视神经脊髓炎与多发性硬化的早期鉴别

视神经脊髓炎(NMO)又称Devic病,是主要累及视神经和脊髓的免疫介导的脱髓鞘疾病。NMO在东方人的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病中较多见,在东亚国家NMO约占48%,作者医院的NMO病例统计占43%,而西方人以经典型多发性硬化(MS)较为多见。长期以来关于NMO是     

应早期鉴别和区别治疗视神经脊髓炎与多发性硬化

视神经脊髓炎(NMO)是主要累及视神经和脊髓的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病。1884年首先由Devic报告,故又称为Devic’s病。在中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病中,视神经脊髓炎在亚洲人群较为多见,而欧美人群则以经典型多发性硬化(MS)更常见。近年研究发现,中枢神经系统水通道蛋白aquaporin4(AQP4)抗体(NMOIgG)为视神经脊髓     

诊断为脊髓型多发性硬化的脊髓疾病附68例临床分析

目的 应用新的多发性硬化和视神经脊髓炎诊断标准,回顾分析以往被诊断为“脊髓型多发性硬化”的病例,探讨与主要累及脊髓的脱髓鞘疾病相鉴别的重要疾病类型.方法 应用2010年新修订的McDonald多发性硬化诊断标准,以及2006年Wingerchuk视神经脊髓炎的诊断标准,回顾分析我院1994年～2012年之间曾被诊断为“脊髓型多发性硬化”的患者68例,并进行随访.结果 仅17.65％的患者完全符合McDonald标准,多数脊髓型多发性硬化患者最终转变为视神经脊髓炎,其它疾病如脊髓血管病和系统性自身免疫病也易被误诊为脊髓型多发性硬化.结论 对于孤立的脊髓综合征应该按照一定的诊疗规范进行诊断、鉴别和随访,不建议再使用脊髓型多发性硬化的名称.     

视神经脊髓炎——是否是多发性硬化的一个亚型？

目的 探讨视神经脊髓炎与多发性硬化的方法。方法 对１３例视神经脊髓炎患者的临床表现,脑脊液,电生理学及影像学检查结果进行分析。结果 ８５％的视神经脊髓炎患者有多次（平均３．１次）的缓解复发,复发时症状仅限于视神经和／或脊髓,其脑脊液中寡克隆区带阳性率３３％,脑干诱发电位异常率８％,头颅ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ未发现异常。结论 视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化之间有所不同,支持视神经脊髓炎是一个单独的疾病单元学说。     

多发性硬化一例综合免疫治疗临床观察

多发性硬化（multiple sclerosis．MS）是中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病，临床具有缓解-复发特点．目前尚无特效疗法。急性发作期临床一般采用激素冲击疗法并常合用免疫抑制剂及免疫调节剂治疗．近年对复发-缓解型MS推荐采用干扰素皮下注射，并认为可减少复发。此文报道1例典型的MS患者经综合免疫治疗后随访1年的结果。     

南京地区多发性硬化的临床与病理

对４例多发性硬化的临床和病理进行了研究。男、女各２例；年龄分别为２０岁、２６岁、２８岁及６２岁。病程分别为３２天、４５天、８年及２０年。临床表现多发病灶，主要症状和体征是视力障碍、肢体瘫痪及截瘫等，缓解复发１～４次不等。研究发现其病理改变为中枢神经系统白质多发性脱髓鞘病灶，视神经、视交叉及脊髓损害严重，脊髓又以后索及侧索损害为多见，有对称倾向。在较新鲜的病灶中发现明显的星形胶质增生，而在陈旧性病灶扩展的边缘部可见到血管周围淋巴细胞浸润。对此病的诊断标准、命名及临床病理特征等进行了讨论     

