三维CT重建对先天性髋关节脱位的临床价值

目的：探讨三维CT重建在先天性髋关节脱位（CDH）的临床应用。方法：本组CDH患儿22例,其中双髋脱位15例,单髋脱位7例,另有正常髋2例,共计患髋37个,正常对照髋11个。采用Picker公司PQ6000螺旋CT机,在独立工作站进行表面遮盖成像（SSD）、最大密度投影（MIP）、多平面重建（MPR）和相关数据测量。结果：分别地股骨头颈、髋臼及头臼关系行三维直观显示,运用MPR技术测量了髋臼指数(AI)和股骨前倾角（FNA）。结论：三维CT可以直观、全面及分解地显示髋关节结构,对于股骨头、髋臼形态和头臼关系的显示具有常规X线和普通CT平扫所无法比拟的优越性,加之更加精确的测量,大大提高了术前诊断的科学性手术的预见性,为手术方案的制定提供了新客观依据。     

青壮年先天性髋关节发育不良影像学分析及截骨重建手术规律

目的对青壮年先天性髋关节发育不良(DDH)进行影像学分析,揭示其截骨重建手术规律。方法 27例(27髋)DDH行髋部截骨重建,术前依据X线、CT片着重分析髋臼、股骨头外形、股骨头骨质质量及髋关节重建关键点。结果髋关节发育不良表现为髋臼变形,股骨头正常;不完全脱位表现为股骨头、髋臼重度变形;低位脱位表现为髋臼浅、髋臼壁不全,股骨头伴髋臼变形并生成头赘;高位脱位表现为代偿骨赘形成臼顶、髋臼壁残缺;股骨头与髋臼对应面平直,宽大裸区骨质萎缩。结论髋关节发育不良者应行髋臼截骨,恢复原有髋关节;髋关节脱位应采用联合截骨,重建有效髋关节。     

髋关节包容关系的螺旋CT测量

目的通过髋关节螺旋CT轴位及多平面重建(MPR)图像进行立体测量,建立正常髋关节包容关系定量评价标准。方法随机选取正常组40例,疾病组40例,计算股骨头容积覆盖率、髋臼深度、股骨头中心至髋臼上、下、前、后缘及臼窝底距离。正常组与疾病组对照分析,进行统计学处理。结果正常组股骨头容积覆盖率(52.76±6.35)%,髋臼深度17.40±4.13MM,股骨头内间隙6.12±1.23MM。发育性髋关节脱位17例,股骨头容积覆盖率27.14±8.41MM,髋臼深度12.26±5.32MM,与正常组差别有统计学意义。外伤性髋关节脱位23例,其中后脱位10例,股骨头覆盖率均小于18%;中央型6例,股骨头覆盖率大于64%,股骨头内间隙消失;半脱位7例,股骨头覆盖率小于47%。结论建立髋关节包容关系定量评价标准有利于髋关节疾病治疗方案的选择及预后评价,改善髋关节稳定性和负重功能。     

CroweⅣ型髋关节发育不良全髋关节置换术前计算机辅助设计

目的 探索采用计算机辅助技术,对接受全髋关节置换(total hip arthroplasty,THA)的CroweⅣ型髋关节发育不良患者进行术前评估,确定髋臼大小、骨缺损程度,并在此基础上辅助手术设计、假体选择及骨缺损修复.方法 2011年3月至10月,共10例(13髋)CroweⅣ型高位脱位髋关节发育不良患者接受THA治疗.患者均为女性;年龄32～74岁,平均42岁.所有患者术前行髋关节三维CT扫描,然后将扫描数据输入Superlmage软件重建骨盆及髋臼.重建后在不同角度精确评估真臼位置,测量真臼大小及前后柱厚度,评估骨缺损程度;将髋臼试模、骨缺损修复材料(钽金属垫块)按1:1大小扫描输入计算机系统,进行术前模拟安放,确定髋臼假体大小、安放位置;髋臼假体安放后评估遗留的骨缺损,确定骨缺损修复材料,进行骨缺损修复模拟测试.结果 9例(12髋)术中实际安放髋臼假体型号与术前计算机辅助设计一致,1例(1髋)假体型号较术前设计大一号.所有患者髋臼安放位置与术前计划一致,均安放于真臼.髋臼骨缺损修复按术前设计:4髋因髋臼顶部骨缺损明显(臼顶部骨性覆盖＜70％),采用钽金属垫块修复骨缺损,以增强髋臼的稳定性;7髋采用Harris法自体股骨头植骨修复骨缺损;2髋髋臼杯植入后臼顶覆盖可,术中未植骨.结论 对CroweⅣ型髋关节发育不良者行计算机辅助下THA术前设计,有助于术前精确评估真臼发育情况、大小及髋臼骨缺损,提高手术治疗精确性.     

