Prevalence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 in pregnant women, and estimated rates of infection.

There has been a recent increase in notifications of genital herpes but it is not known whether this has been reflected in the pregnant population. We have therefore carried out a study to determine the prevalence of herpes simplex antibodies in pregnant women and to estimate the incidence of primary infection. Sera were collected from 3533 women at antenatal clinics and tested for total antibodies to herpes simples virus (HSV), and if positive, for specific antibodies to HSV-2. Estimates of HSV-1 seroprevalence were derived from the HSV-2 seronegative population. HSV-1 seroprevalence was nearly 100% in black women born in Africa or the Caribbean and 60-80% in white, Asian and UK born black women. It was lower in women in non-manual employment. HSV-2 seroprevalence was related to age, rising from 0 at age 16 to 40% at age 35 in black women, and to about 10% in Asian and white women. The estimated incidence of primary HSV-2 infection during pregnancy, per 1000 pregnancies, was about 2.4 in Asian women, 5 in white women, and 20 in black women. Estimates of the incidence of neonatal infection were derived from these figures and compared to the nationally reported rates.     

单纯疱疹病毒2型新发感染率及其危险因素的Meta分析

目的 描述全球单纯疱疹病毒2型(HSV-2)新发感染率水平,探讨其新发感染的危险因素.方法 运用Meta分析方法对全球范围内1990-2010年发表的HSV-2新发感染率相关研究结果进行汇总和定量综合分析;采用Stata软件进行异质性检验及合并新发感染率、发病风险比、计算发表偏倚和敏感性分析.结果 不同国家地区和不同人群间HSV-2新发感染率相差较大,自1.0/100人年至23.1/100人年之间不等.非洲、美国为HSV-2高发地区;女性和既往HIV感染是HSV-2新发感染的危险因素,但既往HSV-1感染对HSV-2的新发感染无影响.结论 不同国家地区和不同人群HSV-2新发感染率水平差异较大,需采取有针对性的防控策略.我国也应尽快在不同地区和人群中开展HSV-2新发感染率的相关研究.

Abstract：

Objective To determine the global incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Methods Meta-analysis was performed to systematically and quantitatively review all the original research papers and reports that were published in 1990-2010 on the global incidence of HSV-2. Pooled incidence, pooled hazard ratios, publication bias, heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis for those studies were calculated or conducted using Stata 10.0. Results HSV-2incidence varied considerably across different countries, regions and/or populations, with a range from 1.0 to 23.1/100 person-years (PYs). Africa and United States were highly epidemic with HSV-2 while females and HIV-infected people were at higher risk of HSV-2 infection, whereas HSV-1 infection status was not significantly associated with acquisition of HSV-2 infection. Conclusion HSV-2incidence varied considerably among countries, regions and populations, which called for different and tailored control strategies. More research was also needed in China to examine the HSV-2 incidence and risk factors in different regions and populations.     

Disseminated neonatal herpes caused by herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2

Disseminated neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is characterized by progressive multiple organ failure and high mortality rates. It can result from infection with either HSV-1 or HSV-2. We report a case of disseminated neonatal herpes that was caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2.     

Increased prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 among adolescent women with alcohol use disorders.

PURPOSE: To determine the relationship between alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among a sample of sexually active adolescents. METHODS: Subjects were 240 sexually active male and female adolescents aged 14 to 21 years (mean 17.5 years) recruited from clinical and community settings in western Pennsylvania between 1991 and 1995; 55% had a lifetime history of AUDs (63 females, 69 males) and 45% did not have a lifetime history of AUDs (57 females, 51 males). Participants provided information about demographic factors and sexual behaviors as well as a serum sample that was assayed for antibodies to HSV-2, HBV, and HIV infections. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent relationship of AUDs to HSV-2 infections among females. RESULTS: The seroprevalence of HSV-2 infections was 15% among females and 0% among males; the overall prevalence of HBV (1.2%) and HIV (0.4%) infections was very low. Among adolescent females, the seroprevalence of HSV-2 infections was significantly higher among those with an AUD (19%), compared with those without an AUD (10.5%) (adjusted odds ratio 8.1, 95% confidence interval 1.5-44.8, p =.017). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent women with an AUD appear to be at substantially increased risk of HSV-2 infection. These results highlight the need to address sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents with alcohol problems.     

