Interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function in patients with atrial septal defect

Summary In order to assess whether the paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum seen in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) is due to a true abnormality in septal contraction, eight patients with ASD (age, 1.6–17 years) and eight age-matched control patients were studied using qualitative and quantitative two-dimensional (2D) and M-mode echocardiography. 2D-echocardiographic images recorded from the parasternal short-axis projection at the level of the papillary muscles and 2D-directed M-mode tracings at this level were obtained. Comprehensive wall motion analysis of the left ventricular (LV) endocardial and epicardial borders was performed using both fixed reference and center of mass (floating reference) models.Our results indicate that interventricular septal wall motion and function are normal in patients with ASD. The apparent paradoxical motion is due to excessive anterior motion of the entire left ventricle, and is present only when a fixed reference system is used to assess myocardial motion, but is not present when a center of mass (floating reference system) is employed. Left ventricular function assessed by % area and perimeter change, mean radial shortening fraction, and mean radial wall thickening (2D) as well as LV shortening fraction and septal and posterior wall thickening (M-mode) was not significantly different between the two groups. Standard M-mode tracings can therefore be used to assess LV function despite this apparent abnormal septal motion.     

Right ventricular size and function as assessed by echocardiography and angiography in patients with different volume load

A comparative study of right ventricular (RV) function, assessed by echocardiography and angiography, undertaken in 20 patients, 10 of whom had atrial septal defects (ASDs) and 10 had various other heart diseases. All of the measured echocardiographic variables of RV size, apart from RV length, were larger in the patients with ASD. When assessed by multiple regression analysis, the RV M-mode dimension was an independent variable of RV angiographic end-diastolic volume (EDV) in patients without RV volume load (R=0.92,R ²=0.85,p<0.001). In the patients with ASD, echocardiographic RV end-diastolic area was an independent variable of angiographic RVEDV (R=0.75,R ²=0.55,p<0.05), whereas M-mode dimension had a weaker correlation (r=0.29). The agreement between RV ejection fraction (RVEF) obtained by echocardiography and angiography was moderate in both patient groups. However, fractional area change and fractional length change could not estimate RVEF better. Thus care should be taken to use single measurements and derivatives as the only parameters of RV size and function.     

Radionuclide angiographic and echocardiographic quantitation of left-to-right shunts in children with ventricular septal defect

Summary Pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratios (Qp:Qs) were estimated in 16 children with ventricular septal defects using simultaneous echocardiography and radionuclide angiography, and compared to Qp:Qs measured at cardiac catheterization by the Fick principle method (Fick). When ratios of echographic left atrial dimensions (LAD) to body surface area (LAD/M²), body length (LAD/ht), and aortic root diameter (LAD/Ao) were compared to the Qp:Qs determined by Fick, the correlation coefficients were r=0.70 for LAD/M², r=0.66 for LAD/ht, and r=0.54 for LAD/Ao. The correlation coefficients between Qp:Qs by Fick, and left ventricular dimensions/M² and fractional shortening of the left ventricle were not significant. The correlation coefficients between Qp:Qs and the ratios estimated by gamma-variate and area-ratio analysis of radioisotope pulmonary dilution curves were r=0.92 and r=0.84, respectively. Thus, radionuclide angiography provided more accurate quantitation of left to right shunting through a ventricular septal defect than echocardiography. However, difficulty in obtaining adequate bolus injections of the radioisotope may result in technical failures whereas echocardiographic measurement is possible in almost all pediatric patients. Finally, the gamma-variate method cannot accurately quantitate shunt ratios greater than 3.5 to 1.Supported in part by USPHS Grant Nos. 1-T32HL07417-01 and 5-T01HL05728-09 and American Heart Association Southwest Ohio Chapter     

Xylose absorption before and after surgical correction of atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD)

The aim of the study was to ascertain whether the acceleration of physical development in children after surgery for ASD or VSD is due to improved intestinal absorption. There were 17 patients with ASD and 9 patients with VSD (aged 5–15 years) examined.Significantly incrased values of the xylose test after surgery were found in both groups. The authors suggest that the improvement in intestinal absorption is due to an increase of systemic blood flow after operation. Simultaneously, the study confirms, on natural human model, the known dependence between blood flow and the intestinal absorption rate.     

