肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓的处理

目的 探讨肝移植围手术期门静脉血栓（PVT）的处理。方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院1995年5月至2008年6月实施的194例肝移植病人临床资料,术前存在PVT 24例,其中Ⅰ级12例,Ⅱ级9例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级1例。术中采取不同门静脉重建方式,结扎术前存在的门腔分流和粗大的侧支循环。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT）,应用普通肝素或低分子质量肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测门静脉血供。结果 术后PVT发生率2.58%（5/194）。1例PVT经外科门静脉取栓、重新吻合治愈,3例置管溶栓、支架植入治愈,另1例仅表现肝功能轻度异常,未特殊处理。与PVT相关病死率为0。其余病例随访6~ 104个月,未见PVT。结论 理想的门静脉重建方式、结扎门腔存在的分流和术后有效的抗凝可以减少PVT的发生,多普勒超声监测能早期发现PVT,挽救移植物,避免再移植。     

Liver transplantation with renoportal anastomosis after distal splenorenal shunt

BACKGROUND: The distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) is designed to maintain hepatopetal portal vein flow while decompressing gastroesophageal varices. However, over time, as the underlying liver disease progresses, the DSRS loses its selectivity. The most common method of addressing this issue during orthotopic liver transplantation is shunt ligation with or without splenectomy. Dismantling the shunt increases the complexity of the transplantation, and splenectomy may increase the risk of infection. HYPOTHESIS: Anastomosis of the donor portal vein to the left renal vein without dismantling the shunt is an effective method of portal vein reconstruction for patients with a patent DSRS. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University-based teaching hospital, Miami, Fla. PATIENTS: Five liver transplant recipients with patent DSRS who received an orthotopic liver transplant between September 1996 and August 1999. INTERVENTIONS: The donor portal vein was anastomosed end-to-end to the left renal vein during liver transplantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perioperatve morbidity, portal vein flow by Doppler study, patient survival, and graft survival. RESULTS: In all patients, the graft liver reperfused promptly via flow through the left renal vein with adequate decompression of the bowel. Normal portal venous flow was demonstrated by intraoperative and postoperative Doppler ultrasound studies. At the mean follow-up of 16 months, 4 patients were alive with well-functioning grafts. CONCLUSIONS: This novel technique has the advantage of decreasing the complexity of the procedure, without requiring splenectomy, while securing adequate portal perfusion. Additionally, it can be applied without modifications in patients with portal vein thrombosis.     

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??Management of portal vein thrombosis during the perioperative period of orthotopic liver transplantation WU Gang, LIU Yong-feng,CHENG Dong-hua??et al. Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital,China Medical University,Shenyang 110001,China Corresponding auther: LIU Yong-feng, E-mial: yfliu@mail.cmu. edu.cn Abstract Objective To analyze the managements of portal vein thrombosis(PVT) during the perioperative period of orthotopic liver transplantation.Methods Between May 1995 to June 2008,194 orthotopic liver transplantation were performed in our institute,of which 24 presented portal vein thrombosis .12 were grade ??,9 grade ??,2 grade ?? and 1 grade ?? . The management of PVT depended mainly on its extent.Ligation of the collateral circulation,especially spontaneous or surgical splenorenal shunt,was made as approaches to improve portal flow. Heparin or low-molecule-weight heparin as a prophylactic anticoagulation therapy was maintained during and after operation if prothrombin time is less than eighteensonds. Follow-up Doppler ultrasonography was used daily in the early postoperative period.Results After a follow-up of 6-104 months, overall incidence of portal vein thrombosis was 2.58%(5/194).Surgical thrombectomy and revascularization was carried out in 1 case. Percutanous thrombolysis ,balloon angioplasty, or stent placement via portal vein were performed in 3 cases.No treatment was given in 1 patient without hepatic dysfunction. Mortality related to portal vein thrombosis was 0.Conclusion PVT might be avoid by performing a ideal technique for managing PVT as often as possible,by ligation of portosystemic shunt during surgery, and by postoperative anticoagulation.Close follow-up by Doppler ultrasonography may make a prompt diagnosis and reduce PVT-derived loss of grafts.     

