Aortic sinus aneurysm rupture into the right atrium in a 29-year-old patient

A 29-year-old man presented with chest tightness and shortness of breath. Physical examination showed jugular venous distention. Echocardiography showed a large saccular anechoic structure in the right atrium, swinging with the cardiac cycle. The operator initially mistook the lesion for a right atrial cystic tumor; however, color Doppler imaging showed abundant, high-velocity blood flow signals, leading to the diagnosis of giant aortic sinus rupture into the right atrium. Aortic sinus aneurysm is a rare and usually asymptomatic lesion. However, rupture leads to chest tightness and dyspnea, suggesting left or right heart failure. Surgery is the primary treatment.     

实时三维经食管超声心动图评估主动脉夹层

目的 探讨实时三维经食管超声心动图（3D-TEE）评估主动脉夹层分型、判断是否累及主动脉根部及冠状动脉的价值。方法 回顾性分析30例主动脉夹层患者的3D-TEE、二维经胸超声心动图（2D-TTE）、CTA检查结果,并与术中所见进行比较,计算3种成像方式对主动脉夹层分型诊断的符合率,以及3D-TEE、CTA诊断主动脉根部及冠状动脉受累的符合率。结果 3D-TEE、CTA判断主动脉夹层Debakey Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型的诊断符合率均为100%,2D-TTE的诊断符合率分别为76.47%（13/17）、80.00%（4/5）、75.00%（6/8）;3D-TEE、CTA诊断累及冠状动脉的符合率分别为66.67%（4/6）、83.33%（5/6）,诊断累及主动脉根部的符合率分别为100%（11/11）、72.73%（8/11）。结论 实时3D-TEE可对主动脉夹层的范围、主动脉根部、冠状动脉等部位进行实时动态三维重建,为诊断主动脉夹层以及判断重要解剖结构受累情况提供影像学支持。     

主动脉夹层瘤患者带肢支架植入术的护理

总结了3例主动脉夹层瘤患带膜支架植入术的护理体会。术前严格卧床休息，保持大便通畅，做好心理护理，密切观察疼痛的性质、部位、程度，稳定控制并严密监测生命体征，防止主动脉夹层继续剥离；术后加强血压监护、密切观察肢体血供情况及做好切口的护理，及早发现手术并发症，促进患早日康复。     

经食管超声心动图引导经胸微小切口封堵主动脉窦瘤破裂的可行性

目的 探讨经食管超声心动图（TEE）引导经胸微小切口封堵主动脉窦瘤破裂（RASA）的可行性。方法 回顾性分析30例接受TEE引导经胸微小切口封堵治疗的RASA患者的资料。对右冠状动脉窦瘤破裂者,准确测量破口与冠状动脉开口之间的距离,术中以TEE准确引导导丝及鞘管顺利进入窦瘤破口,术后仔细评估封堵伞位置、稳定性及对瓣膜的影响。对右冠窦瘤破裂患者,确保封堵器未遮挡冠状动脉开口。结果 30例RASA患者中,TEE引导下成功封堵20例,其中右冠窦瘤破裂10例（破入右心室7例、破入右心房3例）;无冠窦瘤破裂10例（破入右心房8例、破入右心室2例）。封堵成功患者各项生命体征平稳,心腔结构未发生明显改变,心功能正常。术后多次复查,封堵器位置正常,主动脉瓣启闭运动正常,未见狭窄及反流信号,也未检测到残余分流。结论 TEE可较为准确地诊断RASA,并引导术者准确放置封堵器;单纯TEE引导下经胸微小切口封堵RASA是一种可行的方法。     

3D-CTA及CTVE对术前主动脉夹层血肿的评价

目的 评价3D-CTA及CTVE对术前主动脉夹层血肿的应用价值。方法收集临床高度疑为主动脉夹层血肿的患者20例，所有病例术前均进行MSCT增强扫描并行3D-CTA和CTVE后处理，其中12例患者同时进行了CE-MRA检查。结果所有病例术前均得到3D-CTA和CTVE的准确定性诊断和分析，3D-CTA和CTVE的敏感性及特异性均达100％，能发现剥离内膜的存在，精确分析和测量主动脉夹层血肿的位置、形态、大小、管腔直径、方位及内膜口撕裂情况，证实剥离的内膜有钙化。与DSA相比，MSCT增强检查扫描速度快，图像分辨率高且无创。结论CT对本病诊断的敏感性和特异性较高，对于主动脉弓部和降部的夹层血肿检出率高于超声心动图。3D-CTA及CTVE包含三维成像信息，能够对主动脉夹层动脉瘤进行准确定位、定性及测量，能够辅助外科医生制定更加精细的术前治疗方案。     

