Conservative and esthetic surgery in cancer of the breast]

After a review of the studies justifying conservative surgery in the treatment of breast cancer, the author describes the possibilities of improving the results of this surgery either by the use of flaps or prostheses or (in the case of large breasts) by performing mammoplasties. The review of a series of 116 cases illustrates the range of possibilities of cosmetic surgery.     

早期乳腺癌保留乳房和切除乳房的疗效观察

目的　评价早期乳腺癌保留乳房和切除乳房两种治疗方法的疗效。方法　 14 8例早期乳腺癌患者分保留乳房组 (保乳组 ,n =46 )和切除乳房组 (切乳组 ,n =10 2 )。前者行乳房的局部切除加腋淋巴结清扫 ,后者行乳房改良根治术。结果　 139例患者获得随访 ,随访期 3～ 13年。两组 3年、5年、10年的生存率分别为 10 0 %、87.88%、73.6 8%和 10 0 %、85 .92 %、75 .0 0 % ,局部复发率分别为 6 .98%、9.0 9%、5 .2 6 %和 7.2 9%、8.45 %、7.5 0 % ,远处转移率分别为 2 .33%、12 .12 %、10 .5 3%和 3.13%、12 .6 8%、12 .5 0 %。两组各指标差异无显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;而保留乳房组手术创伤小 ,乳房美观满意率 81.4% ,与后者相比差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　与乳房的改良根治术相比 ,乳房的局部切除腋淋巴结清扫加根治性放疗对于早期乳腺癌疗效可靠 ,生活质量提高 ,是一种安全、有效的方法 ,但应有严格适应证。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术术中放疗59例

目的 研究早期乳腺癌保乳手术术中放疗的可行性,评价术后并发症、乳房美容效果及肿瘤复发事件.方法 2007年6月至2010年12月,115例患者做保乳手术,59例(研究组)做术中放疗,同期有56例(对照组)术后做全乳放疗,在术后1个月评估切口愈合状况及并发症;术后1年比较两组乳房美容效果;术后随访肿瘤复发及死亡事件.结果 研究组切口愈合天数为13 ～22d,对照组为9 ～14d.研究组2例出现切口脂肪液化,16例有切口水肿,对照组未见切口脂肪液化、水肿;两组均未出现术后切口感染或血肿.术后1年乳房美容评价:研究组41例中优秀或好的有36例、一般或差的5例;对照组37例中优秀或好的有25例、一般或差的有12例(P=0.031).随访3～42个月(中位24个月),研究组局部复发2例(3.39％),其中1例(1.7％)死亡;对照组局部复发1例(1.8％),无死亡.结论 早期乳腺癌保乳手术术中放疗安全可靠、美容效果好、局部控制满意.     

Conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early breast cancer. Long-term cosmetic results

To evaluate the cosmetic outcome of conservative surgery (CS) and radiation therapy (RT) for early-stage breast cancer and its stability over time, we reviewed the records of 593 patients treated from 1968 to 1981. The breast appearance was scored as "excellent," "good," "fair," or "poor". Median follow-up was 76 months (range, 37 to 186 months). Cosmetic results were generally excellent or good. The percents of excellent, good, fair, and poor results at three years were 65%, 25%, 7%, and 3%, respectively. Patients not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy were more likely than those receiving chemotherapy to have excellent scores at five years (71% vs 40%). Tumor size also influenced cosmetic outcome: 73% of patients with T1 tumors vs 55% with T2 tumors had excellent scores at five years. Our results were stable over time: of 36 patients assessable at seven years whose cosmetic scores were good or excellent at three years, 34 (94%) continued to have good or excellent scores, and only two (5%) deteriorated to fair. We conclude that the cosmetic results achieved with CS and RT are good to excellent in approximately 90% of patients and that these results remain stable for at least seven years.     

Conservative surgery in breast cancer. Significance of resection margins

We approached the issue of surgical margins in the conservative treatment of breast cancer by examining the literature germane to four precise questions: At what distance from the macroscopic margin of the tumour should the resection margin be? To what extent do histologically clear resection margins indicate complete local control of the disease? To what extent do histologically involved margins indicate persistence of disease? and Does the local recurrence rate correlate with the status of the resection margin? We propose categorizing margin involvement into five groups (absent, focal, minimal, moderate and extensive involvement) according to strict histological criteria, and assigning increasingly aggressive subsequent treatments according to the extent of any margin involvement.     

Conservative surgery without radiotherapy in the treatment of patients with early-stage invasive breast cancer. A review.