Postshunt encephalopathy in liver transplanted children with portal vein thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Surgical portosystemic shunting has been reported to alleviate successfully portal hypertension in liver transplanted recipients with portal vein thrombosis. METHODS: We report two liver transplanted children with portal vein thrombosis who developed post-shunt acute encephalopathy. In one child, a mesocaval H-type shunt was created surgically because of bleeding related to Roux-en-Y loop varices at 3 months posttransplantation; in the other, a large spontaneous splenorenal shunt was discovered at the time of diagnosis of portal vein thrombosis on day 34 posttransplantation and was preserved. RESULTS: Post-shunt encephalopathy developed 6 months and 2.7 years after transplantation, causing death in one child. CONCLUSIONS: This report illustrates the risk and the possible dismal outcome of post-shunt encephalopathy in liver transplanted children. Therapeutic procedures other than portosystemic shunting that will restore an hepatopetal portal flow to the liver graft should be considered in liver-transplanted children with portal vein thrombosis.     

Arterialization of the portal vein in liver transplantation: a new microsurgical model in the rat

BACKGROUND: A preexisting thrombosis of the portal vein and the deep splanchnic bed can make it extremely difficult to reestablish the portal blood flow in orthotopic liver transplantation in man. Complete arterialization of the liver transplant, including the donor portal vein, might be a viable therapeutic option. A new rat transplantation model is described, in which the liver is completely arterialized. METHODS: The outflow of the portal blood in the recipient was secured via a portocaval shunt. Hepatectomy was then performed and the liver transplant placed in orthotopic position. An interposed aortic segment was used for direct arterialization of the donor portal vein. RESULTS: The laboratory parameters determined in the serum at the end of the observation period of 28 days revealed normal functioning of the transplant. The histological examinations showed largely normal cellular architecture, with no signs of necrosis, but incipient fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Using this new surgical technique in the rat liver transplantation model, long-term morphological and functional changes in a completely arterialized liver graft, and the regenerative capability of liver tissue perfused in this way, can be investigated.     

Acute portal vein thrombosis secondary to donor/recipient portal vein diameter mismatch after orthotopic liver transplantation: a case report

The incidence of portal vein thrombosis in end-stage liver disease is estimated as varying between 5% and 21%, whereas in candidates undergoing liver transplantation, this is 3-13%. Portal vein thrombosis occurring after liver transplantation can be managed surgically by thrombectomy, retransplantation, splenorenal shunt, or Wall-stent placement, or nonsurgically by angioplasty, local high-dose infusion of thrombolytic agents, combination of portal thrombolysis, or embolization of a pre-existing spontaneous splenorenal shunt. We report a case of portal vein thrombosis after liver transplantation diagnosed on postoperative day 1 in a 57-year-old patient who received a liver from an 8-year-old donor. The patient was successfully treated surgically with portal vein thrombectomy and systemic anticoagulation. Portal vein thrombosis, in this case, was considered to be secondary to size discrepancy between the donor and the recipient portal veins. Routine use of daily Doppler ultrasound was the key factor in early diagnosis.     

Doppler echography in the intraoperative assessment of the liver circulation: an experimental study in swine

In this experimental study the authors report an experience in the evaluation of hepatic blood flow with intraoperative echo-Doppler during orthotopic liver transplantation and side-to-side or end-to-side portacaval shunt. Doppler ultrasonography studied the flow of portal vein, hepatic artery and inferior vena cava before the recipient hepatectomy, and after reperfusion during liver grafting. Furthermore echo-Doppler of the portal system was performed to confirm portacaval shunt efficacy. Usually intraoperative Doppler ultrasonography may give informations about the patency of the shunt and regarding the development of early hepatic artery thrombosis during liver transplantation, but often unclear is the exact evaluation of the velocity of the blood flow through the liver. Further experimental studies and clinical evaluations need to find safe parameters and markers of vascular alteration using this superior diagnostic procedure.     

Outcome and Hepatic Hemodynamics in Liver Transplant Patients with Portal Vein Arterialization

Few cases of successful portal vein arterialization in orthotopic and auxiliary liver transplantation have been reported. AIM: To evaluate the effect of portal vein arterialization on hepatic hemodynamics and long-term clinical outcome in three patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: Two patients with extensive splanchnic venous thrombosis received an orthotopic liver transplant and one with fulminant hepatic failure received an auxiliary heterotopic graft. Portal vein arterialization was performed in all cases. RESULTS: One patient died 4 months after transplant and two are still alive. Auxiliary liver graft was removed 3 months post-transplant when complete native liver regeneration was achieved. Immediate post-transplant liver function was excellent in all cases. Only one patient developed encephalopathy and variceal bleeding owing to prehepatic portal hypertension secondary to arterioportal fistula 14 months after transplant. He was successfully treated by embolization of the hepatic artery. Hepatic hemodynamic measurements demonstrated a normal pressure gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures in all cases. Liver biopsy showed acceptable graft architecture in two cases and microsteatosis in one. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization is an acceptable salvage alternative when insufficient portal venous flow to the graft is present. The double arterial supply does not imply changes in hepatic hemodynamics, at least in the early months post-transplant.     