Pemberton截骨联合股骨截骨治疗高位脱位型发育性髋关节脱位

目的 探讨高位脱位型发育性髋关节脱位(DDH)手术治疗的体会.方法 65例高位脱位型DDFI,测量髋臼指数、股骨颈前倾角,手术行Pemberton髂骨截骨、股骨粗隆下短缩旋转截骨.结果 髋关节脱位完全复位,髋臼指数恢复到平均21以下,股骨颈前倾角恢复到平均15.1.术后早期获得满意头臼对位,髋关节功能恢复良好.术后3个月以上出现髋关节半脱位和脱位5例,术后1年出现股骨头坏死3例.结论 高位脱位型DDH采取手术综合治疗可取得良好的效果.     

三维CT辅助下大龄发育性髋关节脱位的个体化手术治疗

[目的]研究三维CT辅助下大龄发育性髋关节脱位的个体化手术治疗临床效果.[方法]对31例年龄7～13岁大龄发育性髋关节脱位患者进行三维CT辅助下个体化手术治疗,根据三维CT测量数据选择具体截骨方式,应用三维CT测定数据及Mackay评定标准进行评定.[结果]随访2～7年,平均5.2年.McKay髋关节评定结果:优15髋(42.9％)、良16髋(45.7％)、差4髋(11.4％),优良率88.6％.无感染或骨不连.术后发生股骨头坏死1例.术前髋臼角为26.1°～40.2°,平均32°;术前髋臼覆盖股骨头百分比-10％～55％,平均-0.5％:术后髋臼角为15.5°～25.0°,平均19.5°;术后髋臼覆盖股骨头百分比98％～112％,平均104％.[结论]三维CT辅助下个体化手术治疗对于大龄DDH的治疗效果满意.     

三维表面遮盖法结合多平面重建在成人髋关节发育不良全髋关节置换术前髋臼评估中的应用

目的 探讨成人髋关节发育不良行全髋关节置换术前应用螺旋CT三维表面遮盖法(surface shadeddisplay,SSD)结合多平面重建(multiplanar reconstruction,MPR),评估髋臼形态的方法及临床应用价值.方法 2003年10月-2006年11月,对17例19髋拟行全髋关节置换术的成人髋关节发育不良伴骨性关节炎的患者进行螺旋CT扫描.男3例,女14例;年龄35～61岁.双侧2例,单侧15例.Crowe Ⅰ型4髋,Ⅱ型9髋,Ⅲ型6髋.对扫描获取的原始髋关节图像应用SSD结合MPR技术,观察髋臼的空间位置和髋臼壁骨贮备情况.结果 患髋脱位程度按照Crowe等的方法测量为25%～89%,Sharp角均>45°.患侧髋臼均存在不同程度骨缺损,5髋位于髋臼前上方,11髋位于髋臼外上方,3髋位于髋臼后上方.MPR冠状面和轴面成像示髋臼内侧壁最薄处的厚度为2.0～10.9 mm.15例单侧脱位患者患侧与健侧髋臼比较,髋臼开口相差2.7～19.1 mm,深度相差2.3～13.1 mm.结论 螺旋CT的SSD结合MPR技术是评估髋臼形态学的有效手段,对成人髋关节发育不良行全髋关节置换术中的髋臼重建具有重要指导意义.     

