体外膜肺的动物实验研究

目的观察膜肺（ＥＣＭＯ）体外吸收氧及排出二氧化碳的效果。方法绵羊１１只，戊巴比妥钠麻醉后，气管切开、插管，与呼吸机相连。右颈内静脉及右颈总动脉内放置导管。血从右颈内静脉引出，经过膜氧合器气体交换后，从右颈总动脉回输体内。实验依次分４个阶段：（１）ＥＣＭＯ前机械通气；（２）ＥＣＭＯ与机械通气并用（小流量阶段）；（３）仅用ＥＣＭＯ（大流量阶段）；（４）ＥＣＭＯ后机械通气。取羊股动脉血及膜氧合器前后的血标本进行血气分析。结果用ＥＣＭＯ前动脉血气分析的均值为：ｐＨ值７．５０、动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）５．２９ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）、氧分压（ＰａＯ２）１８．４、ＰａＯ２／吸入氧浓度（ＦｉＯ２）比值为３３８，ＥＣＭＯ小流量、大流量及ＥＣＭＯ停止后各阶段的ｐＨ值、ＰａＯ２及ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２比值与ＥＣＭＯ前相比，差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＥＣＭＯ过程中ＰａＣＯ２较低，差异有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。血液通过膜氧合器后，ｐＨ值、ＰＯ２值明显升高（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＰＣＯ２明显降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论ＥＣＭＯ体外可吸收足够的氧，有效排出ＣＯ２，维持血ｐＨ值稳定。     

液体通气对豚鼠急性呼吸衰竭的治疗作用

目的探索液体通气的可行性及其对急性呼吸衰竭治疗的效果。方法将２０只豚鼠经反复盐水肺灌洗制成急性呼吸衰竭模型，随机分为两组：气体通气组及液体通气组。所有动物行常规机械通气，但液体通气组在模型制成后立即经气管插管给予全氟化碳液体，剂量３０ｍｌ／ｋｇ，在３小时内测定血气及肺顺应性。结果气体通气组豚鼠血气及肺顺应性在观察时间内无明显变化。液体通气组豚鼠在给全氟化碳后３０分钟，动脉血氧分压由８．０±１．５ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）增至３７．１±９．６ｋＰａ，静态顺应性由４．０±１．３ｍｌ·ｋＰａ－１·ｋｇ－１增至６．７±１．９ｍｌ·ｋＰａ－１·ｋｇ－１，并持续３小时；动脉血二氧化碳分压逐渐下降，ｐＨ逐渐上升。结论液体通气能够显著改善急性呼吸衰竭豚鼠的气体交换及肺顺应性     

一氧化氮吸入治疗小儿急性呼吸衰竭

为观察一氧化氮（ＮＯ）治疗小儿急性呼吸衰竭的疗效，应用我院自行研制的ＮＯ吸入装置，对１５例急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ＡＲＤＳ）和急性呼吸衰竭（简称急性呼衰）患儿进行ＮＯ吸入治疗。结果：７例有效，ＮＯ吸入前后比较氧分压与吸入氧浓度比值上升４．１±２．３ｋＰａ（３０．５±１７ｍｍＨｇ，１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）（ｔ＝４．５２，Ｐ＜０．０５），氧合指数降低９±３（ｔ＝４．６３，Ｐ＜０．０５）。对２例肺动脉导管压力监测显示，肺动脉压和肺血管阻力明显下降，体动脉压和心率无显著性变化。结论：ＮＯ吸入疗法对部分急性呼衰患儿有效，宜在急性低氧性呼衰、心功能未受严重损害时应用。     

肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿RDS呼吸衰竭的疗效

用肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）抢救１５例新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（ＮＲＤＳ）时的呼吸衰竭，ＰＳ首次剂量２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ．重复剂量１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ，用１～３次，经气管插管注入肺内，给ＰＳ后５～１５分钟ＰａＯ２和ＰａＯ２／ＦｉＯ２显著上升，随后ＦｉＯ２和平均气道压（ＭＡＰ）下调，５．５±０．８小时胸片即见改善，４０．２±１６．５小时胸片恢复，治疗组病死率比对照组低。结果表明ＰＳ对抢救ＮＲＤＳ呼吸衰竭有明显疗效。     

危重病儿呼气末PCO2和动脉血PCO2对比研究

４０例９天－１１岁病儿根据胸片，肺部体征和机械通气与否分为Ｉ。先心病术后麻醉恢复无肺部疾病的机械通气组，Ⅱ。肺部疾病的机械通气组，Ⅲ，仅需鼻导管吸氧的肺炎组。３组病儿同时测定ＰｅｔＣＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２１４６人次，并对其中１４４次资料进行对比研究。中组内ＰｅｔＣＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２相关良好（ｒ分别为０．９１，０．８６和０．８８），３组间Ｐ（ａ－ｏｔ）Ｃｏ２均值差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）。Ｉ组和Ⅱ组内ＰａＣｏ     

一氧化氮对缺氧和急性肺损伤犬的血液动力学与气体交换的影响

应用化学发光法监测氮氧化物浓度，观察１０只缺氧和急性肺损伤犬在吸入不同浓度一氧化氮（ＮＯ）时血液动力学和气体交换功能的变化。结果显示，５～５０ＰＰＭＮＯ均可降低缺氧犬肺动脉压２５％±３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），降低肺血管阻力３７％±５％（Ｐ＜０．０１），并使急性肺损伤犬的动脉血氧分压／吸入氧浓度（ＰａＯ＿２／ＦｉＯ＿２）比值上升３３．４±２．３（Ｐ＜０．０５），肺内动静脉分流量与总血流量（Ｑ＿ｓ／Ｑ＿Ｔ）比值下降５％±２％（Ｐ＜０．０５）。提示，低浓度ＮＯ（５～２０ＰＰＭ）即可有效降低缺氧性和急性肺损伤犬肺动脉高压并改善其动脉氧合功能。     

肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿胎粪吸入综合征的临床研究

目的探讨肺表面活性物质（ＰＳ）治疗新生儿胎粪吸入综合征（ＭＡＳ）的有效性及临床价值。方法采用气管内滴入ＰＳ治疗８例ＭＡＳ患儿，其中６例接受ＰＳ２剂，２例接受ＰＳ３剂。结果给予首剂ＰＳ后１０分钟患儿青紫迅速消失，皮肤转红润，经皮测定血氧饱和度（ＴｃＳａＯ２）升高。３０分钟后患儿低氧血症迅速改善，动脉血氧分压、动脉血氧分压与吸入氧浓度比值、动脉肺泡血氧分压比值、呼吸机有效指数较治疗前显著增高，分别由原来的５２８±０９８ｋＰａ、８６６±３５２ｋＰａ、０１２±００６ｋＰａ及０１４±００６ｍｌ·ｋＰａ－１·ｋｇ－１增加到８９１±１４３ｋＰａ、１６８１±４１８ｋＰａ、０２１±００５ｋＰａ及０２６±００７ｍｌ·ｋＰａ－１·ｋｇ－１；而吸入氧浓度及平均气道压逐渐降低，由原来的０６８±０１９ｋＰａ及２２０±０４２ｋＰａ降低到０５３±００８ｋＰａ及１９３±０４８ｋＰａ。重复应用ＰＳ后亦有相似效果。结论ＰＳ能有效地改善ＭＡＳ患儿肺顺应性及氧合功能。重复应用ＰＳ可巩固和加强疗效。     

新生儿休克的呼吸支持治疗

１２例中、重度新生儿休克患儿，因合并呼吸衰竭在抗休克的同时应用呼吸器作呼吸支持治疗。用呼吸器指征为出现严重呼吸困难或呼吸暂停，血动脉二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ＿２＞８．０ｋＰａ，１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ），动脉血氧分压（ＰａＯ＿２）＜５．３３ｋＰａ，吸入５０％浓度氧时，以及肺出血。用呼吸器３～５小时后血气即恢复正常，临床休克症状也逐渐好转。存活患儿平均用呼吸器时间４１．２小时，１２例经治疗后死亡４例。作者认为休克时呼吸衰竭常可在短时间内迅速形成，及时给予有效的呼吸支持是治疗休克的重要措施之一。     

婴儿完全性大动脉转位外科根治术前血液动力学的内科调整研究

为探讨球囊房隔造口术（ＢＡＳ）及前列腺素Ｅ１（ＰＧＥ１）对婴儿完全性大动脉转位（ＴＧＡ）外科根治术前血液动力学的调整作用，对３２例年龄２～５６天，平均２６天的ＴＧＡ患儿行ＢＡＳ，对其中１１例于ＢＡＳ前给予ＰＧＥ１，然后进行血液动力学观察。结果：ＢＡＳ后动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２）由０．５３±０．１４上升至０．７４±０．１１。３０例患儿左右心房压差均＜０．２７ｋＰａ（１ｋＰａ＝７．５ｍｍＨｇ）。单纯ＴＧＡ术后２４个月内左室压力＜５．３０ｋＰａ。ＰＧＥ１应用后ＳａＯ２由术前０．６０±０．１９上升至０．８６±０．０５。心导管检查测得左右室压力比为０．８６。提示，ＢＡＳ和ＰＧＥ１的应用可缓解新生儿ＴＧＡ低氧血症及维持其左右心室良好的压力比值，从而为ＴＧＡ解剖转位术作准备     

完全性大动脉转位61例诊断分析

目的　分析完全性大动脉转位（ＴＧＡ）的解剖类型及血流动力学改变,探讨其适宜的手术方式。方法　采用超声心动图检查结合心导管及心血管造影术,对６１ 例年龄４ 天至１３ 岁的ＴＧＡ患儿进行临床分型,并测定有关的血流动力学参数。结果　ＴＧＡ 合并室间隔完整（ＩＶＳ） 或极小室间隔缺损（ＶＳＤ）２１ 例（３４－４％ ）,动脉血氧饱和度（ＳａＯ２） ：０－５２±０－０９,左室压力：～３ 个月（５－７±０－５）ｋＰａ,～１ 岁（４－２±０－３）ｋＰａ。ＴＧＡ 合并ＶＳＤ１９ 例（３１－２ ％） ,ＳａＯ２ ：０－６９ ±０－１１ ,左室压力（１１－３ ±２－１）ｋＰａ。ＴＧＡ 合并ＶＳＤ及左室流出道梗阻（ＬＶＯＴＯ）２１ 例（３４－４％ ）,ＳａＯ２ ：０－７５ ±０－０９ ,左室与肺动脉间压力阶差（ＰＧ） 为（８－７ ±１－７）ｋＰａ。左右冠状动脉（ＣＡ） 均起源于右冠状窦３ 例,均起源于左冠状窦２ 例。镜面右位心２ 例,右旋心２ 例,左旋心１ 例。结论　ＴＧＡ 可单独存在,亦可合并多种心脏畸形,超声心动图可提供临床分型及部分血流动力学参数;心导管检查及心血管造影术更能直接获取血氧及压力资料。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.