急性播散性脑脊髓炎与经典多发性硬化的临床对比分析

目的 寻找临床上鉴别急性播散性脑脊髓炎(acute disseminated encephalumyelitis,ADEM)与经典多发性硬化(classical multiple sclerosis,CMS)的方法.方法 回顾性分析20例ADEM和24例CMS患者的流行病学特点、临床症状、实验室检查和MRI,对各定性资料进行卡方检验,定量资料进行两独立样本的Wilcoxon秩和检验.结果 ADEM患者起病年龄[(27±15)岁]较CMS患者[(37±13)岁,Z=-2.218,P=0.027]小.ADEM患者通常有前驱感染史(75%),发热(65%)、脑膜刺激征(40%)、癫痫(25%),较CMS者常见(x2=23.652、18.609、9.189、4.514,均P＜0 05),脑病更多见于ADEM患者.ADEM患者血白细胞[(11 9±5.8)×109/L,Z=-2.030,P=0.042]、C反应蛋白(2.74 mg/L,Z=-3.028,P=0.002)、红细胞沉降率(11.00 mm/h,Z=-2 406,P=0.016)、脑脊液白细胞(9×106/L,Z=-2.781,P=0.005)较CMS患者[上述指标分别为(8.0±3.2)×109/L、0.49 mg/L、7.00 mm/h、2 ×106/L]高,脑脊液蛋白(ADEM组0.19 g/L,CMS组0.17 g/L)及寡克隆带(OCB)阳性率(ADEM组4/20,CMS组11/24)在两者间差异无统计学意义.在MRI上,ADEM患者更多见皮质灰质病灶(14/20,x2=15.213,P=0.000)、基底节区灰质病灶(14/20,x2=8.910,P=0.003)和脑干病灶(14/20,x2=5.867,P=0.015),脊髓病灶多近中央分布(83%,x2=11.542,P=0 001),病灶边界模糊(95%,x2=21.787,P=0.000);CMS患者更多见近皮质白质病灶(21/24,x2=17.628,P=0.000)、侧脑室旁病灶(21/24,x2=15.213,P=0.000)和胼胝体病灶(14/24,x2=8.640,P=0.003),脊髓病灶多呈偏心分布(85%),病灶边界清楚(75%).结论 ADEM与CMS无论在流行病学特点、临床症状,还是在脑脊液和MRI检查方面都有一定差异.

Abstract：

Objective To improve differential diagnosis between acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ( ADEM) and classical multiple sclerosis ( CMS).Methods All 20 cases of ADEM and 24 cases of CMS were examined.Their epidemiological and clinical findings,laboratory features and magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) data were analyzed using x2 test for categorical variables,Wilcoxon Rank-Sum tests for continuous variables.Results ADEM and CMS showed no sex predominance.Patients with ADEM ((27 ±15) years) were younger than CMS ((37 ±13) years,Z= -2.218,P =0.027).The following findings were more commonly seen in ADEM compared with CMS:predemyelinating infectious disease (75% vs 4%,x2 =23.652,P = 0.000),fever (65% vs 4%,x2 =18.609,P = 0.000),meningeal irritation sign (40% vs 0,x2 = 9.189,P =0.002),seizure (25% vs 0,x2 =4.514,P = 0.034),and encephalopathy.ADEM patients were more likely to present with blood leucocytosis ( (11.9 ± 5.8) ×109/L vs (8.0±3.2) ×109/L,Z= -2.030,P=0.042),high C-reactive protein (2.74 mg/L vs 0.49 mg/L,Z = - 3.028,P = 0.002),increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (11.00 mm/h vs 7.00 mm/h,Z= -2.406,P =0.016),and cerebrospinal fluid leucocytosis (9 × 106/L vs 2×106/L,Z =- 2.781,P = 0.005).There were no differences in cerebrospinal fluid protein and oligoclonal band between the two groups.The following MRI lesions were more commonly seen in ADEM patients:cortical gray matter lesions (14/20,x2=15.213,P=0.000),basal ganglia gray matter lesions (14/20,x2 =8.910,P = 0.003),and brainstem lesions ( 14/20,x2 = 5.867,P = 0.015).In contrast,lesions in subcortical white matter (21/24,x2 = 17.628,P =0.000),periventricular area (21/24,x2 =15.213,P=0.000) and corpus callosum ( 14/24,x2 = 8.640,P = 0.003 ) were more common in the MRI image of CMS patients.The lesions in spinal cord were usually centrally distributed in ADEM (83% ),while peripherally in CMS (85%,x2 = 11.542,P = 0.001).The lesions had poorly defined margins in ADEM (95%),but well defined margins in CMS (75%,x2 =21.787,P = 0.000).Conclusion There are differences in epidemiological and clinical findings,laboratory features and MRI appearances between ADEM and CMS.     