OBJECTIVE: The authors determined whether some patients with clinical stage I or II invasive breast cancer can be adequately treated by conservative surgery without radiotherapy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Currently, there are many patients who are being treated in this manner in both academic and community hospitals. This approach is not as effective as either mastectomy or conservative surgery followed by radiotherapy in preventing local recurrence. However, there may be subsets of patients who might be adequately treated by surgery alone with acceptably low recurrence rates. METHODS: The authors reviewed retrospective studies of conservative surgery alone and of randomized trials comparing the results of treatment with and without postoperative radiotherapy. RESULTS: The local recurrence rate is unacceptably high when random patients are treated with conservative surgery without radiotherapy. More favorable results may be possible when relatively wide excisions are performed on selected postmenopausal patients with small lesions without an extensive intraductal component, lymphatic or blood-vessel invasion, and histologically negative axillary nodes. The role of tamoxifen in reducing the risk of breast recurrence is uncertain. Despite salvage therapy, some individuals may develop disseminated disease as a result of local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The authors believe that conducting carefully designed prospective studies of conservative surgery alone is reasonable for patients who are adequately informed of the potential risks of omitting radiation therapy. However, currently, patients should not be treated with conservative surgery alone (without radiotherapy) without such stringent guidelines.     

Conservative surgery with and without radiotherapy in elderly patients with early-stage breast cancer: A prospective randomised multicentre trial

Breast conserving therapy (BCT) including postoperative irradiation of the remaining breast tissue is generally accepted as the best treatment for the majority of patients with early-stage breast cancer. The question is whether there is a necessity for irradiating all patients. Between 2001 and 2005, 749 women aged 55–75 years with infiltrating breast carcinoma were randomly assigned to breast conservative surgery, with or without radiotherapy (RT), to evaluate the incidence of in-breast recurrence (IBR).After 5 years of median follow-up, the cumulative incidence of IBR was 2.5% in the surgery-only arm and 0.7% in the surgery plus RT arm. There are no differences in terms of overall survival and distant disease-free survival. The preliminary evaluation suggests that breast irradiation after conservative surgery can be avoided without exposing these patients to an increased risk of distant-disease recurrence. Prolonged follow-up will further clarify the possible risks and late sequelae potentially induced by breast RT.     

Conservative treatment for breast cancer. Complications requiring reconstructive surgery

Women who select conservative treatment for carcinoma of the breast (tumor excision followed by supervoltage radiation therapy) place a premium on breast preservation and aesthetics. When local control fails and they require a mastectomy, or when the aesthetic appearance is unacceptable, they may request breast reconstruction. The goal of this study is to evaluate a series of 10 patients who required reconstructive breast surgery after complications of conservative treatment. Patient classification: I. Breast or chest wall necrosis (3). II. Breast fibrosis and gross asymmetry (3). III. Local recurrence of breast cancer (5). IV. Positive margins after the initial lumpectomy (1). The mean age was 34 years. Radiation dosage average was 5252 rads with two patients receiving iridium-192 implant boosts. The reconstructive management was complex and usually required a major musculocutaneous flap because of the radiation effects.     

术中光子线与术后外照射在早期乳腺癌保留乳房手术瘤床加量放疗中的近期疗效比较

目的比较早期乳腺癌保乳术后采用术中光子线对比术后外照射瘤床加量的安全性和可行性。 方法回顾性分析2014年12月至2018年6月中山大学附属第一医院甲状腺乳腺外科收治的222例早期乳腺行保乳手术患者的临床资料,其中72例采用术中光子线瘤床加量（术中放疗组）,150例采用术后外照射瘤床加量（术后放疗组）。所有患者术后均行全乳±淋巴引流区外照射放疗,50 Gy/25 Fr。观察术后两组患者的不良反应、美容效果及近期疗效。 结果中位随访35个月（11~52个月）,术中放疗组比术后放疗组有更低的乳腺纤维化发生率（2.8% vs 13.3%,χ²=6.071,P=0.014）,但术后血肿的发生率更高（5.6% vs 0,P=0.015）。术后感染、坏死而引起切口延迟愈合、照射野内中度以上的乳腺疼痛,在两组间差异无统计学意义。术中放疗组和术后放疗组总体不良反应的发生率分别为13.9%和16.0%,美容效果优良率分别为83.3%（60/72）和89.3%（134/150）,术后3年的局部复发率分别为0（0/72）和1.3%（2/150）,差异均无统计学意义。 结论与术后外照射瘤床加量相比较,早期乳腺癌保乳术采用术中光子线的不良反应、美容效果和近期疗效相似。     