Dysplastic aortic cusp presenting with myocardial ischemia: diagnostic value of transesophageal echocardiography

Dysplastic aortic cusp causing myocardial ischemia is a rare entity. We report a case and review 16 previously reported cases, and we discuss the limitation of different cardiac imaging modality in defining this abnormality.     

主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者围手术期护理

笔者报道主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者的围手术期护理。术前严密观察患者的心理、血压、疼痛等情况,维持患者的心理、血压在稳定情况下行腔内隔绝术;术中在全麻后进行动、静脉穿刺,避免血压波动。术后准确用药,加强用药护理,对患者的疼痛表示理解、同情,使用止痛剂使其安静。认为对主动脉夹层动脉瘤腔内隔绝术患者提供良好的护理,有利于促进患者康复。     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术前实时三维经食管超声自动测量主动脉瓣环径

目的 探讨经导管主动脉瓣置入术（TAVR）中应用实时三维经食管超声心动图（3D-TEE）自动测量主动脉瓣环的可行性与准确性。方法 对21例拟接受TAVR患者于术前分别采用3D-TEE和多排CT（MDCT）测量主动脉瓣环面积、周长、最大径和最小径。对比3D-TEE测值与MDCT测值间的差异及相关性,记录3D-TEE自动测量主动脉瓣环参数所需的时间。结果 3D-TEE所测主动脉瓣环面积为（445.74±62.60）mm²,周长为（76.16±5.30）mm,最大径为（26.29±1.97）mm,最小径为（21.40±1.68）mm,MDCT测值分别为（456.85±75.70）mm²、（77.17±5.90）mm、（26.76±2.83）mm、（20.98±1.76）mm。MDCT与3D-TEE所测主动脉瓣环面积、周长、最大径及最小径差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。3D-TEE与MDCT所测主动脉瓣环面积、周长、最大径、最小径均呈高度相关（r=0.89、0.91、0.85、0.79,P均<0.01）。采用3D-TEE自动测量主动脉瓣相关径线所需时间为（1.54±0.21）min。结论 3D-TEE自动测量主动脉瓣环能准确、快速获得主动脉瓣环相关径线,可作为替代MDCT的影像学方法。     

A prominent eustachian valve dividing the right atrium imaged by three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

A 63‐year‐old man underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to rule out left atrial thrombi prior to cardioversion. Initial two‐dimensional TEE with color flow Doppler imaging was suggestive of an atrial septal defect. However, three‐dimensional TEE imaging revealed that the unusually large elongated Eustachian valve extended toward the superior vena cava and mimicked the interatrial septum, while the true septum was located more posteriorly than the Eustachian valve. Three‐dimensional TEE imaging was crucial to understanding the anatomical relationship between the Eustachian valve and the interatrial septum and hence proved helpful in characterizing this unusual anatomical variant. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 41:514–516, 2013;     

Aberrant right common carotid artery: a diagnostic challenge on transesophageal echocardiography

Aortic arch anomalies are rare, but when present the aberrant vessels may simulate significant vascular abnormality on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). We report a case of aberrant right common carotid artery. Diagnosis was first suspected on TEE using multiplane and off-axis imaging and subsequently confirmed on magnetic resonance angiography.     

Right-to-left shunt evaluated at the aortic arch by contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography.

