Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus

Cholesterol granuloma (CG) of the maxillary sinus is very rare. In this study, the searching of the literature was performed with the keywords of cholesterol granuloma and maxillary sinus. All retrieved literature were reviewed throughout to identify and analyze all individual characteristics. Two additional cases in our hospital were also included. The result showed that, in the overall 37 cases, the ratio of male to female was about 3:1. Caucasian (14/37) and Turkish (10/37) were reported more frequently. CG of maxillary sinus had an opposite sex predilection compared with the fungus balls of the maxillary sinus. In addition, the comorbidity of these two diseases was found only in one patient in the literature. These results suggested that the different mechanisms other than poor aeration of the maxillary sinus played a role in the formation of CG of maxillary sinus. The diagnosis for CG of the maxillary sinus before operation is difficult, but the clear golden yellow rhinorrhea and hemorrhagic signs may provide a good diagnostic evidence. The symptoms were vague and about half of the patients presented with non-specific symptoms. Therefore, it seemed reasonable that CG of the maxillary sinus was under diagnosed in the clinical practice. Treatment consists of complete excision via Caldwell–Luc or endoscopic approach and provides a good prognosis. Bilateral involvements are rare but possible in this disease entity.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus presenting as sinonasal polyp

Cholesterol granuloma is usually found in chronic middle ear diseases. However, it rarely occurs in the sinonasal regions and only a few case reports can be found in the literature. The etiology of sinonasal cholesterol granuloma is not yet known, and the clinical manifestations are nonspecific. Most patients presented with nasal discharge. Our patient is the only reported case presenting with nasal obstruction and facial pain. Here we present a patient with cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus with a nasal polyp, whose clinical, imaging, and histological characteristics were unique. The tumor was excised via the transnasal endoscopic sinus approach without recurrence after 3 years of follow-up.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum

The cholesterol granuloma is a particular form of granulation tissue developing as part of a variety of tissue reactions, Cholesterol granuloma is not related to cholesteatoma which may be regarded as an epidermoid cyst of the middle ear or temporal bone. Cholesterol granulomas are rarely associated with such cases (Friedmann, 1976; Gherini et al., 1985). Microscopically, the cholesterol granuloma consists of dense masses of cholesterol crystals which appear as clefts. They are surrounded by foreign body giant cells, foam cells, plasma cells and lymphocytes. There is frequently some fresh blood and some blood pigment (Wilhelm, 1977; Beales, 1979; Gibb, 1979). It seems probable that inflammation and prolonged obstruction of a bony cavity that is normally aerated, are the main ways in which cholesterol is concentrated in the paranasal sinuses. It could be expected to be relatively frequent in the maxillary and frontal sinus, but only a few cases have been reported in the literature and only nine cases affecting the maxillary sinus have been published over the last 22 years (Milton and Bickerton, 1986). We have recently found a cholesterol granuloma arising in the maxillary antrum.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum

A case of cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum is presented, the eighth reported case in the ENT literature. It is postulated that a maxillary antral cholesterol granuloma could be associated with obstruction of the antral ostia, hemorrhage into polypoidal mucosal disease or that an antral cyst may have developed a cholesterol granuloma in its walls as a result of cholesterol precipitation. A review of the literature on cholesterol granuloma suggests that it is a condition which arises in a closed space with poor ventilation or drainage, with long-standing inflammation with effusion or hemorrhage contributing to the formation of free cholesterol crystals derived from tissue or blood breakdown products. The foreign body granuloma produced in this way is then self-perpetuating and requires complete removal for cure rather than a simple drainage procedure.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary and frontal sinuses

5 cases of cholesterol granuloma are described, 3 within the maxillary sinuses and 2 within the frontal sinuses. The lesions arise from the mucosa and can be recognized on plain films and tomograms of the sinus as opacity, sometimes resembling a mucocele. Radical operation seems to give absolute cure without any recurrence. The pathogenesis is hemorrhage and/or filtration. The closed cavities of the paranasal sinuses provide favorable conditions for cholesterol to become dissociated from the lipoprotein complex and to precipitate and to give rise to a granulomatous reaction.     