Portosystemic shunt for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis following orthotopic liver transplantation

Abstract The efficacy of the portosystemic shunt operation for the treatment of portal vein thrombosis following orthotopic liver transplantation was demonstrated. From 1 July 1988 to 31 December 1991 42 portosystemic shunt operations were performed at our centre. In six of these cases portal vein thrombosis after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) was the indication for the procedure. All the patients retained adequate liver function but they demonstrated manifestations of significant portal hypertension, mainly variceal rebleeding. Two of the patients were children. Three patients underwent distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS), one mesocaval and one side-to-ide splenorenal shunt and the last one side-to-ide splenorenal shunt which was converted to DSRS 2 weeks later. All these patients were doing well after 30 months mean follow-up time without rebleeding or other signs of portal hypertension and none had so far required retransplantation.     

Arterialization of the portal vein in pediatric liver transplantation

Portal vein arterialization (PVA) is an acquired concept in shunt surgery for portal hypertension. This technique, recently described as both a temporary and permanent procedure in adult liver transplantation, is reported by the authors in two cases of pediatric transplantation. The indication was low portal blood flow after reperfusion with poor graft function due to persistence of spontaneous retroperitoneal venous shunts. In both cases described, PVA allowed for satisfactory macroscopic liver reperfusion. The increase in portal blood flow from 150 to 500 ml/min in the second patient enabled the liver to be reperfused correctly and led to successful transplantation. The graft function in both cases improved in the 1st postoperative week, but thrombosis of the PVA occurred in the 1st patient 2 months after transplantation. Signs of hepatic hyperarterialization occurred in the second patient and this necessitated a dearterialization of the portal vein 2 weeks later. Although the benefit of this procedure appears to be beyond doubt in the immediate postoperative period, we have no data on long-term arterialization. We do think that PVA can be performed in pediatric liver transplantation, but it may need to be done only in special, individual situations when no valid alternative can be proposed, such as in the absence of a mesenteric vein and/or the presence of spontaneous retroperitoneal venous shunts. Received: 24 June 1997 Received after revision: 27 November 1997 Accepted: 28 November 1997     

原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊治

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料.结果 本组原位肝移植术后有6例门静脉并发症(3.5%),门静脉狭窄发生率为1.2%,门静脉血栓发生率为2.3%,且术前3例有门静脉血栓,3例有门静脉高压症手术史.2例患者成功放置血管内支架,3例患者行套扎术或硬化剂治疗后好转出院,6例中无1例死亡.结论 术前存在门静脉高压症手术治疗史和门静脉血栓是门静脉并发症的高危因素.彩色多普勒超声检查是监测门静脉并发症的有效方法 ,确诊门静脉并发症则要依据门静脉CT血管成像.晚期门静脉血栓溶栓治疗效果不佳,对单纯性门静脉狭窄行介入治疗是安全可行的.     

Eversion Thrombectomy for Portal Vein Thrombosis During Liver Transplantation

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) has been seen as an obstacle to orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), but recent data suggest that favorable results may be achieved in this group of patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence, management, and survival of patients with PVT undergoing primary OLT with thrombectomy. Between October 1990 and August 2000, 468 liver transplantations were performed in our center and portal vein thrombosis was present in 38 patients (8.1%). Preoperative diagnosis, extension, intraoperative management, postoperative recurrence of portal vein thrombosis, and 1-year actuarial survival rates were retrospectively studied. Preoperative diagnosis was made in 17 cases (44.7%). In all patients, portal flow was restored after portal vein thrombectomy, followed by usual end-to-end portal anastomosis. All patients received preventive low-weight heparin from day 2 to hospital discharge, and then aspirin. Rethrombosis was observed in one patient with extended splanchnic thrombus. The 1-year actuarial patient survival rate was 83.7%, and did not significantly differ from the patients without portal vein thrombosis (86.7%). Our results suggest that portal vein thrombosis is often partial and thus difficult to diagnose preoperatively: it can be managed successfully during surgery by thrombectomy, except when there is complete splanchnic veins thrombosis; and it did not affect 1-year survival.     