Body surface isopotential T map for assessment of right ventricular volume and pressure overloads in secundum atrial septal defect

The body surface isopotential T map was analyzed to detect right ventricular volume and pressure overloads in 25 patients with secundum atrial septal defect. Three patterns were distinguished: a T map resembling normal (type A,n=9); that with an isolated negative area in a positive area (type B,n=11); and that with rightward movement of maximum (type C,n=5). Right ventricular end-diastolic volumes in types B (161±19% of normal; %N) and C (175±40%N) were significantly (p<0.01) greater than those in controls (100±9%N) and type A (113±18%N). Right ventricular systolic pressure in type C (48±11 mmHg) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than those in the controls (30±5 mmHg), type A (31±4 mmHg), or type B (34±5 mmHg). These results suggest that the patients with type B have right ventricular volume overload and those with type C have both volume and pressure overloads.     

Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function after surgical correction of atrial septal defect during childhood

Summary Transmitral flow was studied using Doppler echocardiography with the A/E ratio as a parameter of left ventricular diastolic function in 21 patients (ages 2.5–30.0 years) who had undergone early surgical correction of an isolated secundum type atrial septal defect (ASD) compared to a healthy cohort of 21 subjects. Pre- and postoperative M-mode recordings were compared in 12 of the 21 patients to evaluate the effect of operation on interventricular septal motion (IVS) and left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic diameter ratio (LVDD/RVDD) as parameters of right ventricular volume overload. No significant difference in A/E ratio was found between the patient and control groups. IVS was shown to normalize in 11 of 12 patients postoperatively and to improve from paradox to flattened in 1 of 12. LVDD/RVDD increased from 1.26±0.31 to 2.10±0.51 (p=0.0008), with no significant difference remaining between the control and patient groups postoperatively. These findings support the conclusion that an intrinsic abnormality of the left ventricle is not responsible for its diastolic dysfunction in patients with ASD who develop left ventricular failure, thereby implicating an acquired abnormality. Mechanical sequelae of right ventricular volume overload were shown to normalize in all patients subsequent to operation in the present study, and therefore cannot be excluded as a cause of left ventricular failure in ASD.     

Atrioventricular septal defect: Quantitative anatomy of the right ventricle

Summary In 19 human fetal and newborn hearts with atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), not associated with other anomalies, the two ventricles were studied morphometrically. A total of 17 different parameters were studied: nine in the right ventricle and eight in the left. In the right ventricle we analyzed ventricular wall thickness, length of right ventricular inflow and outflow tracts, and volume of right ventricular inflow and outflow tracts. The data for these parameters were compared with the patterns of normality published previously, and the volumetric data were compared with patterns of normality published previously by us. The ventricular inflow tract was shorter than the outflow tract, the difference being especially significant in the left ventricle. The length of the diaphragmatic wall of the heart in both the right and left ventricle was equal to the sum of the length of the inflow tract and the thickness of the ventricular wall at the apex.     

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目的探讨经胸超声心动图(TTE)及实时三维超声心动图在房间隔缺损(ASD)、室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的临床应用价值。方法应用二维及三维超声心动图对2004-10—2005-10在天津市儿童医院就诊的24例继发孔ASD,10例VSD进行术前检查筛选,术中超声引导及术后随访检查。结果24例ASD患儿术前经TTE检测ASD直径(15·6±7·9)mm(5~26mm),所选Mmplatzer封堵器直径为(19·1±5·1)mm(5~32mm),23例封堵成功。室间隔膜部缺损直径:左室面缺损为5~9mm,右室侧口的直径为2·4~6·0mm,术中选择Amplatzer封堵器型号为4~6mm,10例VSD无残余分流。结论二维及三维TTE联合应用于ASD、VSD介入治疗具有很好的应用价值。     

单纯食管超声引导经皮封堵治疗房间隔缺损

目的 通过与传统放射线引导方法相比较,评价单纯经食道超声(TEE)引导在经皮介入封堵儿童房间隔缺损中的早期临床应用效果.方法 收集2012年10月至2014年1月单纯TEE引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵患儿50例(TEE组),均采用TEE引导并监测封堵全过程.选取同期传统放射线引导下经皮房间隔缺损封堵患儿162例为对照组.2组患者均于术后1个月在门诊随访,并行经胸超声心动图检查.结果 2组患儿年龄、体质量、房间隔缺损直径、封堵器直径、手术时间及住院时间无明显差异.TEE组和对照组封堵器置入成功率分别为100.0％和97.5％,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.58);术后即刻残余分流发生率分别为0和4.4％,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.20);气管插管时间分别为(2.9±0.5)h和0.术后随访1个月,2组患者均无残余分流,未发生外周血管损伤、心脏穿孔、封堵器脱落等严重并发症.结论 单纯TEE引导下经皮介入封堵儿童房间隔缺损不仅能够完全避免放射线及对比剂,而且保持了传统经皮介入治疗安全、微创的优点.     