26例多发性硬化患者的临床与鉴别诊断

目的 分析26例临床确诊的多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis，MS)患者的临床资料。方法 回顾性总结临床确诊MS患者的临床表现、实验室检查以及影像学表现。结果 26例MS患者最常见的临床症状为肢体无力和感觉异常，其次为肌肉痉挛性疼痛、视力障碍、尿便异常、共济失调，个别患者可有周围神经改变。实验室检查示：脑脊液蛋白水平和IgG量增高最常见。磁共振(MRI)异常率高达90．9％。结论 MS是一种临床表现复杂、累及中枢神经系统白质多部位、病程表现多时相的自身免疫性疾病。但临床有周围神经症状及MRI发现皮层病灶也并非是排除MS的绝对标准。在诊断MS时，尤其对于单病灶或多病灶、单时相病程患者应从临床和影像学方面注意与脑梗死、脊髓疾病相鉴别。     

早期多发性硬化和视神经脊髓炎高危综合征临床特点的比较

目的 比较早期多发性硬化(MS)和视神经脊髓炎(NMO)高危综合征患者的临床特点差异. 方法 回顾性收集广州医科大学附属第二医院神经内科自2004年1月至2013年8月收治的早期MS患者49例和NMO高危综合征患者30例(包括长节段的横贯性脊髓炎22例、复发性视神经炎8例)的临床资料、影像学检查结果、血清中NMO-IgG抗体情况等进行分析和比较. 结果 早期MS患者和NMO高危综合征患者的EDSS评分、病程以及感觉症状、脑干症状比例比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).早期MS组患者中病灶数＞9个的比例(77.6％)高于NMO高危综合征组患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).NMO高危综合征组患者在脑脊液蛋白异常率(19例,63.3％)、蛋白水平[(0.57±0.45) g/L]以及脑脊液白细胞计数异常率(19例,63.3％)、白细胞计数[中位数为24.317个/mm3 (0～274个)]方面与早期MS患者组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).10例NMO高危综合征患者中6例长节段横贯性脊髓炎患者NMO-IgG阳性,13例早期MS患者中2例出现阳性反应,阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 早期MS患者和NMO高危综合症的临床特点明显不同,这些差异对早期鉴别MS与NMO具有一定意义.     

视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化患者颈髓扩散张量成像研究

目的通过扩散张量成像(DTI)比较视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化患者与正常对照者常规MRI表现正常脊髓的扩散性差异,并探讨其临床应用价值。方法采用平面回波成像技术对10例视神经脊髓炎、14例多发性硬化患者和13例正常对照者进行颈髓DTI检查,分别测量颈椎C2~5水平前索、侧索、后索和灰质兴趣区的部分各向异性(FA)和平均扩散率(MD)。结果与正常对照组相比,视神经脊髓炎组患者前索、侧索、后索FA值降低(均P0.05),左侧侧索、后索、灰质MD值升高(均P≤0.05);多发性硬化组患者右侧侧索、后索FA值降低(均P0.05)。与多发性硬化患者相比,视神经脊髓炎患者侧索FA值更低,左侧侧索和右侧后索MD值更高(均P0.05)。结论 DTI可以检出视神经脊髓炎和多发性硬化患者常规MRI表现正常脊髓的水分子扩散异常,进而发现二者脊髓扩散指标的差异性,为早期诊断与鉴别诊断提供重要信息。     