髋关节发育不良的髋臼重建

目的　总结采用全髋关节置换术治疗髋关节发育不良继发骨关节炎和功能障碍的经验。方法　 1998年 4月至 2 0 0 2年 4月 ,对 96例 112髋 (双侧 16例 )成人髋关节发育不良继发骨关节炎患者进行了全髋关节置换术。其中 ,半脱位 73髋 ,低位脱位 18髋 ,高位脱位 2 1髋。髋臼侧均采用真臼位置重建 ,其中骨水泥固定 16髋 ,非骨水泥固定 96髋 ,植骨 11髋 ;采用常规置换 83髋 ;磨削加深髋臼后 ,安置小号髋臼假体 2 7髋 ;髋臼外上缘自体股骨头植骨加深髋臼后 ,安置小号髋臼假体 2髋。结果　患者术后伤口均一期愈合 ,未发生感染或血管神经损伤 ,患肢长度平均延长 1 7cm。随访 85例 98髋 ,平均随访 3 5年 ,关节疼痛缓解 ,活动功能满意 ,Harris评分由术前的平均 33 9分恢复到平均 89 3分 ,无假体松动和翻修病例。X线片显示 ,关节假体位置正常 ,人工髋臼的平均外展角4 4° ,宿主骨对臼杯的平均覆盖率为 96 6 % ,金属臼杯与宿主髋臼之间未见透光线 ;11髋髋臼侧植骨病例中 ,植骨块与宿主骨愈合良好 ,未见骨吸收现象。结论　全髋关节置换术是治疗髋关节发育不良继发骨关节炎患者的有效方法 ;术前应充分考虑髋关节发育不良的原发及继发性病理改变 ,尽可能在真臼位置重建髋臼     

利用三维CT测量数据进行髋臼假体准确定位

目的利用术前三维CT测量数据进行髋臼假体准确定位。方法 2004年7月至2007年4月,进行50例51髋人工全髋关节置换术。男31例,女19例;年龄51~75岁,平均62岁。股骨颈骨折头下型35例,股骨头无菌性坏死Ⅲ~Ⅳ期6例,成人先天性髋关节发育不良CroweⅠ型5例,髋关节骨关节炎2例,类风湿性关节炎2例,其中双侧全髋关节同时置换1例。患者均为初次置换,根据患者年龄、骨骼质量等因素采用骨水泥全髋、混合全髋、生物全髋。术前利用三维CT测量的前倾角和外展角数据,并与正常值比较,换算出假体臼缘与骨臼缘的距离,帮助准确植入假体。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,所有病例随访5年,无假体脱位及骨溶解和假体撞击。结论利用术前三维CT测量数据进行髋臼假体准确定位,方法可靠,值得推广。     

大龄儿童发育性髋关节脱位的手术治疗

目的 总结不同手术方法治疗大龄儿童发育性髋关节脱位的疗效.方法 1985年至2005年期间分别采用Salter截骨术、Pemberton截骨术和髋臼造盖成形术治疗6～15岁发育性髋关节脱位患儿56例(62髋).结果 31例(33髋)获平均8.5年(2.5～15年)随访,根据周永德疗效评定标准,优17髋、良11髋、中2髋、差3髋,总优良率为85%.Salter骨盆截骨术组优良率为87%;Pemberton截骨术组优良率为83%,1例股骨头坏死;髋臼造盖成形术组优良率为85%,1例股骨头坏死,1例严重髋关节僵硬;同时行股骨粗隆下截骨的22例(23髋)中无一例发生股骨头坏死和术后脱位.结论 正确选择术式是大龄儿童发育性髋关节脱位获得良好疗效的关键,术式的选择主要根据病理变化和年龄.股骨粗隆下截骨能有效降低头臼压力,减少股骨头坏死和再脱位发生率.     

Sonography in congenital dislocation of the hip

A new technique for ultrasonic examination of the hip joint was evaluated in neonatals and infants. An anterior approach was used with the sound sector centered over the femoral head and parallel to the femoral neck. The ultrasonograms corresponded to lateral radiographs of the joint with the leg in Lorenz' first position. It was possible to evaluate the size and depth of the acetabulum and the size and position of the femoral head. The projection also permitted a dynamic examination for determination of hip instability. Thus, the technique provided a method for an objective diagnosis in congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). In 216 hips, the results of clinical evaluation for CDH were correlated with the degree of instability demonstrated by ultrasound. The comparison showed the clinical diagnosis to be highly inaccurate.     

Sonography in congenital dislocation of the hip

A new technique for ultrasonic examination of the hip joint was evaluated in neonatals and infants. An anterior approach was used with the sound sector centered over the femoral head and parallel to the femoral neck. The ultrasonograms corresponded to lateral radiographs of the joint with the leg in Lorenz' first position. It was possible to evaluate the size and depth of the acetabulum and the size and position of the femoral head. The projection also permitted a dynamic examination for determination of hip instability. Thus, the technique provided a method for an objective diagnosis in congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). In 216 hips, the results of clinical evaluation for CDH were correlated with the degree of instability demonstrated by ultrasound. The comparison showed the clinical diagnosis to be highly inaccurate.     