上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿5例分析

目的：探讨上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿的病因、发病机制以及治疗方法。方法：所有患者均行上颌窦根治术。结果：所有患者均病理诊断为鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿,随访2个月～12年,均未见复发。结论：本病病因为高血脂症,含气腔通气受阻,引流障碍。确诊需要病理检查,治疗上应对高脂血症进行干预与治疗,手术可以根治。     

上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿(附2例报告)

为探讨胆固醇肉芽肿形成的机理，报告２例发生于上颌窦的胆固醇肉芽肿。该病的常见症状是鼻阻塞，严重者可引起骨质破坏。其病因可能源于上颌窦窦口阻塞、粘膜息肉样病变内部出血或上颌窦囊肿瘤壁内胆固醇沉积。文献复习表明：窦腔通气不良，长期的炎症渗出或出血可导致胆固醇肉芽肿的形成。治疗主要是行上颌窦根治术，以达到永久治愈的目的。     

Idiopathic bilateral central giant cell reparative granuloma of jaws: A case report and literature review

Objectives

The central giant-cell reparative granuloma has been defined as a localized benign but sometimes aggressive osteolytic proliferation consisting of fibrous tissue with hemorrhage and hemosiderin deposits, presence of osteoclast-like giant cells and reactive bone formation. It is a benign lesion usually appears as solitary, multilocular, radiolucencies, located in the mandible and maxilla. Multiple CGCRGs of the jaw bones is very rare and, if it occurs, it is usually associated with hyperparathyroidism in majority of the cases .This report presents an unusual case of a 12-year-old girl who has idiopatic, bilateral giant cell granulomas of the angulus mandible.

Methods

A 12 year-old girl was admitted to our department with complain of swelling on both right and left side of her lower jaw. There was no history of trauma, dental problem or neck infection. Blood chemistry, including calcium, alkaline phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus was normal. Patient had not family history, clinical apperiance like cherubism or noonan sydrome and systemic anomalies. MRI showed, in right ramus mandible, 37 × mm × 35 mm × 28 mm size mass and in lenf ramus mandible, an expansile, 30 mm 38 mm × 12 mm size mass. The patient underwent surgical curettage of the lesion through an intraoral approach under general anesthesia.

Result

The histopathologic examination of the lesion was reported as ‘giant cell reparative granuloma.

Conclusion

Our patient had multiple CGCRG in her jaw. In literature there is several reports about multiple CGCRG but unlike of that report our patient had no syndromes like Cherubism, Noonan syndrome, neurofibromatosis type-1 and systemic disease like hyperparathyroidism ,fibrous dysplasia. So we define this case as Idiopatic bilaterally central giant cell reparative granuloma of jaw.     

Sarcomatous change in a previously benign osteofibroma in the maxillary sinus

Summary Ossifying fibromas of the jaws are generally well-defined benign tumors, so that adequate surgical treatment is usually associated with good therapeutic results. However, there are cases — especially in younger individuals with maxillary tumors — in which recurrences are seen, often with aggressive growth and subsequent local destruction. There is no characteristic histological appearance that identifies these recurring types. A case is presented in which a benign ossifying fibroma was extirpated from a 17-year-old man. Twenty years later a recurrent tumor was found, in which histological examination showed development of a osteosarcoma. The clinical implications of this case are discussed.     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿

目的 探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的病因、发病机制以及治疗方法。方法 回顾性总结分析我院1988年3月～2003年3月经手术和病理证实的70例(耳)中耳胆固醇肉芽肿病人的临床资料。70例(耳)中，术前诊断为胆脂瘤型中耳炎37例，骨疡型中耳炎13例，此二者之中考虑胆固醇肉芽肿者13例；中耳乳突术后感染5例，分泌性中耳炎7例，特发性血鼓室8例，其中考虑可能为胆固醇肉芽肿者2例。所有病人均有不同程度听力下降、耳闭塞感或伴耳鸣，亦可有耳溢液、头痛、头昏及其他症状。70例(耳)均接受手术治疗，依照术前检查，根据病变程度不同而选择不同术式。结果 65例(耳)干耳，随访1年以上无复发。3例(耳)行改良乳突根治加鼓室成形术，术后半年流脓，后改行乳突根治术，术后均干耳；2例(耳)行鼓室探查加鼓窦开放术，术后半年及1年又流脓伴听力下降，后改行改良乳突根治加鼓室成形术，术后干耳。结论 中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的病因主要有：含气腔通气受阻、引流障碍及含气腔出血。中耳胆固醇肉芽肿与特发性血鼓室、分泌性中耳炎及胆脂瘤关系密切。术式的选择应根据病变范围和程度来决定，其原则是彻底清除病变，保持通畅引流。     

