鼻咽癌颅底侵犯的临床及影像学分析

目的分析鼻咽癌（NPC）颅底侵犯的临床特征和影像学诊断价值。方法对病理确诊的67例NPC病例资料进行回顾性分析，所有资料均有CT、MRI平扫和增强扫描。CT常规采用横断面扫描，MRI采用横断面、矢状面、冠状面扫描，扫描层面自口咽到鞍上池水平。结果①MRI扫描显示52例有颅底侵犯，CT显示35例。CT和MRI对颅底结构侵犯显示例数如下：翼板8例，14例；斜坡22例，25例；岩尖25例，28例；蝶骨体或蝶窦19例，25例；蝶骨翼9例，12例；海绵窦14例。17例。两者的显示差异有显著意义（x^2=9．47，P=0．02）。②颅底侵犯的CT表现主要为孔道的骨质破坏和吸收，而MRI除骨质改变外，还能清楚显示通过孔道的肿瘤。③头痛、颅神经受累及两症状均出现的发生率分别为82．7％（43／52）、67．3％（35／52）和57．7％（30／52）。结论头痛和颅神经损害症状是NPC颅底侵犯的主要特征；MRI诊断颅底和脑组织受侵优于CT。     

鼻咽癌颅底侵犯的临床及影像学分析

目的分析鼻咽癌(NPC)颅底侵犯的临床特征和影像学诊断价值。方法对病理确诊的67例NPC病例资料进行回顾性分析,所有资料均有CT、MRI平扫和增强扫描。CT常规采用横断面扫描,MRI采用横断面、矢状面、冠状面扫描,扫描层面自口咽到鞍上池水平。结果① MRI扫描显示52例有颅底侵犯,CT显示35例。CT和MRI对颅底结构侵犯显示例数如下:翼板8 例,14例;斜坡22例,25例;岩尖25例,28例;蝶骨体或蝶窦19例,25例;蝶骨翼9例,12例;海绵窦14例,17例。两者的显示差异有显著意义(x2=9．47,P=0．02)。②颅底侵犯的CT表现主要为孔道的骨质破坏和吸收,而MRI除骨质改变外,还能清楚显示通过孔道的肿瘤。③头痛、颅神经受累及两症状均出现的发生率分别为82．7％(43／52)、67．3％(35／52)和57．7％(30／52)。结论头痛和颅神经损害症状是NPC颅底侵犯的主要特征;MRI诊断颅底和脑组织受侵优于CT。     

鼻咽癌颅底骨质侵犯的CT与MRI对比检测

目的:研究CT及MRI对鼻咽癌颅底骨侵犯的检测能力及诊断价值。方法:60例鼻咽癌初治患者,于放射治疗前同期进行鼻咽颅底连续横断位CT扫描及FSE轴、冠、矢状位T1WI和轴位T2WIMRI检查,对两者检测结果进行比较。结果:CT、MRI对颅底骨侵犯的阳性检出率在全部患者中为16.7%、53.3%。经检验,P<0.001,有显著性意义。破坏的部位均以斜坡最多见。结论:MRI对鼻咽癌颅底骨侵犯的检测能力优于CT。     

CT和MRI在鼻咽癌临床分期中的价值

鼻咽癌(NPC)分期以CT为标准，但MRI多参数成像和高软组织分辨力可更早诊断及更细致了解肿瘤侵犯范围，从而指导个体化治疗。现综述CT和MRI在临床分期中的诊断作用及其价值比较。     

鼻咽癌的CT与MRI对比分析

[目的]探讨CT和MRI对鼻咽癌的诊断价值。[方法]收集2003年10月到2005年1月,经病理证实的107例鼻咽癌患者,均行MRI和CT扫描,并根据临床资料和CT或MRI进行’92分期。[结果]MRI对于腔内病变的诊断以及翼腭窝、颞下窝、颈长肌、海绵窦、颅底、颈椎、咽后淋巴结、颈淋巴结等侵犯的检出要高于CT,而对鼻腔、口咽、咽旁间隙等检出与CT差别不大。根据’92分期原则,MRI相对于CT使33.6%(36/107)的病例发生了T分期改变。[结论]MRI对鼻咽癌的诊断、分期相对CT有优势。联合应用更有益。     

CT和MRI在鼻咽癌临床分期中的价值

鼻咽癌(NPC)分期以CT为标准,但MRI多参数成像和高软组织分辨力可更早诊断及更细致了解肿瘤侵犯范围,从而指导个体化治疗.现综述CT和MRI在临床分期中的诊断作用及其价值比较.     