经导管Amplatzer封堵器堵闭小儿房间隔缺损46例报告

目的探讨应用Ampplatzer封堵器堵闭小儿房间隔缺损(AsD)的可行性。方法46例AsD患儿,年龄2～15岁,平均(7.5±4.2)岁,在基础麻醉下,先行右心导管用测量球囊导管测量AsD大小,选择适合的封堵器,在超声指导下放出封堵器堵闭AsD,然后监测封堵器位置是否满意、有否残余分流、房室瓣有否累及,以达到完全堵闭效果。结果46例全部成功,无一例有合并症;手术时间(65.88±20.78)min,透视时间(11.05±4.04)min。结论经导管AmplatzerAsD堵闭术是一种安全、有效的方法,适用于2岁以上、缺损口在30mm以下的继发孔AsD患儿。但必须严格掌握适应证,术中必须应用经胸超声心动图或食道超声帮助提高堵闭术的成功率,减少并发症。     

心室内隧道法治疗儿童右室双出口并主动脉瓣下室间隔缺损

目的　探讨右室双出口 (DORV)并主动脉瓣下室间隔缺损 (VSD)儿童采用心室内隧道法的手术效果。方法　对 9例DORV并主动脉瓣下VSD儿童采用心室内隧道法纠治 ,其中 5例有肺动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄 ,1例双腔右心室。体外循环下行心室内隧道法 ,经右心室切口用涤纶片修补VSD ,形成左心室至主动脉的内隧道 ,右心室与肺动脉相连。结果　 9例术后恢复均良好 ,超声心动图显示心室内隧道功能正常 ,无血流梗阻征象。结论　掌握好术式的适应证 ,心室内隧道法是纠治DORV并主动脉瓣下VSD的满意术式     

Effects of respiration on right ventricular size and function: An echocardiographic study

Summary The effects of quiet respiration and body position on right ventricular (RV) size and function were assessed by two-dimensional (2DE) and M-mode echocardiography in 15 healthy children. All end-diastolic echocardiographic dimensions, areas, and volumes increased slightly but significantly with inspiration. At end-systole similar changes were found. RV ejection fractions were significantly higher during inspiration, as were stroke volume indices. RV dimensions also increased from supine to left lateral decubitus position. Thus, our results indicate a need for standardization of 2DE and M-mode measurements not only for body position, but also for respiratory phase when used to assess RV size and function.     

房间隔缺损介入封堵术后血栓形成及其防治

目前,介入治疗已逐渐取代外科开胸手术成为房间隔缺损首选的治疗方法.但各种类型封堵器植入均有血栓形成报道,并引起脑栓塞、心肌梗死、肺栓塞等严重并发症.封堵器相关血栓形成主要与心房颤动、房间隔膨胀瘤、封堵器类型、凝血功能激活、封堵器内皮化过程等密切相关.该文总结了封堵器血栓形成的相关因素及目前房间隔缺损介入术后各种血栓预防方案,为介入封堵术后血栓防治提供理论基础及实验依据.     

室间隔缺损远离大动脉开口的右室双出口外科治疗与适应证选择

目的回顾室间隔缺损（VSD）远离2个大动脉开口的右室双出口（double—outlet right ventricle,DORV）的病理解剖特点、手术方法选择和治疗结果,对手术适应证和方法提出优化意见。方法1984年4月至2005年4月共有37例VSD远离2个大动脉开口的DORV患儿接受外科手术,年龄5个月～12岁,根据不同手术方法将病人分3组比较,其中心室内隧道修补术（intraventricular tunnel repair,IVR）组15例,Rastalli手术组10例,Fontan手术组12例。对限制性VSD,同时扩大VSD直径。结果手术住院死亡10例,死亡率27．0％（10／37例）,其中1999年4月后死亡2例,死亡率10．5％（2／19）。IVR的手术死亡率（46．7％,7／15例）明显高于Rastalli组（20％,2／10例）和Fontan组（8．3％,1／12例）。结论三尖瓣与肺动脉之问距离是否大于主动脉瓣口直径是区别选择IVR手术和Rastalli手术的主要依据。共同房室瓣、三尖瓣附属组织跨越或嵌入到VSD和主动脉之间的区域、两个心室发育不平衡是我们选择改良Fontan的主要适应证。     

