甘草及其活性成分的药理活性研究进展

甘草是一味常用大宗药材,来源于乌拉尔甘草、光果甘草和胀果甘草的干燥根和根茎,其主要活性成分是三萜皂苷和黄酮类化合物,具有抗溃疡、抗炎、解痉、抗氧化、抗病毒、抗癌、抗抑郁、保肝、祛痰和增强记忆力等多种药理活性.三萜皂苷是甘草中含量较高的成分,其药理活性研究的较为深入和明确.近年来,甘草黄酮类化合物被证明具有多种药理活性后,也成为药理研究的热点之一.作者综述了甘草提取物、三萜皂苷和黄酮类成分近5年的药理活性研究进展,试验研究表明甘草对消化系统、呼吸系统、神经系统、内分泌系统等均具有调节和保护活性.     

Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza sp. and its bioactive compounds

The roots and rhizomes of licorice (Glycyrrhiza) species have long been used worldwide as a herbal medicine and natural sweetener. Licorice root is a traditional medicine used mainly for the treatment of peptic ulcer, hepatitis C, and pulmonary and skin diseases, although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it has several other useful pharmacological properties such as antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative, anticancer activities, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects. A large number of components have been isolated from licorice, including triterpene saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and chalcones, with glycyrrhizic acid normally being considered to be the main biologically active component. This review summarizes the phytochemical, pharmacological and pharmacokinetics data, together with the clinical and adverse effects of licorice and its bioactive components.     

甘草的药理作用及现代研究进展

甘草,是一种中医药学当中的常见补气类药用植物。其性味甘平,具有清热解毒、补中益气、缓急止痛、润肺止咳、调和药性等作用。近些年来,随着中医学科的应用普及,国内外众多学者都对甘草的药理作用开展了极为广泛和深入的研究。本文从甘草的药用成分出发,对它的药理作用以及现代研究的进展情况进行简单的分析和讨论,从而推动和促进甘草的药用价值在临床中医学中得到更加充分的发挥。     

玉米须黄酮类化学成分及药理作用研究进展

玉米须为我国传统的中草药,含有多种活性成分,黄酮类化合物是其主要活性物质之一,具有很多重要的生理活性。作者查阅了近35年中外文献,综述了国内外玉米须黄酮类化学成分结构及其药理作用的研究进展,以期为玉米须的药用价值提供理论依据。随着仪器和科技的进步,玉米须黄酮类化合物引起越来越多科学家的关注,目前已从玉米须中分离出29种黄酮类化合物,主要包括黄酮(木犀草素,芹菜素)、黄酮醇(异鼠李素)、异黄酮(芒柄花素)和黄酮苷类。药理学研究表明,玉米须黄酮具有调节血脂、抗糖尿病、抗心血管疾病、抗氧化活性、抗癌、抑菌性、抗疲劳等药理活性。然而,大多数研究对象是天然黄酮,不同单体化合物的药理活性和作用机制尚不明确,未能正确的归属化合物结构和活性。此外,药理活性的研究仅处于体外研究阶段,还需要临床实验的进一步验证。     

Review of the Pharmacological Effects of Vitis vinifera (Grape) and its Bioactive Constituents: An Update

Vitis vinifera fruit (grape) contains various phenolic compounds, flavonoids and stilbenes. In recent years, active constituents found in the fruits, seeds, stems, skin and pomaces of grapes have been identified and some have been studied. In this review, we summarize the active constituents of different parts of V. vinifera and their pharmacological effects including skin protection, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic activities, as well as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects in experimental studies published after our 2009 review. Clinical and toxicity studies have also been examined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甘草代谢组学的研究进展

甘草Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma作为临床常用大宗药材之一,不仅具有很好的药用价值,而且在食品、化妆品等行业也有广泛的应用,因此,与甘草有关的科学研究被大量开展。代谢组学方法在中医药研究中的应用越来越广泛,通过总结代谢组学在甘草的基原鉴定、炮制、药理作用及生态因子等方面的应用,将有助于更加深入系统地研究甘草,并揭示其药理作用机制。     

Review of Pharmacological Effects of Myrtus communis L. and its Active Constituents

