Tyrosinase and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential and Flavonoid Characterization of Viola odorata L. (Sweet Violet)

Inhibitory potential of the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Viola odorata L. (VO) was investigated against tyrosinase (TYR) and cholinesterases by microplate assays. The antioxidant activity was tested using six in vitro assays. Only the ethanol extract inhibited TYR (80.23 ± 0.87% at 100 µg mL^?1), whereas none of them were able to inhibit cholinesterases. The extracts were more able to scavenge NO radical (31.98 ± 0.53–56.68 ± 1.10%) than other radicals tested, and displayed low to moderate activity in the rest of the assays. HPLC analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of VO contained a substantial amount of vitexin (18.81 ± 0.047 mg g^?1 extract), while the ethanol extract also possessed rutin (1.31 ± 0.013 mg g^?1 extract) and vitexin (4.65 ± 0.103 mg g^?1 extract). Furthermore, three flavonoids (rutin, isovitexin, and kaempferol‐6‐glucoside) were isolated from the ethanol extract. This is the first report on TYR inhibitory activity of VO as well as presence of vitexin and isovitexin in this species. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of Bioactive Potential of an Aloe vera Sterol Extract

We prepared a crude gel material from Aloe vera succulent leaf tissues. The ethanolic extract of lyophilized A. vera gel was used for the GC‐MS analysis. Hexadecanoic acid (22.22%) was identified as major compound. Sitosterol and stigmasterol were found to be 2.89% and 2.1% in the extract. HPLC analysis was carried out to confirm the presence of stigmasterol. The concentration of sterol extract needed to scavenge DPPH free radical by 50% was calculated as 5.2 mg mL^?1. In the FRAP assay, the sterol extract showed significant hydroxyl radical scavenging in a dose‐dependent manner (IC₅₀ value 1.17 µg mL^?1). Concentration of the sample required to reduce lipid peroxidation was found to be 4.18 µg mL^?1, and the extract also possessed acetylcholinesterase activity (IC₅₀ ‐ 5.26 µg mL^?1). Catalase activity was 0.196 μM H₂O₂ decomposed min^?1 µg^?1 protein, whereas the peroxidase activity was 17.01 μM of pyragallol oxidized min^?1 µg^?1 protein. The extract recorded higher activity against growth of S. greseus and C. albicans in the experiments carried out to determine antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Olea europaea L. extract on the rat isolated ileum and trachea

The effects of an Olea europaea L. dried leaf extract containing 3.2% of oleuropein were investigated on the rat isolated ileum and trachea. On basal tone rat isolated ileum, Olea europaea L. extract was shown to produce a dual effect characterized by a contraction at low doses (10^?7-10^?4g/mL) and a relaxation at high doses (3.10^?4-10^?3g/mL). The extract induced contractile effect was found to involve at least histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and thromboxane A₂. On precontracted rat isolated ileum, the extract only induced a relaxation that was not modified by nifedipine, diltiazem, dipyridamone, verapamil or papaverine (10^?6 M). The effects of the extract were also studied on the rat isolated trachea. On basal tone organs, Olea europaea L. extract did not produce any effect, whereas, when basal tone was raised by acetylcholine (ACh 10^?3 M), the drug caused a relaxation (maximal effect 39.01% ± 5.40%) of the response to theophylline; (3.10 ± 10^?3M n = 15). It is suggested that the induced relaxation is consecutive to an increase of intracellular 3′5′ cAMP.     

Thereapeutic response of Tribulus terrestris (gokhru) aqueous extract on hyperoxaluria in male adult rats

The effect of an aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris (an indigenous drug) administered orally at a dose of 5 g/kg body weight was studied in six male adult rats in whom hyperoxaluria was induced and maintained by hydroxyproline and sodium glycolate respectively. Twenty-four hour urinary oxalate excretion reversed to normal, from 1.97±0.314 to 0.144±0.004 mg/mg creatinine (p<0.01) within 21 days of administration of T. terrestris extract and remained so until 15 days after withdrawal of extract and sodium glycolate.     