OBJECTIVE: The right-to-left shunt (RLS) is diagnosed by contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiographic monitoring of the bilateral atria (cTEE-BA). However, the procedure is often disturbed by nonsmoke spontaneous individual contrast (NSSIC) with fast motion, which appears in the left atrium after respiratory maneuvers without administration of a contrast medium and moves past in several seconds. We attempted to perform cTEE monitoring of the aortic arch (cTEE-AA) for evaluation of the RLS and compared the findings with those of cTEE-BA. METHODS: Both cTEE-BA and cTEE-AA were performed in 168 patients with ischemic stroke (133 men and 35 women; mean age +/- SD, 62.0 +/- 14.4 years). The frequency of NSSIC in the left atrium was compared with that in the aortic arch during the respiratory maneuver. When contrast much brighter than the NSSIC was visualized in the left atrium and the aortic arch during the respiratory maneuver with administration of the contrast medium, we considered the RLS to be positive in the cTEE-BA and cTEE-AA, respectively. Findings were then compared between the 2 examinations. RESULTS: Nonsmoke spontaneous individual contrast was more frequently observed in the left atrium than the aortic arch (61.3% versus 14.9%; chi2 test, P < .0001). The RLS was positive in 34 patients in the cTEE-BA and in 39 patients in the cTEE-AA. The sensitivity and specificity of the cTEE-AA for the cTEE-BA were 100% and 96.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The cTEE-AA may be an alternative method for detection of an RLS, especially in patients with a large amount of NSSIC in the left atrium.     

Painless limited dissection of the ascending aorta presenting with aortic valve regurgitation

Aortic dissection is a medical emergency carrying high morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis is sometimes difficult because of its varying presentations, but it is critical to the achievement of good clinical outcomes. This report describes 2 cases of painless aortic dissection that presented with aortic valve regurgitation. In both, the dissection was limited to the ascending aorta just distal to the aortic valve. These dissections were diagnosed by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography.     

经食管超声心动图意外诊断主动脉瓣上兰伯赘生物1例报告

正兰伯赘生物(Lambl's excrescences,LE)是由捷克医师Lambl在1856年描述的一种附着在主动脉瓣叶上的细小纤维性条带,并将其命名为Lambl's excrescences(LE)[1]。LE的发病率并不低,且在对LE有认识的情况下,诊断并不困难。经食管超声心动图是诊断LE的金标准,但目前在国内,检出率不高且文献少有报道。近年来,国外对LE的临床意义及治疗方法研究较多。因此,本文报告1例术前意外诊断的房颤伴LE的病例诊治经过,为临床提供诊治经验;分析LE的超声特点,提高国内超     

The comparative value of the aortic atherosclerosis and the coronary flow velocity reserve evaluated by stress transesophageal echocardiography in the prediction of patients with aortic stenosis with coronary artery disease

Background: The present study was conducted to examine whether it is possible to differentiate patients with aortic stenosis (AOS) with or without significant stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) on the basis of the age, gender, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, the coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) and the grade of aortic atherosclerosis (AA) evaluated by TEE in the course of the same semi-invasive examination. Patients and methods: Thirty-nine consecutive AOS patients who had undergone coronary angiography were examined by dipyridamole stress TEE to assess the CFVR. From this patient population, 21 AOS patients with anatomically normal coronary arteries (group 1), and 18 AOS patients with >75% stenosis of the LAD (group 2) were selected for the present study. The CFVR was calculated as the ratio of the average peak diastolic flow velocity (APV) during hyperemia to the resting APV. The grade of AA in the descending aorta was determined by means of the same TEE examination. Results: The demographic, clinical and transthoracic echocardiographic data, the coronary flow velocities and the CFVRs were similar in the two patient groups. Only the grade of AA (ROC area, 73%, p <0.02) appears useful for the distinction of AOS patients with or without significant LAD stenosis. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that only the grade of AA furnishes additional help in the prediction of AOS patients with severe LAD disease. CFVR has no any diagnostic power in the differentiation of AOS patients with or without significant LAD stenosis.     

腔内修复术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤经验总结(附6例报告)

目的总结腔内修复术治疗胸腹主动脉瘤的经验。方法回顾性分析2004年12月-2006年5月6例降主动脉瘤及夹层动脉瘤患者施行腔内修复术的病例资料。结果真性动脉瘤2例,假性动脉瘤1例,夹层动脉瘤3例,共植入支架8枚。术后内瘘大出血死亡1例,腹股沟血肿1例,其余患者均于术后2 d下床活动。未发生肺部感染、肺不张、截瘫、腹胀、肾衰、脑梗塞、心功能不全、心律失常等并发症。术后1周复查CT,支架无扭曲移位,封堵效果满意。结论腔内修复术的近期治疗效果确切,创伤小,并发症少,其远期效果还有待进一步观察。短瘤颈者,DeBakeyⅠ、Ⅱ型夹层动脉瘤患者,累及重要血管的主动脉瘤患者如何进行腔内修复术还有待进一步研究。     