Myrtle (Myrtus communis L., Myrtaceae) is a medicinal herb used worldwide in traditional medicine. A large number of components have been isolated from this herb. Polyphenols, myrtucommulone (MC), semimyrtucommulone (S‐MC), 1,8‐cineole, α‐pinene, myrtenyl acetate, limonene, linalool and α‐terpinolene are among the compounds considered to be the main biologically active components. Various parts of this herb such as its berries, leaves and fruits have been used extensively as a folk medicine for several centuries. The herb is used traditionally for the treatment of disorders such as diarrhea, peptic ulcer, hemorrhoid, inflammation, pulmonary and skin diseases, although clinical and experimental studies suggest that it possesses a broader spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic effects such as antioxidative, anticancer, anti‐diabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activity. The present review attempts to give an overview on the phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological and clinical studies of total extracts and the most relevant active ingredients of M. communis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

益母草化学成分与药理作用研究进展

益母草Leonurus japonicas为临床常用大宗药材,具有活血调经、利水消肿、清热解毒的功效,常用于血滞经闭、痛经、经行不畅、水肿、小便不畅等病症。目前从益母草中已分离得到120余个化合物,包括生物碱、二萜、黄酮、苯乙醇苷、苯丙素、香豆素、三萜、有机酸、挥发油等类成分。益母草及其所含化学成分对子宫、心血管系统、血液、肾脏等有不同程度的作用,查阅近20年来的国内外文献,对益母草中已分离得到的化学成分与药理作用进行归纳总结,以期为益母草今后的研究开发提供参考。     

中药泽漆及其复方制剂抗肿瘤药理作用与临床应用研究进展

泽漆（Euphorbia helioscopia L.）是大戟科大戟属多年生草本植物,功效为利水消肿、祛痰退热、杀虫止痒、散结。通过现代科学手段鉴定了泽漆中一系列的药效物质,药理活性研究表明泽漆及其复方在细胞和动物水平具有一定抗肿瘤作用,尤其对肺腺癌、肝癌、胃癌及乳腺癌作用明显,实际临床应用多采用泽漆汤及其加减方或联合化疗等手段辅助治疗肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、恶性腹水等疾病。文章就近年来国内外关于泽漆及其复方抗肿瘤方面药理作用与临床治疗研究概况进行梳理与总结,以期为泽漆及其复方实验与临床研究及开发提供思路。     

淫羊藿素药理作用及其新型给药系统的研究进展

淫羊藿素是淫羊藿Epimedii Folium所含的活性成分之一,近年来研究表明淫羊藿素具有抗肿瘤、神经保护、心血管保护、免疫调节、骨保护等多种作用,但因其水溶性差、口服吸收差、生物利用度低等缺点,限制了其临床应用。利用新型给药系统可大幅提高淫羊藿素的溶解度、口服吸收和生物利用度,具有良好的应用前景。基于近年来的淫羊藿素研究进展,对淫羊藿素的药理作用和新型给药系统进行了综述,旨在为淫羊藿素的临床应用与新药研发提供依据。     

Review of the pharmacological effects of Vitis vinifera (Grape) and its bioactive compounds

Vitis vinifera, known as the grapevine, is native to southern Europe and Western Asia. Grape seed and skin contain several active components including flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, procyanidines, and the stilbene derivative resveratrol. Grape seed extract in particular has been reported to possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological and therapeutic effects such as antioxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, as well as having cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Thus, the present review attempts to give a short overview on the pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies of grape and its active components. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

丁香化学成分、药效及临床应用研究进展

桃金娘科植物丁香Eugenia caryophyllata在我国具有悠久的栽培和使用的历史,是药食同源植物,其药理活性丰富,在食品、药品、香精香料等行业具有十分广泛的用途,是中医、蒙医常用的药材。目前已有丁香药理作用及化学成分方面的报道,但临床上的研究进展较少。该文拟对丁香化学成分及药理作用的研究情况进行总结;通过查阅文献,介绍丁香在中医、蒙医本草中的记载情况;结合计算机软件整理丁香在传统蒙医临床中的使用频率以及药对配伍;并从丁香的药性、功能主治、临床应用等方面探讨蒙医学对丁香的使用情况,为后续对丁香的研究提供参考。     