Effect of Rubia cordifolia extract on acetaminophen and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity

The hepatoprotective activity of an aqueous-methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) was investigated against acetaminophen and CCl₄-induced hepatic damage. Acetaminophen produced 100% mortality at a dose of 1 g/kg in mice while pretreatment of animals with plant extract (500 mg/kg) reduced the death rate to 30%. Acetaminophen at a dose of 640 mg/kg produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the rise in serum levels of GOT and GPT to 1447±182 and 899±201 IU/L (n = 10) respectively, compared with respective control values of 97±10 and 36±11. Pretreatment of rats with plant extract (500 mg/kg) lowered significantly (p <0.005) the respective serum GOT and GPT levels to 161±48 and 73±29. Similarly, hepatotoxic dose of CCl₄ (1.5 mL/kg; orally) raised the serum transaminases (GOT and GPT) levels to 422±102 and 354±74 IU/L (n = 10) respectively compared with respective control values of 99±15 and 29±08 IU/L. The same dose of plant extract (500 mg/kg) was able to prevent significantly (p <0.01) the CCl₄-induced rise in serum enzymes and the estimated values of GOT and GPT were 95±09 and 33±07 IU/L, respectively. Moreover, it prevented CCl₄-induced prolongation in pentobarbital sleeping time confirming the hepatoprotective effects of the extract.     

国产与进口噻氯匹定的药动学及生物利用度比较研究

 目的：研究国产噻氯匹定片剂与进口同种产品的生物利用度及其药动学特性。方法：8名健康成年受试者，男女各半，随机交叉分组试验法分别按每12 hpo250 mg国产和进口噻氯匹定连续5个剂量。采用作者建立的HPLC测定血药浓度。结果：国产和进口片剂的动力学参数：c_max(ss)分别为2.08±1.24 mg/L和1.66±0.37 mg/L，T_max分别为0.97±0.42 h和1.22±0.38 h，β分别为0.088±0.026 h^-1和0.080±0.040 h^-1，表观分布容积〖WTBX〗V〖WTBZ〗d/F分别为73.60±21.50 L和91.96±29.80 L，吸收速率常数K₀₁分别为5.192±5.489 h^-1和5.851±5.832 h^-1；稳态后梯形法求得的AUC(48～60 h)分别为6.32±1.21 (h·mg)/L和6.24±1.80 (h·mg)/L。结论：两种片剂的药动学参数无统计学差异(〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗＞0.05)。与进口片剂相比，国产片剂的平均相对生物利用度为99.97%±26.51%。     

Nettle extract (Urtica dioica) affects key receptors and enzymes associated with allergic rhinitis

A nettle (Urtica dioica) extract shows in vitro inhibition of several key inflammatory events that cause the symptoms of seasonal allergies. These include the antagonist and negative agonist activity against the Histamine‐1 (H₁) receptor and the inhibition of mast cell tryptase preventing degranulation and release of a host of pro‐inflammatory mediators that cause the symptoms of hay fevers. The nettle extract also inhibits prostaglandin formation through inhibition of Cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1), Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), and Hematopoietic Prostaglandin D₂ synthase (HPGDS), central enzymes in pro‐inflammatory pathways. The IC₅₀ value for histamine receptor antagonist activity was 251 (±13) µg mL^?1 and for the histamine receptor negative agonist activity was 193 (±71) µg mL^?1. The IC₅₀ values for inhibition of mast cell tryptase was 172 (±28) µg mL^?1, for COX‐1 was 160 (±47) µg mL^?1, for COX‐2 was 275 (±9) µg mL^?1, and for HPGDS was 295 (±51) µg mL^?1. Through the use of DART TOF‐MS, which yields exact masses and relative abundances of compounds present in complex mixtures, bioactives have been identified in nettle that contribute to the inhibition of pro‐inflammatory pathways related to allergic rhinitis. These results provide for the first time, a mechanistic understanding of the role of nettle extracts in reducing allergic and other inflammatory responses in vitro. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非诺贝特胶囊人体相对生物利用度