“一站式”杂交手术方法治疗胸主动脉瘤及夹层动脉瘤的介入护理

目的探讨“一站式”杂交手术治疗胸主动脉瘤及夹层动脉瘤的术中护理配合的经验及管理。方法对10例胸主动脉瘤和夹层动脉瘤患者,在导管室行杂交手术,术中护士与医生的默契配合,严密生命体征监护,充分的各种抢救药品、器械的准备,保证手术顺利进行,防止各种并发症的发生。结果通过介入护理,患者均成功顺利完成杂交手术,术中无并发症发生。结论严格的护理管理,介入专科护士技能的培训,对杂交手术治疗胸主动脉瘤和夹层动脉瘤患者护理是安全有效的,术中介入护士与医生的默契、熟练配合,严密的生命体征监护对保证手术成功有重要作用。     

Multiperforated atrial septal “aneurysm in aneurysm”: Percutaneous closure guided by real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography

Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) is a localized deformity of the interatrial septum, which protrudes into the right and/or left atrium. ASA with defects is a source of cardiac embolism. Although transcatheter closure is now a common procedure, it is still challenging in patients with complicated ASA. We describe a case of giant atypical multiperforated ASA with irregular mobility, which showed a rare “aneurysm in aneurysm” structure. Real‐time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography showed vivid images, which clearly demonstrated these irregular shaped defects mimicking the atriotomy view, and played a crucial role in guiding the transcatheter closure.     

Vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm treated by internal trapping via the contralateral vertebral artery: A case report

A 42-year-old man with a history of sudden onset of severe headache followed by consciousness disturbance was brought to our hospital. Radiological examinations revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage, associated with rupture of a left vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm. Initially, internal trapping was attempted via the ipsilateral vertebral artery. However, the microcatheter could not be navigated through the true lumen to the distal side of the vertebral artery. Subsequently, therefore, the guiding catheter was placed in the right vertebral artery, and the microcatheter was retrogradely navigated successfully through the lesion to the proximal side of the left vertebral artery. Finally, the lesion was completely embolized with electrodetachable coils without complications. However, the patient died after the operation because of deterioration of the general condition. The postmortem examination revealed how an intimal flap had interfered with the antegrade navigation of the microcatheter in the lesion. The present case showed that endovascular treatment for a vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm via the contralateral vertebral artery may be a useful option in cases where antegrade navigation of the microcatheter via the ipsilateral vertebral artery is found to be difficult.     

经食道超声心动图评估非瓣膜性房颤患者左心耳容积和功能的临床意义

目的  探究经食道超声心动图（TEE）评估非瓣膜性房颤患者左心耳容积和功能的临床价值及意义。方法  选取2016年8月~2020年8月于成都市新都区人民医院行TEE检查且确诊为非瓣膜性房颤的患者138例为房颤组,另选取同期因怀疑为其他心血管疾病而接受TEE检查的对象47例作为对照组。TEE多切面观察两组患者的左心耳超声图像,应用Simpson双平面法获取左心耳容积参数,所有对象均通过经胸超声心动图采集左房三维容积图像,并导入Qlab9.0分析软件,获取左房的容积及变化参数。比较两组患者的左心房、左心耳容积参数和血流动力学参数,分析不同左心耳功能患者的血栓形成及自发显影情况。结果  房颤组患者的左房射血分数、左心耳射血分数、心耳容积变化率、左心耳最大排空速度和体表面积标化的左心耳排空指数均小于对照组（P < 0.05）,左房最大容积、左房最小容积、左心耳最大容积和左心耳最小容积均大于对照组（P < 0.05）。房颤组中,左心耳功能正常89例（64.49%）,左心耳功能轻度下降31例（22.46%）,左心耳功能中重度下降18例（13.04%）,不同左心耳功能状态患者的血栓形成和自发显影情况比较,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,且功能中重度下降患者的血栓形成率高于轻度下降和正常患者（P < 0.05）;功能中重度下降患者的自发显影严重程度高于正常患者（P < 0.05）。结论  TEE在评估非瓣膜性房颤患者左心耳容积和功能中具有良好的临床价值,患者左心耳功能下降水平越高,发生血栓形成和自发显影风险越大。