原位肝移植术中结扎门体分流静脉的临床研究

目的 通过原位肝移植术中结扎经CT确认的粗大的门体分流静脉,探讨结扎该分流静脉的临床意义.方法 根据天津市第一中心医院移植外科2007年1月1日至2008年8月1日原位肝移植术前三维CT检杳35例中,12例无门体分流静脉,23例存在明确的门体分流静脉,并应用门静脉血流仪在术中行门静脉血流量测定,根据测量结果,其中7例未行分流静脉结扎,16例行门体分流静脉结扎.结果 本组中12例无门体静脉分流者的门静脉血流量是(1101±70)ml/min.23例有门体分流静脉中,7例门静脉血流量>1000 ml/min者未行分流静脉结扎,16例血流馈<1000 ml/min者行分流静脉结扎.16例结扎前后门静脉血流量分别是(657±112) ml/min和(1136±161) ml/min,结扎前后门静脉血流量相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).本组23例均获得随访,其中19例正常存活,移植物功能良好,血流正常.有2例术后门静脉血栓复发(经抗凝治疗后好转),其中1例出现间断性意识障碍,血氨水平波动在126～194 mmol/L之间,给予降血氨治疗后好转.2例在术后3个月内死亡,其中1例在术后1.5个月因肺部曲霉菌感染导致呼吸功能衰竭死亡,另1例在术后2个月因移植物功能不良导致肝功能衰竭而死亡. 结论原位肝移植术中结合三维CT扫描血管重建及血流动力学数据,结扎门体分流静脉是有意义的.     

Successful Treatment of a Patient With Diffuse Portosplenomesenteric Thrombosis Using a Pericholedochal Varix for Portal Flow Reconstruction During Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation: A Case Report

Portal vein thrombosis remains a challenging issue in liver transplantation. When thrombectomy is not feasible due to diffuse portosplenomesenteric thrombosis, other modalities are adapted such as the use of a jump graft or portal tributaries or even multivisceral transplantation. For patients with diffuse thrombosis of the splanchnic venous system, a large pericholedochal varix can be a useful vessel for providing splanchnic blood flow to the graft and for relieving portal hypertension. We report our experience of successfully treating a patient with diffuse portosplenomesenteric thrombosis using a pericholedochal varix for portal flow reconstruction during deceased donor liver transplantation and eventually preventing unnecessary multivisceral transplantation. A 56-year-old man diagnosed with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis B underwent deceased donor liver transplantation due to refractory ascites. Preoperative imaging revealed diffuse portosplenomesenteric thrombosis with large amount of ascites. During the operation, dissection of the main portal vein was not possible due to the development of multiple large pericholedochal varices and cavernous change of the main portal vein. After outflow reconstruction, portal inflow was restored by anastomosing the graft portal vein to a large pericholedochal varix. Postoperatively, although abdominal computed tomography scan showed stenosis of portal vein anastomosis site, liver function tests improved, and Doppler sonogram revealed no flow disturbance. During follow-up, the patient repeatedly developed hydrothorax and ascites. In addition, stenosis of the portal vein anastomosis and thrombosis of the portomesenteric system still remained. The patient underwent transhepatic portal vein stent insertion. After portal vein stent insertion, hydrothorax and ascites improved and the extent of thrombosis of the portomesenteric system decreased without anticoagulation therapy. In conclusion, enlarged pericholedochal varix in patients with totally obliterated splanchnic veins can be a source of useful inflow to restore portal flow and decrease the extent of thrombosis, thereby preventing unnecessary multivisceral transplantation.     

Portal vein arterialization for liver transplantation with extensive portomesenteric vein thrombosis: a case report

We report herein a case of extensive thrombosis of portal venous system including mesenteric vein in a 70-year-old man who suffered from end-stage post-hepatitis C cirrhosis and who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. There was no way to divert portal blood flow to the new liver because such an extensive thrombosis of portomesenteric venous system. There are some case reports of portocaval hemitransposition with some success but high mortality. We decided to arterialize the portal vein of the liver allograft with the recipient hepatic artery and the donor hepatic artery was anastomosed to the supraceliac aorta. He recovered slowly from the operation. At 1 year after the transplantation, he is doing well with perfect liver function tests. This case challenges our belief that portal blood flow is essential for the liver because of hepatotrophic factors.     

Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis. Physiology before and after shunts.

Controversy exists concerning the proper therapy for bleeding gastroesophageal varices secondary to noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis. Disparity of opinion exists regarding the significance of hepatic portal blood flow and the consequences of total portal-systemic shunts in this condition. One patient is presented who developed severe, crippling encephalopathy 20 years after a central splenorenal shunt. This was associated with loss of portal flow to the liver and marked nitrogen intolerance. Closure of the shunt resulted in restoration of hepatic portal flow via collateral veins (HPI 0.36), clearance of encephalopathy and return to near normal protein tolerance. An additional patient was studied with hyperammonemia and early suggestive signs of encephalopathy eight years following a mesocaval shunt. Four patients were evaluated before and after selective distal splenorenal shunts. All had "cavernous transformation" of the portal vein with angiographic evidence of portal flow to the liver. Postoperative angiograms revealed continued hepatic portal perfusion and a patent shunt in each patient. Radionuclide imaging postoperatively gave an estimated portal fraction of total hepatic blood flow (HPI) of .39 and .60 in two of the four patients. We conclude that 1) there is significant hepatic portal perfusion in noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis (cavernous transformation), 2) loss of this hepatic portal flow following total shunts can lead to severe encephalopathy, 3) the selective distal splenorenal shunt maintains hepatic portal perfusion and is the procedure of choice when there is a patent splenic vein and surgical intervention is indicated.     

Successful Living-Donor Liver Transplantation With Intraoperative Endovascular Recanalization via Transsplenic Access in a Recipient With Grade III Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Case Report

Extensive portosplenomesenteric thrombosis is regarded as a relative contraindication to liver transplantation because of the complexity of the surgical procedure. This report describes a case of living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for a patient with extensive portosplenomesenteric thrombosis, in whom portal flow was successfully restored by intraoperative transplenic portal vein and superior mesenteric vein stenting after surgical thrombectomy. The patient’s liver function remained normal with a patent portal vein stent 6 months after LDLT, and Doppler ultrasonography demonstrated a normal wave form for portal flow. To the best of our knowledge, this is the world’s first case of endovascular management of the portal vein via percutaneous transsplenic access during LDLT, demonstrating that transsplenic access can be an alternative approach without liver graft injury when the superior mesenteric vein branch and inferior mesenteric vein cannot be used as access routes.     

Portal revascularization in the setting of cavernous transformation through a paracholedocal vein: a case report

Diffuse thrombosis of the entire portal system (PVT) and cavernomatous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV) represents a demanding challenge in liver transplantation. We present the case of a patient with nodular regenerative hyperplasia and recurrent episodes of type B hepatic encephalopathy concomitant with PVT as well as CTPV, successfully treated with orthotopic liver transplantation. The portal inflow to the graft was carried out through the confluence of 2 thin paracholedochal varicose veins, obtaining good early graft function and recovery of the encephalopatic episodes. This alternative should be kept in mind as an option to assure hepatopetal splanchnic flow in those cases of diffuse thrombosis and cavernomatous transformation of portal vein.     

Auxiliary liver transplantation with arterialization of the portal vein for acute hepatic failure

Six adult patients suffering from acute hepatic failure and with a high urgent status underwent heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation. In four of these patients, the portal vein of the liver graft was arterialized in order to leave the native liver and the liver hilum untouched and to be able to place the liver graft wherever space was available in the abdomen. The arterial blood flow via the portal vein was tapered by the width of the anastomosis. Two patients died, one of sepsis on postoperative day 17 (POD), the other after 3 months due to a severe CMV pneumonia. There were no technically related deaths. The native liver showed early regeneration in all cases. In one patient, the auxiliary graft was removed 6 weeks after transplantation. Four weeks later, he had to undergo orthotopic retransplantation due to a recurrent fulminant failure of the recovered native liver. This patient is alive more than 1 year after the operation. We conclude that heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization is a suitable approach to bridging the recovery of the acute failing native liver. Received: 15 September 1997 Received after revision: 4 February 1998 Accepted: 2 March 1998