 目的建立非诺贝特酸简单快速的血浆样品提取方法,比较研究2种进口非诺贝特的人体相对生物利用度。方法血浆样品加内标地西泮和乙腈,涡旋振荡,高速离心,上清液进样分析。采用两制剂二周期自身交叉试验方法,18名健康志愿者分别口服非诺贝特胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂各200mg,HPLC测定血浆非诺贝特酸浓度,DAS软件计算药动学和相对生物利用度。结果非诺贝特在人体内代谢为非诺贝特酸,非诺贝特酸和内标地西泮分离良好,二者的t_R分别4.10和5.40min左右。非诺贝特胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂的峰浓度ρ_max分别为(9.04±1.65)和(9.51±1.77)mg·L^-1;达峰时间t_max分别为(4.61±1.04)和(5.0±0.77)h;半衰期t_1/2分别为(19.75±6.17)和(18.98±5.40)h;血药浓度-时间曲线下面积AUC_0-t分别为(151.96±41.76)和(160.59±50.07)mg·h·L^-1;受试制剂的相对生物利用度F_0-t为(97.5±22.6)%。结论非诺贝特胶囊受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

木蹄复方体外抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的:筛选木蹄复方抗肿瘤活性提取物,初步分析其化学成分并观察其体外抗肿瘤效应.方法:常规水提和醇提的方法提取复方中水溶和醇溶性组分.MTT法测定木蹄复方水提取物(distilled water extract of compound Fomes fomentarius,WECF)和木蹄复方乙醇提取物(ethanol extract of compound F.fomentarius,EECF)对体外培养肿瘤细胞A549,Hela,QGY生长的抑制效应.系统预试法分析WECF化学组成.流式细胞术检测WECF对A549细胞凋亡的影响.结果:WECF对A549,Hela,QGY 3种细胞的IC50分别为(0.28±0.02),(0.40 ±0.06),(0.28±0.05) g·L-1;EECF对3种细胞的IC50分别为(0.50±0.04),(0.50±0.03),(0.60 ±0.06)g·L-1,WECF对肿瘤细胞的生长具有较强的抑制作用.WECF含有有机酸,氨基酸、多肽和蛋白质,糖、多糖和苷类,皂苷,内酯、香豆素及其苷类,植物甾醇、三萜成分以及挥发油和油脂,多糖含量为(16.1±0.5)％.WECF对A549,Hela,QGY,DU145,MDA-MB-435S,SGC-79016种细胞的IC50分别为0.29,0.45,0.32,0.32,0.83,0.23g·L-1; WECF 1 g·L-1作用于A549 24 h后,细胞凋亡率为22.0％.结论:WECF具有较强的体外抗肿瘤效果,对多种肿瘤细胞的生长具有非常明显的抑制作用,并可诱导A549细胞凋亡.     

Herbal medicine Catuama induces endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxant action on isolated vessels from rats,guinea-pigs and rabbits