乳腺癌保乳手术

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，近十余年来我国乳腺癌发病率有逐渐升高趋势，北京、上海、天津等大城市的乳腺癌发病率均占女性恶性肿瘤的前两位。随着诊断技术的进步，早期乳腺癌的诊断率明显提高。早期乳腺癌采用保留乳房手术（保乳手术）及术后放、化疗是近年来乳腺癌治疗的重要进展之一。     

早期乳腺癌36例行保乳手术治疗体会

目的 总结早期乳腺癌施行保留乳房的根治术的治疗效果。方法 分析2002年1月～2005年12月我科选择开展的保乳手术的36例乳腺癌Ⅰ、Ⅱa患者的近期治疗效果。结果 本组患者均行保留乳房的乳腺癌根治术，术后联合化疗、放疗、内分泌治疗均获得较满意的效果。结论 早期乳腺癌行保乳手术联合放、化疗可达到与传统根治手术相同的近期效果，并具有患者心理打击小、美容效果好的优点。     

Conservative management of breast cancer

Between 1970 and 1982, 592 patients with T1 and small T2 breast cancers were treated at the Institut Gustave-Roussy by a combination of conservative surgery and radiotherapy. Mean follow-up was 78 months. The actuarial survival rate at 5 and 10 years was 92 per cent and 80 per cent respectively. There were 36 locoregional relapses of which 26 were within the treated breast. The actuarial relapse rate within the breast was 5 per cent at 5 years. If operable, a relapse within the breast did not significantly affect overall survival. The efficacy of conservative management of small breast tumours is confirmed.     

Conservative surgery and radiation in the treatment of early (stages I and II) breast cancer. Long-term results

Multiple nonrandomized series as well as prospective randomized trials have demonstrated that the long-term results of conservative surgery and appropriate radiation are equal to those of mastectomy for the treatment of early breast cancer. Moderate doses of radiation combined with surgical excision result in optimal local-regional control, good to excellent cosmetic results in the majority of patients and minimal complications. The long-term potential carcinogenic effects of radiation have not materialized in the clinical setting and the incidence of contralateral breast cancer and second non-breast malignancy is comparable to that reported after mastectomy. Based on this data, conservative surgery and radiation continues to represent a valid alternative to mastectomy for the treatment of early breast cancer.     

乳腺癌的保留乳房手术及哨兵淋巴结活检103例报告

目的 总结乳腺癌保留乳房手术及哨兵淋巴结活检的临床经验。方法 103例乳腺癌患者，肿块局部扩大切除23例，乳腺区段切除加腋淋巴结清扫80例。全部病例均行哨兵淋巴结活检。结果 活检与术后病理对照，准确性95．8％，假阴性率14．1％，假阳性率0。随访10个月至7年，2例4年内复发，7例5年内复发，10例7年内复发。复发者均改行乳腺癌改良根治术。结论 早期乳腺癌中。行保留乳房的乳腺癌手术可行。术后应进行根治性放疗及全身化疗，可获得满意效果。     

Conservative treatment of early breast cancer. Long-term results of 1232 cases treated with quadrantectomy, axillary dissection, and radiotherapy.

One thousand two hundred and thirty-two women with invasive breast cancer lesions measuring less than 2 cm in diameter, clinically assessed as T1N0-1M0, were treated from 1970 to 1983 at the National Cancer Institute of Milan with quadrantectomy, axillary dissection, and radiotherapy (QUART). Pathologic evidence of lymph-nodes metastases was found in 32% of the patients. Overall survival at 5 and 10 years from surgery was 91% and 78%, respectively. The cumulative probability of survival tends to decrease with increasing tumor size: the 7-year survival rate was 84% in cases in which lesions measured from 1.6 to 2.0 cm, and 94% in cases in which the lesions were less than 0.5 cm. Tumor site in the treated breast did not affect distant outcome. No difference was found between the patients without node metastases and patients with one node involved, whereas the patients with more than one node showed a lower probability of survival. The survival curves of 352 cases treated inside a randomized trial and that of 880 cases routinely treated appear to be superimposable. Local recurrences and new primary ipsilateral tumors were, respectively, 35 (2.8%) and 19 (1.6%); 56 women with local recurrences or second tumors underwent second surgery (total mastectomy, 43; wide resection, 11). Five of them died from distant spread of breast cancer, while 49 are alive and well. In the contralateral breasts 45 carcinomas were recorded during the follow-up time. The results of the present analysis of a large number of T1 cases reconfirm the safety of integrated radiosurgical conservative treatments.