吸烟与多发性硬化和视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病发病风险关联性研究

研究背景既往研究提示吸烟可以增加多发性硬化发病风险,但与视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病发病风险的关联性研究少见,本研究探讨吸烟与多发性硬化和视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病发病风险的关联性,以探讨吸烟是否增加上述两种疾病的发病风险。方法采用调查问卷和电话随访方式记录53例多发性硬化患者、62例视神经脊髓炎患者和85例正常对照者的吸烟暴露情况,包括开始吸烟年龄、吸烟持续时间、每日吸烟量和累积吸烟量,以及受试者配偶、父母是否吸烟,是否存在职业暴露。结果最终获得有效调查问卷和电话随访者156例(包括39例多发性硬化患者、43例视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病患者和74例正常对照者),与不主动吸烟者(被动吸烟和不吸烟)相比,主动吸烟者发生多发性硬化(OR=10.800,95%CI:2.202~52.975;P=0.001)和视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(OR=5.838,95%CI:1.123~30.357;P=0.050)的风险增加;与不吸烟者相比,吸烟者(主动吸烟和被动吸烟)发生多发性硬化(OR=3.444,95%CI:1.491~7.953;P=0.003)和视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(OR=2.370,95%CI:1.039~5.407;P=0.038)的风险增加;与男性不吸烟者相比,男性吸烟者仅多发性硬化的发病风险增加(OR=15.000,95%CI:2.239~100.483;P=0.005)。结论吸烟可以增加多发性硬化的发病风险,但是否增加视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病的发病风险尚不明确。     

水通道蛋白4启动子基因多态性与多发性硬化、视神经脊髓炎遗传易患性的关系

目的 探讨水通道蛋白4(AQP4)启动子区基因多态性与我国南方多发性硬化(MS)、视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者血清抗AQP4抗体水平及遗传易患性的关系.方法 收集18例NMO、38例MS、13例复发性脊髓炎(RM)、6例复发性视神经炎(RON)患者及39名对照,PCR扩增AQP4外显子0及外显子1启动子基因(即AQP4-promoter0和AQP4-promoter 1),并行DNA测序.结果 共发现14个AQP4-promoter0及6个AQP4-promoter 1基因多态性位点.血清抗AQP4抗体阳性患者AQP4-promoter 0中-1003 bp多态性位点(A突变为G)发生率比血清抗AQP4抗体阴性患者(13/18与20/45,P=0.046)及对照组(13/18与10/39,P=0.001)高,差异有统计学意义.血清抗AQP4抗体阳性患者及血清抗AQP4抗体阴性患者AQP4-promoter 1中- 401 bp与-400 bp之间多态性位点(插入1个C)发生率均比对照组高(5/16与0/28,P=0.008; 8/38与0/28,P=0.027),差异有统计学意义.NMO及MS患者-1003bp多态性位点及-401 bp与-400 bp之间多态性位点发生率均比对照组高,差异有统计学意义(NMO:11/18与10/39,P=0.010;4/15与0/28,P=0.020;MS:19/38与10/39,P=0.027;8/34与0/28,P=0.018).结论 AQP4启动子区基因存在多态性位点,且与NMO、MS易患性有一定的关系;AQP4外显子0启动子中- 1003 bp多态性位点可能与血清抗AQP4抗体的出现有关.     

视神经脊髓炎诊断进展

视神经脊髓炎是主要累及视神经和脊髓的中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病,既往被认为是多发性硬化的一种亚型.自发现NMO-IgG以来,越来越多的证据提示视神经脊髓炎为一独立疾病.脊髓MRI所显示的长节段横贯性脊髓炎是其最具特征性的影像学改变,Wingerchuk诊断标准和美国国立多发性硬化协会推荐的诊断标准为目前常用标准.随着对视神经脊髓炎认识的加深,对视神经炎、脊髓炎及其脑部表现等临床症状的鉴别诊断水平也有所提高.     

Recent insights into the pathology of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Traditionally, demyelinating lesions in the white matter have been regarded as the most important pathological feature in MS, but recent pathological and imaging studies confirmed substantial changes in grey matter and normal-appearing white matter. MS lesions are characterized by inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage and astrogliosis. During early MS lesion formation acute axonal injury is extensive and correlates with inflammation. In addition to focal lesions, diffuse wide-spread changes including neuroaxonal degeneration and compartmentalized inflammation are likely to contribute to increasing disability in progressive MS. Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is classically characterized by severe transverse myelitis and optic neuritis, but brain lesions are also present in the majority of NMO patients. The discovery of the NMO-specific antibody demonstrated that NMO is a disease entity distinct from MS. This antibody binds to aquaporin-4 expressed in astrocytes and ependymal cells. NMO lesions are characterized by inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage and a marked loss of aquaporin-4. Early NMO lesions demonstrate a pronounced humoral inflammatory response and astrocytic cell death with loss of aquaporin-4, followed by inflammatory demyelination and axonal damage. These recent findings contribute to a better understanding of different mechanisms leading to inflammatory demyelination.     