The present study was designed to examine the vasorelaxant action of the herbal medicine Catuama and the hydroalcoholic extracts (HE) of each plant present in this product and to compare their effects with that caused by acetylcholine (ACh) in intact (⁺E) or in endothelium-rubbed (⁻E) rings of rat thoracic aorta (RA), guinea-pig pulmonary artery (GPPA), guinea-pig mesenteric artery (GPMA), rabbit pulmonary artery (RPA), rabbit mesenteric artery (RMA) precontracted with noradrenaline (NA) or phenylephrine (PE). The extract of Catuama (1-3000 μg/mL) produced graded relaxation of RA, ⁺E or ⁻E, with mean EC₅₀ of 430 μg/mL and ≊ 3000 μg/mL and E_max of 81 % ± 15 % and 47% ± 4 %, respectively. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, N^ω-nitro-L -arginine (L -NOARG, 100 μM ), inhibited in vasorelaxant action (p < 0.05) in RA (⁺E), while indomethacin (3 μM ), propranolol (1 μM ), glibenclamide (1 μM ), methylene blue (10 μM ) and apamin (0.1 μM ) had no significant effect. ACh (1-1000 μM ) caused graded relaxation in RA with ⁺E, these effects being markedly antagonized by L -NOARG (100 μM ), methylene blue (10 μM ) and partially by apamin (0.1 μM ), but not by indomethacin (3 μM ), glibenclamide (1 μM ) or propranolol (1 μM ). The Catuama extract (1-3000 μg/mL) produces partial relaxations in rings of RMA (mean EC₅₀ of 1073 μg7/ml and E_max of 56 % ± 13 %), an effect which was antagonized by L -NOARG (100 μM ). In RPA (⁺E) the extract produces partial relaxation followed by contraction (E_max 28 % ± 6 %), an effect which was abolished by L -NOARG (100 μM ) or methylene blue (10 μM ). The extract caused graded relaxation in rings of GPPA and GPMA with mean EC₅₀ values of 60 μg/mL and 1148 μg/mL and E_max 96% ± 2% and 88% ± 12%, respectively. L -NOARG (100 μM ) blocked the Catuama extract vasorelaxation in GPPA and only partially in GPMA, but markedly antagonized the vasorelaxations caused by ACh in both GPPA andRMA. The HE Paullinea cupana, Zinziber officinalis and Trichilia catigua (1-3000 μg/mL) caused a graded vasorelaxant effect ⁺E of RA with a mean EC₅₀ of 22, 55 and 1793 μg/mL and E_max 100%, 86% ± 7% 70% ± 2%, respectively. In addition the HE of P. cupana also caused graded relaxation in ⁻E of RA with EC₅₀ and E_max of 233 μg/mL and 100%, respectively, while T. catigua and Z. officinalis produced partial relaxation in RA ⁺E. In contrast the HE of Ptychopetalum olacoides caused little contraction (46% ± 14%). These results demonstrate that the medicinal herb Catuama produces significant vasorelaxation responses in vessels from different animal species, and show that its effects are in great part dependent on the release of NO or NO-derived substances. Our results also demonstrate that the vasorelaxant action of the product Catuama seems to be due to the action of the active principles present mainly in P. cupana; T. catigua and, to a lesser extent, in Z. officinalis. Such results may contribute to the explanation of its beneficial effect of Catuama herbal medicine in the management of cardiovascular disturbances. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甲磺酸帕珠沙星在健康受试者体内药动学研究

 目的研究甲磺酸帕珠沙星在国人体内的药动学。方法10名健康受试者单次静脉滴注300,600mg后用HPLC测定体内帕珠沙星的血药浓度。采用3P97程序进行数据处理。结果两个剂量组的药动学参数ρ_max分别为(10.799±1.773)和(22.729±4.686)mg·L^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(17.469±2.966)和(42.402±7.983)mg·h·L^-1,t_1/2β分别为(1.701±0.299)和(1.685±0.205)h,CLs分别为(17.806±3.261)和(14.678±2.947)L·h^-1,V_c分别为(11.043±6.534)和(12.090±6.409)L。24 h尿药累积排泄率分别为(97.2±3.3)%和(96.6±4.3)%。结论两个剂量组在人体内的血药浓度变化符合二室模型,静脉滴注帕珠沙星后在体内迅速起效,且消除迅速。     

LC-MS/MS测定盐酸他利克索与美多芭联合用药的人体药动学

 目的建立液相色谱-串联质谱法研究盐酸他利克索与关多芭联合用药在健康志愿者体内的药动学行为。方法以盐酸克仑特罗为内标,血浆样品经乙酸乙酯提取,Lichrospher C_6H_6柱分离后电喷雾正离子化选择性反应检测。12名健康志愿者(男女各半)按随机双交叉试验设计,研究单剂量口服盐酸他利克索片(0.4 mg)及与美多芭片(0.25 g)联合用药后的药动学。结果盐酸他利克索在0.10～10.0μg·L^-1内呈现良好线性,方法回收率为80.8%～86.2%。日内、日间精密度的RSD分别为0.5%～4.8%和2.4%～8.6%。两种服药方式后盐酸他利克索的主要药动学参数ρ_max,t_max,t_1/2,MRT,AUC_0-36,AUC_0-∞,CL/F和V_d/F分别为(0.96±0.12)和(0.89±0.16)μg·L^-1,(1.4±0.9)和(1.4±0.9)h,(11.37±1.99)和(11.61±1.80)h,(15.90±2.95)和(16.35±2.60)h,(9.66±1.33)和(9.36±1.58)μg·h·L^-1,(11.07±1.72)和(10.82±1.98)μg·h·L^-1,(37.9±7.50)和(40.5±10.0)L·h^-1,(650±186)和(601±167)L。经单因素方差分析及独立样本t检验分析单剂量口服盐酸他利克索片及与美多芭片联合用药后的主要药动学参数均无显著性差异。结论建立的LC-MS/MS测定法准确、灵敏,专属。美多芭对盐酸他利克索的药动学行为没有明显影响。     

阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片的人体生物等效性研究

 目的 对国产和进口阿莫西林克拉维酸钾(7:1)片剂进行生物等效性评价。方法 18名健康志愿者按标准的2×2交叉试验方案设计,禁食12 h后空腹口服进口(参比)制剂或国产(受试)制剂各800 mg(以阿莫西林含量计算),并采集8 h内动态血标本;采用RP-HPLC荧光检测法检测血清中药物浓度,并计算相关药动学参数,判定两制剂是否生物等效。结果 参比制剂阿莫西林克拉维酸钾咀嚼片及受试制剂阿莫西林克拉维酸钾片的主要药动学数据,克拉维酸的t_max分别为(1.11±0.46)和(1.28±0.43)h,c_max分别为(2.73±1.04)和(2.66±1.11)mg·L^-1,AUC_0-5分别为(6.09±1.96)和(5.93±1.89)mg·h·L^-1,t_1/2ke分剐为(1.45±0.35)和(1.59±0.54)h,Ke分别为(0.50±0.11)和(0.47±0.11)h^-1;阿莫西林的t_max分别为(2.11±0.53)和(2.19±0.73)h,c_max分别为(21.55±5.75)和(20.26±3.84)mg·L^-1,AUC_0-t分别为(79.21±12.72)和(77.37±9.14)mg·h·L_-1,t_1/2ke分别为(1.87±0.36)和(2.03±0.43)h,Ke分别为(0.38±0.06)和(0.36±0.08)h^-1两种制剂的克拉维酸及阿莫西林主要药动学参数c_max,AUC_0-t经对数转换后进行方差分析及双单侧t检验,并计算90％置信区间,表明两种制剂生物等效,克拉维酸及阿莫西林的相对生物利用度分别为(98.21±13.99)％和(99.25±14.17)%. 结论 两种制剂生物等效。     

侧柏叶不同提取部位抑制胰脂肪酶及抗氧化活性筛选

目的:考察侧柏叶不同提取部位体外抑制胰脂肪酶活性和抗氧化活性。方法:对侧柏叶的醇提液、石油醚部位、乙酸乙酯部位、正丁醇部位、水部位采用体外抑制胰脂肪酶活性研究,并通过其清除1,1二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH)自由基和Fe3+还原能力(FRAP)测定侧柏叶提取物的体外抗氧化作用。结果:侧柏叶提取物均有不同程度抑制胰脂肪酶活性,以乙酸乙酯部位效果最佳(IC50为26.09 mg·L-1),其次正丁醇部位(IC50为39.02 mg·L-1)和醇提物(IC50为98.20 mg·L-1),石油醚部位(IC50为188.27 mg·L-1)和水部位(IC50为325.28 mg·L-1)最弱。抗氧化活性依次为醇提液(DPPH IC50为7.59 mg·L-1,FRAP 4.40 mmol·g-1)乙酸乙酯部位(DPPH IC50为8.28 mg·L-1,FRAP 3.82 mmol·g-1)正丁醇部位(DPPH IC50为24.21mg·L-1,FRAP 1.77 mmol·g-1)水部位(DPPH IC50为27.53 mg·L-1,FRAP 1.38 mmol·g-1)石油醚部位。结论:初步确定侧柏叶抑制胰脂肪酶活性有效成分主要在乙酸乙酯与正丁醇部位,抗氧化及其相关成分主要在乙酸乙酯部位。     