鼻咽癌放疗后复发的CT表现

目的分析鼻咽癌放疗后复发的CT表现，探讨鼻咽癌放疗后复发的特点。方法分析有完整临床及CT资料且经病理及随诊证实的鼻咽癌复发患者103例，其中男78例，女25例，年龄18～76岁，中位年龄49岁。由2位有经验的影像诊断科医生对CT资料进行分析。结果放疗后复发103例中鼻咽壁复发79例，CT表现为鼻咽壁均不同程度增厚，其中71例有明显软组织肿物，侵及咽旁间隙58例，茎突后软组织肿物41例，侵及颅底结构23例，侵及海绵窦9例。肿物边缘均不规则，密度不均匀。73例与放疗后CT对比，病变均不同程度增大。放疗后淋巴结转移36例，其中咽后淋巴结转移9例，颈深组淋巴结转移30例，锁骨上区淋巴结转移3例，颌下及腮腺淋巴结转移各1例。边缘规则6例，边缘不规则30例，其中明显侵犯周围结构6例。31例有放疗后CT对比，淋巴结较前均不同程度增大。结论CT扫描能准确评价鼻咽癌放疗后复发，放疗结束后3个月内作基线影像学检查及定期随诊复查，对及时早期发现肿瘤复发十分重要。     

MRI及CT对鼻咽癌T分期的不同影响

目的比较80例鼻咽癌患者的CT、MRI资料,探讨MRI及CT对鼻咽癌1992年分期的不同影响.方法回顾性分析80例治疗前短期内同时进行CT及MRI检查并经病理证实为鼻咽低分化鳞癌的患者.比较MRI与CT检查的差异性,并分析由于影像学的差异导致分期不同,及其对治疗的影响.结果 MRI在显示咽旁淋巴结、翼突基底部、岩尖、斜坡、海绵窦上较CT有明显差别,具有一定的优势.根据鼻咽癌1992年分期原则,MRI所划分的中晚期患者较CT明显增多(54/40),47.5%(38/80)的患者发生分期改变.按鼻咽癌分层综合治疗的原则,需要行综合治疗的病例数增加,有利于更多患者17.5%(14/80)进行诱导或同时期化疗.结论 MRI较CT对鼻咽癌T分期的诊断具有优越性,使鼻咽癌分期更加明确,建议在临床推广应用.     

38例鼻咽癌腔外侵犯的CT扫描分析

（目的）分析鼻咽癌腔外侵犯的情况及其与颈部淋巴结转移的关系。（方法）总结38例经活检病理证实为鼻咽癌患者的CT图像。平扫11例，平扫加增强27例，横断加冠状位扫描4例。层厚、层距各5mm。（结果）38例均有鼻咽腔变形、局部隆起、粘膜下增厚肿块、咽隐窝挤压、消失等变化。参照黎福祥的咽旁间隙划区方法，94．7％有不同程度咽旁间隙侵犯。咽旁间隙后区受侵者，颈淋巴结转移63．3％（19／30）。口咽受侵者，颈淋巴结转移率为100％（10／10）。受侵部位大于3个者，颈淋巴结转移率为86．6％（13／15）。（结论）CT扫描对鼻咽癌诊断及明确侵及部位具有重要价值。合理扫描可增加肿瘤侵及范围的检出率。咽旁后间隙受侵、口咽受侵及部位多者其颈淋巴结转移率高，这对放疗设野具有重要参考价值。     

鼻咽癌的影像学诊断

影像学检查是诊断鼻咽癌必不可少且至关重要的方法,计算机体层摄影术（CT）能很好地显示鼻咽部、颅底和淋巴结等结构,对鼻咽癌有较高的定性和定位诊断价值;核磁共振成像（MRI）在诊断较小肿瘤、颅底骨髓浸润及区分肿瘤与周围软组织方面均优于CT;正电子发射断层扫描（PET）在判断颈部淋巴结的性质及鉴别放疗后局部异常改变优于CT和MRI。     

Radiological Imaging in Patients with Esophageal Carcinoma

Diagnostic imaging is carried out in patients with esophageal carcinoma in order to decide on thetherapeutical procedure,to control therapy,to document complications and to assess concomitant diseases.Chest X-rays and esophagograms give a 2-dimensional view of the X-ray absorption in a-dimensionalexamination volumes,the diagnostic accuracy thus being limited by overshadowing.Because of the robustexamination technique,the broad availability and the low costs chest X-rays are usually used for short-termcontrols under therapy and follow-up.Esophagography is carried out in order to asses the exact locationand length of a known esophageal carcinoma prior to therapy and in order to assess peristaltic disturbancesand fistulas.CT and MRI provide tomographic images with a spatial resolution of up to 1 mm allowingthe reconstruction of high-resolution images not only in the transversal but also in any other plain.Thediagnostic accuracy of esophagography is comparatively high in T1-T3 stages (80%-90%).T1 and T2tumors cannot be diagnosed by CT and MRI,because both methods do not visualize the mucosa (unlikeesophagography and endoscopy) and the esophageal wall layers (unlike EUS).Infiltration depth tends tobe overestimated in T1 and T2 carcinomas and to be underestimated in T3 and T4 cancers.CT andMRI cannot detect metastases in normally sized lymph nodes and cannot accurately differentiate betweenbenign and malignant lymphadenopathy in enlarged nodes with a reported sensitivities and specifities of60% and 74%,respectively.However,further prospective studies using up to date CT and MR technologyare needed to assess the present diagnostic situation.CT and MRI do not only visualize the mediastinum,but also the lungs,the pleura and the skeleton as well as the neck and the abdomen thus providing acomprehensive overview of the TNM stage in 3 body regions.     

