母胎细胞转运与乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染关系的研究

目的探讨母胎细胞转运与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)宫内感染的关系。方法用STRPCR、As-PCR及hemi-nPCR技术扩增HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿外周血中胎儿DNA及母亲DNA，通过检测TH01、GSTM1、ACE等位基因确定母．胎细胞转运与胎．母细胞转运。采用巢式病例对照研究方法分析母-胎细胞转运与HBV宫内感染的关系。结果以GSTM1、ACE基因多态性判定母亲源性或胎儿源性等位基因，42对信息病例中有26例新生儿发生了母．胎细胞转运(61．90％，26／42)；40对信息病例中有32例发生了胎-母细胞转运(80．00％，32／40)；10对母胎发生了双向转运。统计分析显示母-胎细胞转运与HBV宫内感染有关联，胎．母细胞转运与HBV宫内感染无关联，母-胎细胞转运与胎-母细胞转运无关。母-胎细胞转运、孕妇PBMC HBV DNA阳性是HBV宫内感染的危险因素，二者未显示交互作用；母-胎细胞转运、孕妇PBMC HBV DNA阳性与新生儿PBMC HBV感染有关，两因素间亦未显示交互作用。结论母胎之间存在细胞转运，母-胎细胞转运是HBV宫内感染的危险因素，这可能是对HBV宫内感染途径的补充。     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型与HBV宫内传播关系的研究

目的：探讨乙型肝炎病毒基因型与HBV宫内传播之间的关系。方法：采集170例HBsAg阳性孕妇及其172例新生儿外周血，巢式PCR检测血清HBV DNA。PCR-RFLP技术结合PCR产物直接测序鉴定HBV基因型。结果：太原地区HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿携带乙型肝炎病毒有B、C、133种基因型，以C型为优势基因型。HBV C型与B型孕妇HBV宫内感染率分别为56．45％、50．00％（x^2=0．092，P=0，761），两组孕妇的HBV宫内感染率差异无统计学意义。所有发生宫内感染的新生儿HBV基因型均与其母亲一致。结论：孕妇感染HBVC型与B型其新生儿发生HBV宫内感染的几率相当。乙型肝炎病毒宫内传播过程中，HBV基因型可能不发生改变。     

母血HBV DNA含量与新生儿HBV感染关系

目的 探讨HBsAg阳性孕妇外周血乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA含量及细胞转运与新生儿HBV感染的关系.方法 用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测HBsAg阳性孕妇血清HBV DNA;用等位基因特异性PCR及半巢式PCR技术扩增HBsAg阳性孕妇新生儿外周血中母亲DNA,通过检测谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTM1)、血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)等位基因确定母-胎细胞转运;用巢式PCR检测新生儿血清、外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中HBV DNA.结果 随着孕妇血清HBV DNA含量的增加,新生儿HBV DNA阳性的危险性呈现增高趋势(X~2=13.16,P<0.05,趋势X~2=12.42,P<0.05),而孕妇血清HBV DNA含量与新生儿PBMC HBV DNA阳性无关(总X~2=2.41,P>0.05,趋势X~2=0.35,P>0.05);孕妇血清HBV DNA含量与母-胎细胞转运无关(总X~2=4.14,P>0.05,趋势X~2=0.001,P>0.05);母-胎细胞转运与新生儿外周血PBMC HBV DNA阳性有关(X~2=10.26,P<0.05),而与新生儿外周血HBV DNA阳性无关(X~2=0.49,P>0.05).结论 HBsAg阳性孕妇血清HBV DNA含量、母-胎细胞转运与新生儿HBV感染有关,分别是新生儿血清、PBMC HBV感染的重要危险因素.     

乙型肝炎病毒与母婴传播的研究

目的研究乙型肝炎高价免疫球蛋白（HBIg）阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播的效果以及乙型肝炎病毒的母婴传播与病毒数量的关系。方法将320例HBsAg阳性孕妇随机分成治疗组（163例）和对照组（157例）,均在妊娠28周时检测HBV-DNA数量和HBsAg,治疗组自28周开始每4周肌肉注射1次HBIg200U直至分娩,对照组不给予上述药物,新生儿出生后检测HBsAg。结果治疗组新生儿HBsAg阳性率（6.75%）明显低于对照组（34.39%）,HBV-DNA含量高的孕妇所生新生儿HBsAg阳性率明显高于HBV-DNA含量低者。结论HBIg能有效降低HBsAg阳性孕妇的宫内感染率,HBV-DNA含量直接影响HBsAg阳性孕妇的宫内感染率。     

HBsAg阳性孕妇细胞转运意义的研究

目的 了解HBsAg阳性孕妇细胞是否可进入胎儿血循环，探索母-儿细胞转运与乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)宫内感染关系。方法 用等位基因特异性PCR(allele-specfic PCR，AS-PCR)和半巢式PCR(hemi-nPCR)技术扩增新生儿外周血中母亲-S-DNA，判定母．儿细胞转运。非条件Logistic回归模型分析母一儿细胞转运与HBV宫内感染关系。结果 以谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)M1、血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)基因作为母亲的特异性等位基因，检测42对信息病例对中26例(61．90％。26／42)新生儿发生了母-儿细胞转运。母-儿细胞转运、孕妇外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)HBV DNA阳性是HBV宫内感染的危险因素，OR值分别为8．40(1．42～49．74)，8．78(1．23～62．69)。结论 母-儿细胞转运可能是。HBV宫内感染的重要原因，PBMC可能介导FIBV穿过胎盘屏障感染胎儿。     