熊去氧胆酸胶囊人体生物等效性研究

 目的评价熊去氧胆酸胶囊(受试制剂)与进口熊去氧胆酸胶囊(参比制剂)的人体生物等效性。方法20名男性健康受试者,采用随机双周期交叉试验。单剂量po受试制剂或参比制剂500mg,HPLC-MS测定血浆中熊去氧胆酸的含量;2种制剂的熊去氧胆酸血药浓度经BAPP2.0程序处理,计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度。结果参比制剂与受试制剂的t_max分别为(3.0±0.8),(2.8±0.9)h;ρ_max分别为:(8565.69±2692.58),(7184.87±2396.34)μg·L^-1,用梯形法计算所得的AUC0-10分别为:(23488.34±6594.56),(22725.19±6083.04)μg·h·L^-1,t_1/2分别为(1.53±0.55)和(1.56±0.61)h。熊去氧胆酸受试制剂的相对生物利用度为:(98.5±13.8)%,对ρ_max,AUC_0-10经对数转换,方差分析后进行双单侧检验及90%可信限判断,差异无统计学意义。结论两制剂具有生物等效性。     

Aqueous Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Inhibits Neutrophil Influx and Cytokine Secretion

Rosmarinus officinalis L. phenolic compounds have attracted considerable attention because of their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, including its ability to treat inflammatory disorders. In this work, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of R. officinalis aqueous extract on neutrophil trafficking from the blood into an inflamed tissue, on cell‐derived secretion of chemical mediators, and on oxidative stress. Anti‐inflammatory activity was investigated using carrageenan‐induced inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue of male Wistar rats orally treated with the R. officinalis extract (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg). The leukocyte influx (optical microscopy), secretion of chemical mediators (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNF‐α, interleukin 6 (IL‐6), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant 1 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay), and the anti‐oxidative profile (super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) spectrophotometry) were quantified in the inflamed exudate. N‐Formyl‐methionine‐leucine‐phenylalanine‐induced chemotaxis, lipopolysaccharide‐induced NO₂^? production (Greiss reaction), and adhesion molecule expression (flow cytometry) were in vitro quantified using oyster glycogen recruited peritoneal neutrophils previous treated with the extract (1, 10, or 100 µg/mL). Animals orally treated with phosphate‐buffered saline and neutrophils incubated with Hank's balanced salt solution were used as control. R. officinalis extract oral treatment caused a dose‐dependent reduction in the neutrophil migration as well as decreased SOD, TBARS, LTB4, PGE2, IL‐6, and TNF‐α levels in the inflamed exudate. In vitro treatment with R. officinalis decreased neutrophil chemotaxis, NO₂^? production, and shedding of L‐selectin and β2 integrin expressions. Results here presented show that R. officinalis aqueous extract displays important in vivo and in vitro anti‐inflammatory actions by blocking pathways of neutrophil migration and secretion, suggesting its therapeutic application to acute inflammatory reactions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Protective effect of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extracts on cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells (HCLEC)

The use of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) as a food and medicine for improving human vision has a long history all over the world. However, there is lack of convincing evidence from rigorous clinical trials or scientific research. This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of bilberry extracts on the cell viability, cell cycle and the expression of hyaluronic acid and glycosaminoglycans of cultured human corneal limbal epithelial cells. The data showed that bilberry extracts had no cytotoxicity to the corneal limbal epithelial cells at a wide range of concentrations (10^?9–10^?4 M, equalized to the content of cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside). Bilberry extract (10^?6, 10^?5 and 10^?4 M) increased cell viability after 48 h incubation. The number of cells decreased in G₀/G₁ phase and increased prominently in S and G₂/M phases after treatment with bilberry extracts at a high concentration (10^?4 M). The expression of glycosaminoglycans increased prominently after incubation with bilberry extracts (10^?7 and 10^?4 M) for 48 h while no significant changes were observed for the expression of hyaluronic acid. The results indicated that bilberry extract may be beneficial for the physiological renewal and homeostasis of corneal epithelial cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