Cigarette smoking, herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, and cervical abnormalities.

In a case-control study, we investigated the relation of cigarette smoking and genital herpes virus infection to cervical abnormalities. Although cases and controls differed according to several factors, multiple logistic analyses indicated that age, education, and cigarette smoking were the only independent risk factors for histologically confirmed disease. Relative risk estimates were 1.92 and 3.68 for past and current smokers, respectively. The results indicated that smoking and genital herpes infection did not interact in the risk of cervical abnormality.     

Incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the United States

Between the time that two large, national surveys were conducted, the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in the United States increased by 30%. From these survey data, the authors estimated the incidence of HSV-2 infection in the civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged > or = 12 years by means of a mathematical model that allowed overall incidence to increase linearly with time but required the shape of the age-specific incidence curve to remain constant. From 1970 to 1985, annual incidence of HSV-2 infection in HSV-2-seronegative persons increased by 82%, from 4.6 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval: 4.2, 5.0) to 8.4 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval: 7.7, 9.1). Incidence in 1985 was higher in women than in men (9.9 vs. 6.9 per 1,000), higher in Blacks than in Whites (20.4 vs. 6.3 per 1,000), and highest in the group aged 20-29 years (14.6 and 22.5 per 1,000 in men and women, respectively). Thus, by 1985, approximately 1,640,000+/-150,000 persons (730,000 men and 910,000 women) were being infected annually with HSV-2.     

云南省某县HIV感染者Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒感染及高危性行为研究

目的 了解云南省某县HIV感染者中Ⅱ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-2)感染率、HSV-2感染相关因素及高危性行为情况.方法 从常规随访的HIV感染者中招募研究对象,问卷调查收集人口学、行为学信息,采集血标本检测HSV-2抗体和CD4+T淋巴细胞计数.结果 共招募研究对象300人,其中105人检测为HSV-2抗体阳性,感染率为35.0%.多因素logistic回归模型显示,傣族(OR=0.300,95%CI:0.152～0.593)和景颇族(OR=0.376,95%CI:0.167～0.850)HIV感染者HSV-2感染风险低于汉族;经性途径感染HIV者HSV-2感染风险高于经注射吸毒感染HIV者(OR=4.244,95%CI:1.924～9.364).105人合并感染HIV和HSV-2,其中60人最近3月内有性行为,未坚持使用或不使用安全套者占有性行为者的41.7%,主要见于婚内性行为.结论 HIV感染者中HSV-2感染率较高,HIV/HSV-2合并感染者中有不安全性行为者比例高.     

An epidemiologic study of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 infection in Japan based on type-specific serological assays.

A seroepidemiologic study of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) was performed on Japanese adults. Serum samples collected between 1985-9 from a total of 536 healthy adults, female prostitutes, males with sexually transmitted diseases (STD), homosexual men, and pregnant women were studied by immunodot assays using HSV type-specific antigens, glycoproteins G (gG1 and gG2). HSV-1 infections correlated mostly with age and was widely prevalent among subjects < 40 years. HSV-2 prevalence varied greatly among subgroups defined by sexual activity and was associated with risk behaviours for prostitution, infection with STD, and homosexual activity. HSV-2 seroprevalence was highest among prostitutes (80%), lowest among pregnant women (7%), and intermediate in STD patients (23%) and homosexuals (24%). Because HSV-1 infection during childhood has been decreasing, primary genital HSV-2 infection, with its higher frequency of clinical manifestations, will become a greater burden to the public health in Japan.     

Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in the British Isles

Summary. This study was set up to estimate the incidence of neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in the British Isles, and to document the outcome of neonatal infection. Paediatricians reported cases of neonatal HSV through the active reporting scheme of the British Paediatric Association Surveillance Unit. Over a 5half year period (1986-91) 76 infants with neonatal HSV infection were reported, an incidence of recognised infection in the British Isles of 1.65/100000 livebirths. Twenty-five infants had HSV-1 infection, 24 HSV-2 and in 27 virus type was unknown. Twenty-seven had disseminated infection, 23 herpes encephalitis and 26 localised infection. Nineteen infants (25%) died in the neonatal period, and a further 25 (33%) have subsequently died or have long-term sequelae. At least half of the infants had been discharged home before symptoms became apparent. For 21 women there was evidence of a maternal genital herpes infection at some time, but this was reported or diagnosed retrospectively after neonatal HSV was suspected in 19 cases, and ante-natally in only two. Neonatal HSV is rare in the British Isles and routine antenatal screening for genital herpes infection during pregnancy is not justified. A high proportion of infected infants present with non-specific signs and symptoms and without mucocutaneous involvement; furthermore, there is rarely a history of maternal infection. As early diagnosis and prompt treatment is essential, there must be a high level of awareness of the serious nature of neonatal HSV infection.     

Ocular infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in vitamin A-deficient and control rats

An experimental model was developed for studying ocular infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 in vitamin A-deficient (-A) and pair-fed control (+A) rats. The severity and course of the disease was evaluated by clinical examination, slit lamp biomicroscopy and histopathologic observations. Experimental animals were in good health and were infected in the early stages of vitamin deficiency (either prior to or at the beginning of the weight plateau). In all trials the onset of herpetic keratitis was more rapid and the clinical disease more severe in -A rats compared to +A controls. Mean slit lamp scores (which assessed the severity of the corneal disease) increased from 3 to 10 d after infection and were higher (P less than 0.002) in -A rats at all time points and doses of virus tested. The inflammatory response in the cornea and uveal tract of -A rats was significantly higher than that of +A animals. Since ocular HSV disease is a common cause of blindness, the availability of a rat model should be valuable in studies of the role of nutritional factors in host susceptibility and response to viral challenge. Mild vitamin A deficiency increased the severity of experimental corneal HSV infections and resulted in a high incidence of epithelial ulceration and necrosis.     

单纯疱疹病毒感染对房颤患者的影响分析

目的探讨单纯疱疹病毒感染与心房颤动的关系,为临床诊治提供依据。方法选取2014年1月-2016年12月医院收治的房颤患者96例,其中阵发性房颤68例,持续性房颤28例。另选同期医院健康体检者100例为对照组;所有研究对象于清晨采集空腹血,检测HSV-1抗体和HSV-2抗体,C-反应蛋白(CRP)、胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(Cyc)和血脂指标[总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)]。结果阵发性房颤组和持续性房颤组血清HSV-1抗体和HSV-2抗体水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.01),阵发性房颤组和持续性房颤组血清HSV-1抗体和HSV-2抗体水平比较差异无统计学意义;阵发性房颤组和持续性房颤组血清HSV-1抗体阳性率、HSV-2抗体阳性率、CRP、Cyc、TC、TG和LDL-C水平均显著高于对照组,HDL-C水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),阵发性房颤组和持续性房颤组各指标比较差异均无统计学意义;血清HSV-1抗体和HSV-2抗体与CRP呈明显正相关性(r=0.669,P=0.012;r=0.531,P=0.018);血清HSV-1抗体和HSV-2抗体与Cyc呈明显正相关性(r=0.605,P=0.015;r=0.453,P=0.032)。结论 HSV感染可能通过炎症反应和影响血脂正常代谢等过程,直接或间接地参与房颤的形成过程。     

结核病患者单纯疱疹病毒感染的检测及临床意义

目的 了解结核病患者单纯疱疹病毒的感染情况,探讨其可能对结核病病情的影响.方法 采用金标免疫斑点渗滤法分别检测51例肺结核患者和30例正常健康人血浆单纯疱疹病毒感染的IgM和IgG.结果 肺结核患者组HSV-IgM的阳性率为88 24%与对照组(66 67%)相比,差异有统计学意义(P＜0 05);HSV-IgG的阳性...     