食管癌的影像学表现

Diagnostic imaging is carried out in patients with esophageal carcinoma in order to decide on the therapeutical procedure, to control therapy, to document complications and to assess concomitant diseases.Chest X-rays and esophagograms give a 2-dimensional view of the X-ray absorption ill 3-dimensional examination volumes, the diagnostic accuracy thus being limited by overshadowing. Because of the robust examination technique, the broad availability and the low costs chest X-rays are usually used for short-term controls under therapy and follow-up. Esophagography is carried out in order to asses the exact location and length of a known esophageal carcinoma prior to therapy and in order to assess peristaltic disturbances and fistulas. CT and MRI provide tomographic images with a spatial resolution of up to 1mm^3 allowing the reconstruction of high-resolution images not only in the transversal but also in any other plain. The diagnostic accuracy of esophagography is comparatively high in T1 T3 stages (80%-90%). T1 and T2 tumors cannot be diagnosed by CT and MRI, because both methods do not visualize the mucosa(unlike esophagography and endoscopy) and the esophageal wall layers (unlike EUS). Infiltration depth tends to be overestimated in T1 and T2 carcinomas and to be underestimated in T3 and T4 cancers. CT and MRI cannot detect metastases in normally sized lymph nodes and cannot accurately differelltiate between benign and malignant lymphadenopathy in enlarged nodes with a reported sensitivities and spccifities of 60% and 74%, respectively. However, further prospective studies using up to date CT and NIR technology are needed to assess the present diagnostic situation. CT and MRI do not only visualize the inediastinum,but also the lungs, the pleura and the skeleton as well as the neck and the abdomen thus providing a comprehensive overview of the TNM stage in 3 body regions.     

脑室内肿瘤影像学表现及临床特点

目的 探讨不同类型脑室内肿瘤的影像学表现及临床特点.方法 回顾性分析22例经手术病理证实的脑室内肿瘤,总结其MRI、CT影像学表现及临床特点.结果 22例中室管膜瘤7例,脉络丛乳头状瘤、髓母细胞瘤各4例,生殖细胞瘤、中枢神经细胞瘤、室管膜下瘤各1例,室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤和脑膜瘤各2例.男性儿童和青少年患者所占比例较大,发生于侧脑室最多,透明隔病变最少. 脉络丛乳头状瘤仅见于侧脑室内、室管膜瘤第四脑室多见、生殖细胞瘤蝶鞍多见、脑膜瘤侧脑室三角区多见,室管膜下巨细胞星形细胞瘤室间孔区多见. MRI大部分肿瘤T1WI呈等或低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,增强扫描大部分呈不均匀强化;钙化囊变多见,出血少见;几乎都有脑积水、半数发生脑水肿.结论 脑室内肿瘤有其临床症状特点及影像学征象,MRI及CT对脑室内肿瘤诊断有明显的优势.     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤的影像学诊断与病理对照分析

[目的]分析胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的CT和MRI表现,并与病理结果对照分析。[方法]回顾性分析12例经手术和病理证实的S门P的I临床及CT和MRI表现．分析肿瘤的部位、大小、形态、密度、信号以及强化方式,并将CT与MRI表现与病理对照。[结果]SPTP好发于胰头,影像学表现为境界清楚的圆形或类圆形胰腺肿块,瘤体通常比较大。CT主要表现为囊实性混杂密度影,部分实性结构呈乳头状或壁结节样突起,增强后实性部分呈渐进性强化;MRI表现为肿块在T1WI、T2WI上呈不均匀混杂信号,可识别肿瘤内部的坏死囊变及出血等特异性征象,实性部分增强呈渐进性强化。[结论]胰腺实性假乳头状瘤影像学表现具有一定特征性,对其诊断具有重要指导意义。     