Acute transverse myelopathy in multiple sclerosis

Sixty-two consecutive patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS) were classified into 2 subgroups: group A, consisting of 16 patients who had shown acute transverse myelopathy (ATM) during the course of illness; and group B, 46 patients without ATM. The clinical features of these 2 groups were analysed prospectively for certain periods, and some significant differences were found. There was (1) later onset, (2) less frequent occurrence of brain stem, cerebellar and cerebral symptoms, (3) more frequent and severe involvement of the optic nerve, (4) a smaller proportion of patients with abnormal findings on brain MRI in group A compared with group B. The clinical features of group B were quite similar to those of previous Western series, while group A seemed to constitute a distinct clinical subgroup in patients with MS.     

Antibodies target microvessels in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis patients

Abstract

Objective: This study investigated the presence of serum antibodies targeting microvessels in Chinese patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

Methods: Serum samples were collected from 50 patients with NMO, 10 with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), 4 with recurrent optic neuritis, 42 with MS and 27 controls. Serum antibodies binding to microvessels were measured by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay of tissue sections from the brain, stomach and pancreas, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies were detected using a cell-based assay.

Results: Indirect immunofluorescence assay of tissue sections from 42 samples (30·4%, 42/138) were positive for microvessel antibodies, where microvessel antibody positivity was 38% (19/50) in patients with NMO, 57·1% (8/14) in high-risk NMO (hrNMO), 26·2% (11/42) in MS, and 14·8% (4/27) in controls. Based on HUVEC analysis, 14 patients with NMO (28%, 14/50), 5 with hrNMO (35·7%, 5/14), 15 with MS (35·7%, 15/42), and 5 controls (18·5%, 5/27) had (AECA). Sixteen patients (32%, 16/50) with NMO, four with hrNMO (28·6%, 4/14), two with MS (4·8%, 2/42), and 0% of controls were positive for antinuclear antibodies (ANA). In MS patients, seropositive AECA MS patients had higher numbers of relapse events and increased spinal lesions than seronegative MS patients (P < 0·05).

Conclusions: Serum microvessel antibodies were present in patients with NMO and MS and the role of microvessel antibodies in diseases may be heterogeneous. This study suggests that AECA may have some significance in MS patients.     

视神经脊髓炎与多发性硬化的临床表现和视神经脊髓炎IgG抗体阳性率的对比

目的 比较视神经脊髓炎(NMO)和多发性硬化(MS)在临床表现、辅助检查等方面的不同;比较NMO和MS等脱髓鞘疾病患者血清NMO-IgG抗体的阳性率,判断该抗体能否作为鉴别诊断的一项实验室依据.方法 对34例NMO、22例MS、24例高危综合征、5例临床孤立综合征以及35例其他神经科疾病患者进行NMO-IgG检测,并对其中NMO、MS患者的人口学、临床表现、免疫学指标、脑脊液、头颅MRI等资料进行对比.结果 NMO的起病年龄较MS大且年龄跨度更广;从年复发率和进展指数来看,NMO更为严重,预后更差;NMO长节段脊髓损害者比MS多.NMO-IgG在NMO组和高危综合征组的阳性率分别为58.8%(20/34)和45.8%(11/24),高于MS组(1/22)、临床孤立综合征组(1/5)和其他疾病组(1/35;X2=37.2,P<0.01).NMO-IgG阳性率与脊髓病变长度相关.结论 NMO和MS在临床表现、辅助检查等方面都有所不同,提示NMO与MS可能是2种不同的疾病.NMO-IgG在NMO患者中的阳性率高于MS患者,可以作为鉴别诊断的一项实验室依据.