Sonography in congenital dislocation of the hip

A new technique for ultrasonic examination of the hip joint was evaluated in neonatals and infants. An anterior approach was used with the sound sector centered over the femoral head and parallel to the femoral neck. The ultrasonograms corresponded to lateral radiographs of the joint with the leg in Lorenz' first position. It was possible to evaluate the size and depth of the acetabulum and the size and position of the femoral head. The projection also permitted a dynamic examination for determination of hip instability. Thus, the technique provided a method for an objective diagnosis in congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH). In 216 hips, the results of clinical evaluation for CDH were correlated with the degree of instability demonstrated by ultrasound. The comparison showed the clinical diagnosis to be highly inaccurate.     

螺旋CT三维重建在儿童发育性髋关节脱位 治疗中的应用

目的：通过术前术后对髋关节前倾角及髋臼壁发育情况的观察,探讨螺旋CT三维重建技术在儿童发育性髋关节脱位（DDH）治疗中的应用价值。方法：2003年6月至2007年6月,发育性髋关节脱位53例（61髋）,男12例,女41例;左侧34例,右侧11例,双侧8例;年龄3-16岁,平均5．6岁。行双侧髋关节螺旋CT三维重建检查,测量前倾角（FNA）及髋臼壁的发育情况,与术中所见比较。采用Pemberton或Chiari骨盆截骨及股骨近端旋转截骨治疗,术后复查三维CT,测量FNA,观察新髋臼的情况,与术前进行比较。结果：53例患髋前倾角均增大,最大90°,最小35。,平均（45．6±11．4）°。正常45髋前倾角为（23．5±10．2）°。髋臼各壁不同程度发育不良,与术中所见符合。术后前倾角较术前明显降低,前倾角平均（15．6±5．8）°。髋臼对股骨头包容明显改善。结论：髋关节螺旋CT三维重建技术可以全面显示髋关节的病理形态,精确地测量FNA,对术者选择适当的治疗方案具有重要的指导意义,术后能更直观地判断手术效果。评估预后。     

Short-term results of interposition arthroplasty with autologous femur head graft combined with cement-free threaded cups for treatment of dysplastic coxarthrosis

INTRODUCTION: The operative treatment of arthritis in congenital dysplastic hips (CDH) with an autologous femoral head graft is a well established technique in total joint arthroplasty. This prospective study introduces a new operative technique in which the fixation of the autologous bone graft is achieved through the threaded Zweymueller cup solely. Early results are presented. METHOD: 34 patients, (average age of 53.2 years, 24 to 74 years) with CDH had a total joint arthroplasty in combination with a femoral head autograft between 1995 and 1997 (32 patients in study). The fixation of the bone graft was achieved with screws or with a press-fit technique through the threaded cup. The results are described with an average of 2 years. RESULTS: The patients were followed prospectively for an average of 2 years. The Harris hip score increased from 32 preoperatively (range 14-61) to 82 (range 54 to 91) postoperatively. 30 hips had excellent and good results, one satisfactory and one had an unsatisfactory result. Radiographic evaluation demonstrated no osteolysis, one radiolucency was seen in Zone III of the acetabulum and heterotopic bone formation was observed in 11 of 31 radiographically evaluated hips (Brooker type I: 7, type II: 3 and type III: 1). All bone grafts achieved union, all grafts survived, and all acetabular components survived, but one. There were no complications such as dislocation, infection, nerve palsy, or a thrombo-embolic event observed. CONCLUSION: Fixation of the femoral head autograft in CDH with a threaded cup solely showed no disadvantages over the established fixation technique with screws over a short-term follow-up. A solid stable fixation of the graft with a threaded Zweymueller cup was achieved and resulted in full graft integration without the use of screws.     

Types of persistent dysplasia in congenital dislocation of the hip.