软组织血管瘤的影像诊断

目的:研究软组织血管瘤的X线平片、CT 和MRI 征象,探讨CT 和MRI对该肿瘤的诊断价值。方法:对经手术病理或临床确诊的软组织血管瘤35例进行回顾性分析。所有病例均行X线平片、CT平扫和增强扫描。其中动态增强扫描8例,MRI检查15例。结果:海绵状血管瘤19例,蔓状血管瘤8例,毛细血管瘤3例,混合型血管瘤2 例,血管瘤病3例。CT平扫肿瘤呈结节状、分叶状、管状或团块状低密度病变。增强扫描后血管成分显著强化,可呈扭曲血管状,而非血管成分不强化或轻度强化。MRIT1WI上肿瘤呈略高信号或等信号,T2WI上呈显著高信号,其中夹杂不均匀信号,病理上代表了脂肪、纤维组织、平滑肌、血栓、静脉石和钙化。结论:CT和MRI对血管瘤均可作出定性诊断,但MRI在显示血管瘤内特征性的血管及血管成分间的脂肪纤维组织方面较CT优越。     

肝脏原发性平滑肌瘤影像学表现

Objective: To investigate the imaging features of primary hepatic leiomyoma. Methods: 3 patients of primary hepatic leiomyoma confirmed by pathology without immunodeficiency were retrospectively analyzed about CT and MRI findings, clinical and pathological correlation. 2 cases had routine CT scan, 2 cases had routine MRI. Results: 2 case CT scans showed low-density lesions, 2 cases MRI showed lesions with long T1 and long T2 signal. One case of uniform density and signal showed homogeneous enhancement; two cases showed uneven density and signal, of which one case was inhomogeneous enhancement. 3 cases presented pseudocapsule without hepatic cirrhosis and venous tumor thrombus. Pathology showed spindle tumor cell proliferation and capillary hyperplasia; one case showed central hyalinization and one case central liquefaction necrosis. Conclusion: Primary hepatic leiomyoma is a hypervascular tumor, and CT and MRI help in the diagnosis.     

鼻咽癌颅底骨质破坏放疗前后MRI评估

[目的]探讨磁共振(MRI)对鼻咽癌颅底骨侵犯的诊断价值。[方法]分析2003年7月至2004年12月35例颅底骨质破坏初诊鼻咽癌患者放疗前后MRI的变化。[结果]35例鼻咽癌患者放疗前均存在程度不等的颅底骨质破坏,MRI可见T1WI骨髓高信号消失及压脂增强后明显强化。经放射治疗,35例患者均呈放疗后状态。[结论]MR平扫及增强扫描图像对鼻咽癌TNM分期及疗效判断有重要价值。     

颅内表皮样囊肿的影像学诊断

目的:分析颅内表皮样囊肿的CT和MRI表现。方法:对30例经手术及病理确诊的颅内表皮样囊肿的CT和MRI表现作回顾性分析,其中30例作MRI平扫与增强扫描;20例作CT平扫检查。结果:肿瘤位于桥前池及桥小脑角池18例,4例位于鞍上,2例位于鞍旁,5例位于第四脑室,1例位于小脑延髓池。肿瘤大小不等,形态不规则,轮廓光整或呈分叶状。CT平扫17例呈均匀低密度,2例呈稍不均匀低密度,CT值为-15～10Hu,1例呈高密度。MRI平扫28例T1加权像上肿瘤呈不均的低信号,T2加权像上呈不均匀高信号,部分病例在FLAIR图象上表现为不均匀高信号,与周围低信号的脑脊液分界清晰;2例表现为T1加权像上为高信号,T2加权像上为低信号。增强后,2例肿瘤边缘有轻微强化,其余肿瘤均无明显强化。结论:典型的颅内表皮样囊肿,通过CT和MRI检查可做出准确诊断,并可以与颅内其他疾病相鉴别;在鉴别诊断中,MRI优于CT。非典型的颅内高密度囊肿,必须CT和MRI相结合诊断,为准确的术前诊断提供更多的信息。     

螺旋CT灌注成像评估食管癌生物学行为的临床研究

[目的]探讨螺旋CT(MSCT)灌注成像参数在食管癌生物学行为评估中的作用和价值.[方法]用MSCT对食管癌患者行灌注扫描,获得灌注参数值,再分别根据患者性别、肿瘤的组织学分型、解剖分段、浸润深度、分化程度及有无淋巴结转移等分成若干亚组,比较各组患者灌注参数值的差异.[结果]血流量(BF)值在侵及纤维膜组大于未侵及纤维膜组,两组差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).表面通透性(PS)值在有淋巴结转移组大于无淋巴结转移组,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).而患者性别、肿瘤的组织学分型、解剖分段、分化程度各组间的灌注参数差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).[结论]MSCT灌注成像参数能够科学评估食管癌的生物学行为.BF值能够对癌组织食管壁浸润深度进行评估,PS值能够对是否发生淋巴结转移进行评估.