associated with homemakers', and to a lesser extent staff members', job satisfaction, job involvement, and propensity to remain with the organization. These job attitudes have been shown to be related to higher job performance. The implications for leadership in home health agencies are discussed.     

2010年青岛市预防保健与社区卫生服务机构间分工合作情况调查分析

[目的]找出制约预防保健机构与社区卫生服务机构之间建立分工协作关系的症结,提出建设性意见。[方法]2010年,用6种调查问卷,对全市疾病预防控制、妇幼保健和12个社区卫生服务机构的负责人和工作人员进行调查,了解其合作关系状况、服务情况和效果等。[结果]72.22%的疾控人员、68.06%妇幼人员认为预防保健机构的技术指导滞后,90.28%的疾控人员、91.67%妇幼人员认为信息沟通不畅,65.28%的疾控人员、68.06%妇幼人员认为合作关系未理顺;不同机构对存在问题的态度存在显著性差异。[结论]应明确预防保健机构的职能定位,理顺其与社区卫生服务机构的合作关系,完善技术指导和信息报告制度,以促进基本公共卫生服务工作的顺利开展。     

以社区为导向的初级卫生保健：比利时社区卫生服务案例分析及启示

比利时的社区卫生服务模式对我国社区卫生服务改革具有借鉴意义。在对比利时一家典型的社区卫生服务中心进行现场考察和案例研究的基础上,总结了其开展社区卫生服务的做法：虽然存在缺乏首诊制度和沟通协调方面的问题,但以社区为导向的多学科协同服务和按人头付费的支付方式改革等做法成效显著。针对我国社区卫生服务改革中存在的问题,提出相关的政策建议,包括建立和完善法律、政策和制度设计;加强多学科的服务团队建设,推动医学模式在社区转变;完善医保配套政策支撑与激励;以社区需求为导向开展跨部门行动,引导社会资源整合。     

Leadership and Quality of Working Life in Home Health Care

Home health care has undergone startling changes in the past decade and, in the process, become a strategically important ingredient of health care delivery. However, the question remains whether home health care organizations can deliver the benefits anticipated for integrated care delivery systems. The answer to this question depends to a great extent on whether home health care organizations build vibrant, visionary leadership capable of transforming organizations and motivating staff to deliver high quality and low cost services. This paper examines a case study of transformational leadership as it relates to the quality of working life for nurses, homemakers, and staff. The findings indicate that leader behavior is strongly associated with homemakers', and to a lesser extent staff members', job satisfaction, job involvement, and propensity to remain with the organization. These job attitudes have been shown to be related to higher job performance. The implications for leadership in home health agencies are discussed.     

Health sector reform in central and eastern Europe: the professional dimension

The success or failure of health sector reform in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe depends, to a large extent, on their health care staff. Commentators have focused on the structures to be put in place, such as mechanisms of financing or changes in ownership of facilities, but less attention has been paid to the role and status of the different groups working in health care services. This paper draws on a study of trends in staffing and working conditions throughout the region. It identifies several key issues including the traditionally lower status and pay of health sector workers compared to the West, the credibility crisis of trade unions, and the under-developed roles of professional associations. In order to implement health sector reforms and to address the deteriorating health status of the population, the health sector workforce has to be restructured and training programmes reoriented towards primary care. Finally, the paper identifies emerging issues such as the erosion of 'workplace welfare' and its adverse effects upon a predominantly female health care workforce.