This article reports five types of persistent bony dysplasia in patients with congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH), suggests the pathogeneses, and discusses the treatment options. We consider the five types to be (1) maldirected acetabulum, (2) capacious acetabulum, (3) false acetabulum, (4) lateralized acetabulum, and (5) femoral deformity. The maldirected acetabulum persists when the acetabulum continues to face forward and laterally. The capacious acetabulum arises from joint instability; capsular laxity permits the proximal femur to slide within the acetabulum. The false acetabulum results from an ectopic fibrocartilaginous cavity in the pelvis created by the subluxated or dislocated femoral head.44 The lateralized acetabulum occurs with ossification of the cotyloid cavity from longstanding lateral subluxation or dislocation or premature closure of the triradiate cartilage. Femoral deformities include valgus and anteversion of the femoral neck, capital femoral physeal growth arrest, discrepancy between the greater trochanter and the femoral head, and femoral head asphericity. After clinical and radiographic evaluation, we believe that an understanding of the pathogeneses and types of dysplasia will facilitate appropriate treatment programs. Treatments consist of acetabular redirection, acetabular reconstruction, femoral osteotomies, and salvage procedures.     

生物臼盖的研制与临床应用

目的研制生物臼盖并将其用于治疗发育性髋关节发育不良患儿。方法采用异种皮质骨加工制成生物臼盖主体及生物螺钉,并将其应用于2～10岁发育性髋关节发育不良儿童13例(16髋)。术后定期复查,随访终末时,采用Mckay临床疗效评定标准和SeverinX线影像学评定标准评价复位后髋关节的功能及发育情况。结果所有病例均获得18个月以上随访。随访终末时,Mckay临床疗效评定结果,优9髋,良6髋,可1髋,优良率为94%;SeverinX线影像学评定结果,优9髋,良4髋,可3髋,优良率为81%。本组无一例发生术后再脱位、股骨头骨骺缺血性坏死、再骨折、髋关节僵硬等严重并发症。结论经临床初步观察,生物臼盖能有效维持复位后髋关节的稳定,增大头臼接触面积,增加髋臼对股骨头的包容,为髋关节的发育塑形提供良好的生物力学环境。     

Roles of radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging, threedimensional computed tomography in early diagnosis of femoro-acetabular impingement in 17 cases

Objective: To evaluate the roles of radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), three-dimensional computed tomography (3-D CT) in early diagnosis of femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI) in 17 cases. Methods: Plain radiographs of the pelvis, 3-D CT, and MRI of the hip were made on 17 patients with groin pain, which was worse with prolonged sitting (i.e. hip flexion). There was no history of trauma or childhood hip disorders in the patients who did not complain of any other joint problems or neurologic symptoms. All patients had positive anterior or posterior impingement test. Plain radiographs included an antero-posterior (AP) view of the hip and a cross table lateral view with slight internal rotation of the hip. CT scan was performed with the Lightspeed 16 row spiral (General Electric Company, USA) at 1.25 mm slice reconstruction. MRI scan was performed on the Siemens Avanto (Siemens Company, Germany)1.5T supraconducfion magnetic resonance meter. The CT and MRI scans were taken from 1 cm above the acetabulum to the lesser trochanter in 5 series. Results: The plain radiographs of the pelvis showed that among the 17 patients, 12 (70.59%) had "Cam" change of the femoral head, 6 (35.29%) had positive "cross-over" sign, and 17 (100%) had positive "Pincer" change of the acetabulum. The 16 row spiral CT noncontrast enhanced scan and 3-D reconstruction could discover minus femoral offset and ossification and osteophyte of the acetabulum labrum in all the 17 cases (100%). The MRI noncontrast enhanced scan could discover more fluid in the hip joint in 15 cases (88.33%), subchondral ossification in 3 cases (17.6%), and labium tears in 3 cases (17.6%). Conclusions: Plain radiographs can provide the initial mainstay for the diagnosis of FAI, 3-D CT can tell us the femoral offset, while MRI can show labrum tears in the very early stage of FAI. Basically, X-ray examination is enough for the early diagnosis of FAI, but 3-D CT and MRI may be useful for the treatment.     

Total hip arthroplasty with a sliding iliac graft for acetabular dysplasia

We describe a new technique of reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The outer iliac table just above the deficient acetabulum is osteotomised and slid downwards. We have termed this an iliac sliding graft. Between October 1997 and November 2001, cementless total hip arthroplasty with an iliac sliding graft was performed on 19 patients (19 hips) with acetabular dysplasia. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (2 to 6). The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 45.1 which improved significantly to 85.3 at the time of the final follow-up. No patient had post-operative abductor dysfunction. Incorporation of the graft was seen after two to three months in all patients. Resorption of the graft and radiolucencies were infrequent. This technique is a useful alternative to femoral head autografting when the patient's own femoral head cannot be used.