Cholesterol granuloma and aspergilloma of the maxillary sinus

Cholesterol granuloma (CG) of the paranasal sinuses is rare. The proposed mechanisms of initiation are haemorrhage, impaired drainage and obstruction of ventilation. To the best of our knowledge, association of CG with a specific infection has not been described before. We have recently observed CG and aspergilloma of Aspergillus flavus type from the left maxillary sinus of a 58-year-old male patient presenting with nasal obstruction, headache and postnasal discharge. Any causative relationship between the two findings is obscure. The suspected mechanisms underlying aspergilloma and CG of the paranasal sinuses seems similar, since there is obstruction of ventilation and drainage. The cholesterol accumulation cannot be attributed to cellular components or breakdown products of the aspergillus as the major sterol of the plasma membranes of fungi is ergosterol, not cholesterol. Received: 15 February 2000 / Accepted: 31 October 2000     

Abnormal “hair-like” filaments in chronic maxillary sinusitis

Summary Scanning electron microscopic investigations were performed on the maxillary sinus mucosa of five healthy persons and seven patients with chronic maxillary sinusitis. The occurence of previously undescribed hair-like filaments in one case of chronic maxillary sinusitis is presented. These abnormal filaments are much longer (about 50–60 m) and thinner (about 0.08 m) than normal kinocilia (about 0.2 m thick and 5–7 m long), thus exhibiting a hair-like appearance. As the microvilli (cytofila) in maxillary sinus mucosa have the same thickness (about 0.08 m), these hair-like filaments could be regarded as abnormally long microvilli. The possible significance of these abnormal filaments is discussed.Supported by the Fonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung in Österreich, Projekt Nr. 3348     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum

Five cases of cholesterol granuloma in the maxillary antrum are described. The lesion takes place in the mucosa. It seems likely that filtration and haemorrhage are the 2 main ways in which cholesterol is concentrated in certain tissues. The maxillary antrum provides a clear illustration of these 2 mechanisms at work.     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的诊断及治疗

目的:探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的发病原因、诊断和接受中耳乳突手术治疗后的效果。方法:回顾性分析我院1999年8月～2004年4月接受中耳乳突手术治疗和经病理证实的18例(19耳)中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者的临床资料,其中,接受完壁式乳突根治加鼓室探查加中耳置管术7耳,完壁式乳突根治加鼓室探查加听骨链成形加中耳置管术2耳,完壁式乳突根治加鼓室探查术3耳,完壁式乳突根治加鼓膜成形术2耳,开放式乳突根治加鼓室成形术4耳,单纯乳突切除术1耳。结果:置管者术后1～3个月拔除中耳通气管,鼓膜愈合良好;未置中耳通气管者,1～2个月鼓膜颜色正常。术后听力均有不同程度提高,纯音测听达到应用水平(语频气导平均听阈30dB以内)15耳(79%)。所有患者随访0.5～2年,除1耳因咽鼓管不通,长期留置中耳通气管外,其余患者无复发。结论:中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的病因为中耳炎症引起含气腔通气受阻,引流障碍及含气腔出血。确诊有赖于病理诊断。中耳乳突手术彻底去除病变,建立乳突鼓室咽鼓管良好的通气系统,是手术成功的关键。     

Multisystem Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (Hand-Schüller-Christian disease) in an adult: a case report and review of the literature

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare and enigmatic clonal disorder that affects mainly children. It is characterized by single or multiple granulomatous mass lesions composed of cells with the Langerhans cell phenotype. Clinical presentation and behavior are heterogeneous and can range from a solitary lytic bone lesion (i.e., eosinophilic granuloma) with a favorable course to a fatal disseminated leukaemia-like form, with a wide spectrum of intermediate clinical presentations between these two extremes. Although LCH typically involves the bone, lesions can be found in almost all organs. We are reporting the case of a multisystem LCH in a 47-year-old patient who presented with a panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus, and who, 5 years later, developed mandibular, mastoid and femoral lesions. The final diagnosis of LCH was made on mandibular biopsy.     