坚杆火绒草中总酚酸的提取及含量测定

目的:考察不同采收期坚杆火绒草不同部位中总酚酸含量的差异,验证"坚杆火绒草的采收时间为花期,使用部位为叶子和花"的合理性。方法:以绿原酸为对照品,以福林酚为显色剂,检测波长765 nm,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定总酚酸含量。结果:绿原酸吸光度与质量浓度在0~20 mg·L-1线性良好(R2=0.999 7),平均加样回收率95.8%(RSD 1.0%)。坚杆火绒草花期的叶中总酚酸提取量高达190.606 mg·g-1;花期总酚酸含量明显高于果期,同一植株叶子和花中总酚酸含量明显高于其他部位。结论:总酚酸可作为坚杆火绒草最佳采收期及药用部位的评价指标,为该药材的质量控制提供参考。     

复方单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片的人体药动学和生物等效性研究

 目的研究复方单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法健康受试者交叉口服单剂量和多剂量受试制剂和参比制剂,用高效液相色谱质谱检测器(MSD)和二极管阵列检测器(DAD)串联在线测定血浆中单硝酸异山梨酯和水杨酸的浓度;单硝酸异山梨酯用高效液相色谱电喷雾质谱(HPLC/ESIMS)选择离子检测,水杨酸用DAD检测。结果单剂量口服受试制剂和参比制剂后,单硝酸异山梨酯的AUC_0→36h分别为(100251±13369)和(94720±11393)μg·h·L^-1,t_max分别为(47±10)和(45±08)h,c_max分别为(6619±765)和(6580±832)μg·L^-1;水杨酸的AUC_0→∞分别为(21864±6329)和(18872±5379)μg·h·L^-1,t_max分别为(08±04)和(47±10)h,c_max分别为(6050±1133)和(3797±872)μg·L^-1。受试制剂单硝酸异山梨酯和水杨酸的相对生物利用度分别为(1059±64)%和(1175±193)%。受试者口服多剂量受试制剂和参比制剂后,单硝酸异山梨酯的AUC^ss_0→24h分别为(103335±15192)和(104105±17675)μg·h·L^-1,t_max分别为(43±11)和(43±08)h,c_max分别为(7248±955)和(7867±1100)μg·L^-1,c_min分别为(1294±400)和(1219±360)μg·L^-1,c_av分别为(4306±633)和(4338±736)μg·L^-1,DF分别为(1401±159)%和(1552±207)%;稳态时受试制剂单硝酸异山梨酯的相对生物利用度为(100.5±13.0)%。结论 以单硝酸异山梨酯为研究对象,受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性;以阿司匹林为研究对象，受试制剂和参比制剂吸收程度相当,吸收速度较快。     

HPLC-MS研究格列吡嗪片人体药动学和生物等效性

 目的建立准确、灵敏的HPLC-MS测定格列吡嗪片在血浆中的浓度,研究格列吡嗪片在健康人体中的药动学及生物等效性。方法18名健康男性受试者单次po 10 mg格列吡嗪片受试制剂和参比制剂后,按规定时间采集肘静脉血,经液-液萃取处理后选用Kromasil C₁₈分析柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);甲醇-水-甲酸(75∶25∶0.625)为流动相,采用LC-MS测定格列吡嗪的血药浓度,并计算两制剂的主要药动学参数及相对生物利用度。结果测定血浆中格列吡嗪的最低检测限为20μg·L^-1,在20～5 000μg·L^-1内线性关系良好;血药浓度测定的日内、日间精密度RSD均小于10%,测得格列吡嗪受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数t_max分别为(2.4±0.9)和(2.1±1.0)h,ρ_max分别为(1.2±0.3)和(1.3±0.4)mg·L^-1,t_1/2分别为(5.6±2.2)和(5.1±1.6)h,AUC_0-t分别为(7.6±2.9)和(7.5±3.1)mg·h·L^-1,AUC_0-∞分别为(8.4±3.3)和(8.1±3.3)mg·h·L^-1,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(102.3±23.7)%。结论建立的HPLC-MS灵敏,准确;测定结果经统计学分析,表明格列吡嗪两种片剂生物等效。