泰安市乙型肝炎病毒宫内传播影响因素分析

目的　探讨泰安市乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性母亲分娩的新生儿发生乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）宫内跨胎盘传播的影响因素。方法　纳入567例HBsAg阳性母亲及其新生儿作为研究对象,收集母亲一般信息及抗病毒治疗等资料,检测母亲及新生儿HBV标志物、HBV DNA等指标。统计分析采用χ2检验和非条件多因素logistic回归。结果　泰安市HBsAg阳性母亲所分娩的新生儿HBV宫内传播的发生率为11.46%。单因素分析显示母亲年龄、孕晚期乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白干预、乙型肝炎病毒e抗原（HBeAg）、HBV DNA浓度和HBV基因型与新生儿宫内传播的发生有关（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,母亲HBeAg（OR=3.350,95%CI=1.889~6.964）和HBV DNA浓度（OR=2.096,95%CI=1.585~5.508）是HBV宫内传播的影响因素。以阴性为对照,母亲HBV DNA低载量组调整OR值为1.211（95%CI:1.110~1.565）,高载量组调整OR值为1.948（95%CI:1.345~2.784）,母亲HBV DNA浓度与宫内传播之间存在线性趋势（χ2=6.920,P=0.009）。结论　HBsAg阳性母亲伴HBeAg阳性和高HBV DNA浓度是造成泰安市HBV宫内跨胎盘传播的主要危险因素,且HBV DNA浓度越高,发生宫内传播的可能性越大。     

乙型肝炎宫内感染免疫失败的原因

孕妇外周血乙型肝炎病毒高浓度、HBeAg阳性、先兆早产和胎盘绒毛毛细血管内皮乙型肝炎病毒感染是胎儿感染乙型肝炎病毒的高危因素。胎儿宫内感染的传播可经两条途径 ,即血源性和细胞性。乙肝免疫球蛋白或拉米夫定的阻断可降低乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的发生率。变异病毒可以逃避新生儿接种疫苗所产生的免疫 ,乙型肝炎病毒变易株的选择性传播导致了免疫失败     

乙型肝炎宫内感染免疫失败的原因

孕妇外周血乙型肝炎病毒高浓度、HBeAg阳性、先兆早产和胎盘绒毛毛细血管内皮乙型肝炎病毒感染是胎儿感染乙型肝炎病毒的高危因素。胎儿宫内感染的传播可经两条途径，即血源性和细胞性。乙肝免疫球蛋白或拉米夫定的阻断可降低乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的发生率。变异病毒可以逃避新生儿接种疫苗所产生的免疫，乙型肝炎病毒变易株的选择性传播导致了免疫失败。     

新生儿乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染及其影响因素的随访研究

目的了解发生乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的新生儿的转归情况,并探讨影响新生儿乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的相关因素。方法对HBsAg阳性母亲及新生儿进行随访。应用酶联免疫吸附试验双抗夹心法检测HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿血清乙型肝炎病毒标志物,采用聚合酶链反应技术检测血清乙型肝炎病毒DNA。分析比较新生儿宫内感染组和非宫内感染组的差异,并对母亲HBeAg阳性与宫内感染新生儿乙型肝炎病毒慢性化的关系进行分析。结果随访到214对HB-sAg阳性母亲及其新生儿,有10例新生儿发生宫内感染,其中2例发生乙型肝炎病毒慢性感染。母亲既往HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性、母亲既往乙型肝炎病毒DNA阳性在新生儿宫内感染组和非宫内感染组中的分布差异有显著性(χ2值分别为6.68和14.80,P<0.05)。母亲既往HBeAg阳性在新生儿乙型肝炎病毒慢性感染组和非乙型肝炎病毒慢性感染组中的分布差异有显著性。结论母亲既往HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性、既往乙型肝炎病毒DNA阳性可能导致新生儿宫内感染危险增加,母亲既往HBeAg阳性可能导致新生儿乙型肝炎病毒慢性感染。     

母-儿细胞转运在HBV宫内感染机制中的作用

目的探索HBsAg阳性孕妇细胞是否可进入胎儿血循环,HBV通过细胞转运使胎儿发生宫内感染的机制。方法以2001年12月至2003年10月由太原市传染病院妇产科进行产前检查并分娩的HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿各123例为研究对象。用等位基因特异性PCR(ASPCR)和半巢式PCR(heminPCR)方法检测母儿细胞转运。结果以GSTM1、ACE基因作为母亲的特异性等位基因,收集到42对信息病例对,其中26例新生儿发生了母儿细胞转运,占61.90%(2642);母儿细胞转运与HBV宫内感染显著相关(χ2=8.58,P<0.01);母儿细胞转运与新生儿PBMCHBVDNA显著相关(χ2=10.10,P<0.01)。结论母儿细胞转运是HBV宫内感染的一个原因,PBMC可能介导HBV穿过胎盘屏障感染胎儿。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.