Brown tumor mimicking maxillary sinus mucocele as the first manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism

We describe the first case of brown tumor mimicking a maxillary sinus mucocele as the first manifestation of the patient's primary hyperparathyroidism. A 34-year old woman presented with a 14 days history of elevation of the right orbit, retrobulbar pain and cheek anesthesia. The CT and MR evaluation showed a mass, initially described as mucocele of the right maxillary sinus. The laboratory studies revealed hyperparathyroidism. The patient underwent acute surgery, and the mass appeared clinically as mucocele. The histological examination of the resected lesion revealed changes representing either giant cell granuloma or brown tumor. The finding of hyperparathyroidism confirmed the diagnosis of brown tumor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cystic brown tumor mimicking a mucocele of the maxillary sinus.     

内镜下经咽隐窝入路岩尖胆固醇肉芽肿的外科治疗并文献复习

目的探讨经咽隐窝入路治疗岩尖胆固醇肉芽肿的可行性。方法报道一例左侧颞骨岩尖胆固醇肉芽肿患者经咽隐窝入路治疗的方法,并回顾文献报道的手术方法的优缺点。结果该例患者术后听力恢复,耳闷、耳鸣症状消失,无任何并发症。随访10月无复发。结论经咽隐窝入路手术是治疗胆固醇肉芽肿可供选择的一种新方法,可简单迅速直达病变,降低了手术风险,减少了手术创伤。     

鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿24例

目的探讨鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿患者的病因、发病机理以及治疗方法。方法回顾性总结分析1996年3月至2003年3月经手术和病理证实的24例鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿患者的临床资料。结果24例患者中，术前诊断为慢性鼻窦炎10例，鼻窦黏液囊肿8例，鼻息肉或出血坏死性鼻息肉5例，考虑可能为胆固醇肉芽肿者仅l例。主要症状有鼻塞(20／24)、鼻漏(18／24)、嗅觉减退(10／24)、头痛(7／24)、眼眶痛(5／24)、复视(2／24)等。鼻窦CT及MRI提示为慢性鼻窦炎、鼻窦囊肿以及鼻息肉和(或)黏膜息肉样变。所有病例均因保守治疗无效而采取外科手术治疗，即鼻内镜术或Caldwell-Luc术，仅l例行鼻侧切开术。23例手术效果良好，随访1年以上无复发；仅l例Caldwell-Luc术后2年复发，再次行鼻内镜术，术后3年未复发。结论鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿的病因主要有三：含气腔通气受阻、引流障碍、含气腔出血。鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿似乎与鼻窦慢性炎性疾病关系密切，尤其是鼻窦黏液囊肿。术式的选择应根据病变范围和程度来决定，其原则是彻底清除病变，保持鼻窦通畅引流。     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的诊断和手术治疗

目的探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿(CG)的发病机制、临床特点及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析43例CG患者的临床资料，其中42病例经手术及病理证实。主要临床表现包括听力下降43/43例，耳闷感29/43例，咖啡样耳漏12/43例，耳鸣26/43例。蓝鼓膜为典型体征36/43例。颞骨高分辨CT（HRCT）主要表现为中耳乳突软组织阴影，可伴有听骨链破坏（17/43），手术中发现（13/43）与术前符合率76.47%（13/17）。结果手术方法选择完璧式乳突切除+鼓室探查+鼓室置管术31例，完璧式乳突切除+鼓室探查+听骨链重建术11例，单纯鼓室置管术1例。术后随访0.5～3.0年,无复发。术后1～2个月鼓膜颜色恢复正常，听力均有不同程度提高，骨气导间距平均减少（25.0±3.5）dB。结论CG的主要临床表现为听力下降、耳闷感、耳鸣、咖啡样耳漏和蓝鼓膜。HRCT对中耳胆固醇肉芽肿诊断及手术有重要参考价值。诊断明确应采取手术治疗,清除病变,建立鼓室及乳突的通气、引流，并重建听力     

Maxillary sinus fusariosis in immunocompetent hosts.

We report the first known cases of Fusariosis of maxillary sinus with granuloma and oro-antral fistula in two immunocompetent hosts. Fusarium solani was demonstrated in the direct microscopic examination and isolated in heavy growth from the biopsy materials. Both these patients were successfully treated with oral ketoconazole (200 mg daily) for three weeks followed by a Caldwell-Luc operation. Ketoconazole was continued for two months post-operatively.