The prevalence, incidence and risk factors of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection among pregnant Zimbabwean women followed up nine months after childbirth

Background  

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the leading cause of genital ulcer disease worldwide. The virus can be transmitted to neonates and there are scarce data regarding incidence of HSV-2 among women in pregnancy and after childbirth. The aim of this study is to measure the incidence and risk factors for HSV-2 infection in women followed for 9 months after childbirth.     

Seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus,herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus in a cross-sectional study in Mexico

We estimated the seroprevalences of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in this cross-sectional database study. Serum samples collected during the National Health and Nutrition survey (ENSANUT 2006) were obtained from subjects aged 1–70 years between January and October 2010. Serological assays for the determination of antibodies against VZV, HSV and CMV were performed. The overall seroprevalences of VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2 and CMV were 85.8%, 80.9%, 9.9% and 89.2%, respectively. Seroprevalences of VZV, HSV-1 and CMV were comparable between males and females. For HSV-2, although the seroprevalence rate was higher in females when compared to males, this difference in seroprevalence was not statistically significant. Seroprevalence rates for VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2 and CMV increased with age (p-value < .0001). Differences in seroprevalence rate for VZV by socioeconomic status (SES) were significant (p-value < 0001). Results of the serological analyses reported high VZV seroprevalence, indicating high transmission in the Mexican population with children and adolescents at risk of acquiring VZV. Global HSV-1 seroprevalence was high, especially in adults. HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalences were consistently higher in women than men, particularly for HSV-2. CMV seroprevalence was higher in Mexico when compared to developed countries. Seroepidemiological data on VZV supports the fact that varicella vaccination may serve as an alternative effective solution to reduce transmission in the Mexican population. For CMV and HSV, since no vaccines are available, activities to reduce transmission are important to reduce the risk of complications and therefore need to be considered.     

Prevention of type 2 herpes simplex virus induced cervical carcinoma in mice by prior immunization with a vaccine prepared from type 1 herpes simplex virus

Repeated intra-vaginal inoculation of mice with inactivated type 2 herpes simplex virus induced cervical carcinoma in approximately 50% of mice. Prior immunization with subunit vaccine Ac NFU1(S-) BHK reduced the frequency of cervical carcinoma to 19%. Inoculation of mice with a control preparation of uninfected cell extract never induced preinvasive or invasive cervical cancer. There was evidence of an antibody response in every vaccinated and/or innoculated animal. Mice developing cervical cancer had a significantly higher antibody titre to type 2 herpes virus than mice not developing cancer. These results are in general accord with sero-epidemiological studies of preinvasive and invasive cervical carcinoma in human subjects and suggests that this experimental model may be appropriate for further investigation of prevention of human cervical cancer by vaccination.     

Sexual and socioeconomic factors affecting the risk of past infections with herpes simplex virus type 2

Between November 1978 and May 1980, a cross-sectional survey of 566 females and 391 males, aged 35 to 50 years, living in metropolitan Toronto, was conducted to examine the influence of socioeconomic status and sexual behavior on the occurrence of antibodies to herpes simplex virus type 2. Antibodies to the virus were detected in 17.5% of females and 12.8% of males. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with an increased risk of herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositivity for females but not for males. An increased risk of seropositivity was associated in both sexes with young age at first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and renting rather than owning their residence. The risk associated with each of these attributes remained when the effects of the other attributes including socioeconomic status and age at interview were controlled. The greatest risk was associated with renting. If the renting effect is real, it suggests that there is some determinant of risk not measured by this study, which is more important than socioeconomic status or sexual behavior.