Mitral valve prolapse in children with secundum —Type atrial septal defect (ASD II)

A left ventricular angiocardiogram for evaluation of the mitral valve in patients with uncomplicated secundum type atrial septal defect has been proposed in a recent paper by Victorica et al. (1974). These authors observed 8 children with a ballooning mitral valve and ASD II. They stressed the necessity of performing a left ventricular angiocardiogram in every patient with ASD II. To challange their proposal, the angiocardiograms of 78 children with secundum type ASD were reviewed. Of these 89 angios 34 were performed using the left ventricle (LV) as injection site while 55 times the injection was made in other parts of the heart, e.g. left atrium, pulm. art., right ventricle, right atrium. All 34 LV angios, but only 12 of the others allowed an evaluation of function and morphology of the mitral valve.Of the 46 angiocardiograms 27 (58.7%) revealed an intact, normally closing and opening mitral valve. In the remaining 19 (41.3%) various grades of ballooning or mild prolapsing of one or two leaflets of the mitral valve could be detected. The scallops were minimal in 12, moderate in 4 and pronounced in 3 cases. A mild regurgitation was seen in 1 patient only. No patient had the pronounced ballooning observed by Victorica et al. On auscultation only 1 case had the apical murmur of mitral regurgitation. The ECG of our 19 positive cases did not show signs of left atrial or left ventricular hypertrophy. A left axis deviation was found in 1 patient.During surgery no structural abnormality of the mitral valve was noted. Postoperative reevaluation of the mitral valve (including left ventricular contrast injection) in 10 cases revealed no changes of mitral valve appearance in 8, a decrease of the ballooning in one, and an increase in another patient.It is concluded that prolapses of the mitral valve are seldom of such a degree as to cause dysfunction in children with secundum type ASD. The indications for performing a left ventricular injection of contrast material are the clinical signs of mitral valve regurgitation and/or left axis deviation in the ECG.Partially presented at the 13th Annual General Meeting of the Association of European Paediatric Cardiologists, Marseille, 29 April—3 May, 1975.     

超声心动图在应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭儿童房间隔缺损中的应用价值

目的　评价经胸超声心动图 (TTE)和经食管超声心动图 (TEE)在应用Amplatzer封堵器关闭儿童房间隔缺损(ASD)中的应用价值。方法　对 12例拟诊为继发孔型ASD的儿童 (年龄 2～ 13岁 ) ,应用Amplatzer封堵器经导管关闭ASD。通过TTE和 (或 )TEE在术前显示ASD大小及其边缘的解剖特点 ,术中指导封堵器的放置 ,术后评价疗效。结果　 (1) 12例中 ,TEE排除ASD诊断 1例 ,诊断为下腔型ASD和显示缺损前上缘薄弱者各 1例 ,这 3例未实施封堵术。 (2 )TEE测量ASD大小 (5～ 2 6mm ,平均 13 6mm) ,与ASD伸展径 (7～ 30mm ,平均 16 6mm)具有高度相关性 (r=0 994 ,P <0 0 1) ;与术前TTE测量ASD大小很接近 (5～ 2 1mm ,平均 14 3mm) ,后者与ASD伸展径亦具有高度相关性 (r =0 932 ,P <0 0 1)。 (3) 9例实施封堵术者 ,有 8例封堵成功 ;1例在封堵器释放后 15min发生脱落 ,改为外科修补。 (4) 8例成功实施封堵术者经TTE随访 1～ 2 2个月 ,无残余分流征象。结论　应用Amplatzer封堵器经导管关闭ASD可取得良好效果 ;超声心动图在经导管关闭ASD过程中具有重要价值 ,TTE和TEE各具优点 ,TTE适用于病例的初步筛选和术后随访 ;而TEE则在决定是否进行封堵术和指导封堵器的正确放置等方面发挥重要的作用。     

Cross-sectional echocardiographic measurements of right ventricular size and growth in patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum

Summary Fifteen patients with pulmonary atresia or critical pulmonary stenosis and intact ventricular septum were studied. All were operated on in the neonatal period, with valvotomy or a systemic to pulmonary arterial shunt, or both. In 12 patients, right ventricular to pulmonary arterial communication was established in the neonatal period. In three patients, only systemic to pulmonary arterial shunts were constructed. Six patients died. The median follow-up period for the surviving patients was 65 months (range, 12–87 months).Right and left atrial and ventricular dimensions and areas, the tricuspid annular diameter, and the cross-sectional area of the aortic root were measured in cross-sectional echocardiograms from the neonatal period, at the age of 1 year, and at the latest clinical follow-up. A classification of right ventricular morphology was made, based on identification of the inlet, the trabecular, and the outlet parts.Most of the patients had hypoplastic right ventricles at birth but at the latest follow-up, seven of nine surviving patients had right ventricles in the normal range. Right ventricular growth was better in patients who were given a right ventricular to pulmonary arterial communication in the neonatal period and those with complete right ventricular anatomy. The patients who died had severely hypoplastic right ventricles and small tricuspid valves.     

How accurate is the ultrasonic estimation of ventricular septal defect size?

Summary The relationship between the size of ventricular septal defects estimated from ultrasonic images and the actual size of the ventricular septal defects is currently unknown. Our goal was to image simulated defects of known size under conditions as physiological as possible with several two-dimensional ultrasonic instruments. The study was not viewed as a contest between instruments. A static heart model we tested consisted of a simulated chest wall-right ventricular anterior wall, a human septum or muscular septal equivalent, and a simulated left ventricular posterior wall. Model tissues were placed in holders in a water bath for imaging at 90° and 180° with respect to the ventricular septal defect. These angles tested the lateral and axial resolution necessary for imaging simulated ventricular septal defects. Actual ventricular septal defect sizes ranged from 5 to 17.5 mm. Images were obtained with a 30°, 3.5-MHz, mechanical sector scanner, a 2.4-MHz range focused phased array, and a prototype transmit and dynamically focused, 3.5-MHz phased array. Image quality of the defect varied at 90° but was generally poor at 180°. For studies conducted at 180°, phased arrays imaged sharp defect edges for larger holes, but the mechanical sector scanner did not. Signal attenuation appeared to be the major limiting factor for axial resolution. For imaging at 90°, the mechanical sector scanner approximated the actual defect size less 4 mm. The prototype phased array scanner approximated the defect size less 4 to 6 mm. With the range focused, phased array, imaged size was always less than one half actual size. The smallest defect imaged with our simulation with any instrument was 7 mm. These data or their regression equation should not be used to compute the actual size of a clinical ventricular septal defect, since different machines, transducers, and situations might alter the exact relationship between imaged and actual defect size. However, the data led to the conclusion that imaged size of a defect is instrument and transducer dependent and is always smaller than actual defect size.     

Atrioventricular septal defect after surgical resection of a subaortic shelf

Summary Left ventricular to right atrial (LV-RA) communications are rare septal defects. The majority of them are congenital in origin and acquired defects are exceedingly rare. The causes of acquired LV-RA communications include chest trauma [3, 4, 7], infective endocarditis [1, 2, 15], and valvar replacement [5, 6, 9, 12–14]. This report describes a case of direct LV-RA and interventricular communications occurring three months after excision of a subaortic shelf.     

Atrioventricular septal defect with double-outlet right atrium

Summary A rare type of primum atrial septal defect is described in which the atrial septum deviated to the left, resulting in a double-outlet right atrium. The obstruction at the site of the small atrial septum defect led to an elevation of the left atrial mean pressure and to pulmonary arterial hypertension. The presence of mixed blood in the right atrium caused systemic arterial desaturation. A cleft in the septal leaflet of the left atrioventricular (AV) valve caused a left ventricular-right atrial shunt, which—added to the left-to-right atrial shunt—totaled 60% of the pulmonary circulating volume. Preoperative knowledge of the anatomic features facilitated surgical repair, which consisted in resection of the abnormal septum, construction of a new septum with a Dacron patch, and closure of the septal commissure of the left-sided AV valve.