Toxicological Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice): A Review

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been considered as an herbal drug since ancient time. Nowadays, it is a well‐known spice that possesses worth pharmacological effects. However, some relevant articles have revealed negative impacts of licorice in health. By considering the great wishes in using herbal medicine, it is important to show adverse effects of herbal medicine in health. At present, there are misunderstandings toward the safety of herbal medicines. Herein, we gathered scientific research projects on the toxicity effects of licorice and glycyrrhizin to highlight their safety. In this regards, we categorized our findings about the toxicity effects of licorice and glycyrrhizin in acute, sub‐acute, sub‐chronic, and chronic states. Besides, we discussed on the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of licorice and glycyrrhizin as well as their developmental toxicity. This review disclosed that G. glabra and glycyrrhizin salts are moderately toxic. They need to be used with caution during pregnancy. G. glabra and glycyrrhizin possess selective cytotoxic effects on cancerous cells. The most important side effects of licorice and glycyrrhizin are hypertension and hypokalemic‐induced secondary disorders. Licorice side effects are increased by hypokalemia, prolonged gastrointestinal transient time, decreased type 2 11‐beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities, hypertension, anorexia nervosa, old age, and female sex. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

截叶铁扫帚化学成分及药理作用研究进展

截叶铁扫帚Lespedeza cuneata是豆科Leguminosae植物,在我国辽宁、吉林、黑龙江、山东、江苏、浙江、江西、湖北、湖南、四川、云南、福建、广东、广西、贵州等地均有分布,资源丰富。截叶铁扫帚在我国有着悠久的用药历史,常以地上部分入药,具有清热解毒、补肝肾、益肺阴、散淤消肿等功效。通过查阅中国知网,万方,Sci Finder,Pub Med,Science Direct等国内外多个数据库,对近年来关于截叶铁扫帚植物化学成分、生物活性及临床应用的相关文献进行归纳和总结,经全面分析后,分类归纳成综述。经系统文献调研发现,到目前为止已从截叶铁扫帚植物中分离鉴定了黄酮类化合物25个,酚酸类化合物12个,木脂素类化合物8个,单糖4个,其他类成分16个。现代药理研究表明,截叶铁扫帚及其化学成分具有保肝、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、植物夜感作用等多种生物活性,其中黄酮类成分具有很强的药理活性。另外,截叶铁扫帚作为民间药材,临床上常用于治疗糖尿病、血尿、失眠、小儿疳积等疾病。基于近年来国内外对截叶铁扫帚植物的研究,本文从化学成分、生物活性及临床应用等方面对截叶铁扫帚的研究现状进行了综述,以期能为进一步合理开发和综合利用截叶铁扫帚的药用资源提供参考。     

Medicinal and therapeutic potential of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)

Ethnopharmacological context

This review explores the medicinal and therapeutic applications of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) in curtailing different types of acute as well as chronic maladies. The plant is being used in different parts of the world for its nutritional and medicinal properties.

Materials and methods

Sea buckthorn based preparations have been extensively exploited in folklore treatment of slow digestion, stomach malfunctioning, cardiovascular problems, liver injury, tendon and ligament injuries, skin diseases and ulcers. In the recent years, medicinal and pharmacological activities of Sea buckthorn have been well investigated using various in vitro and in vivo models as well as limited clinical trials.

Results

Sea buckthorn has been scientifically analyzed and many of its traditional uses have been established using several biochemical and pharmacological studies. Various pharmacological activities such as cytoprotective, anti-stress, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-atherogenic, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and tissue regeneration have been reported.

Conclusion

It is clear that Sea buckthorn is an important plant because of its immense medicinal and therapeutic potential. However, several knowledge gaps identified in this paper would give impetus to new academic and R&;D activities especially for the development of Sea buckthorn based herbal medicine and nutraceuticals.     

升麻研究进展及其质量标志物的预测分析

升麻始载于《神农本草经》,列为上品,是我国传统发散风热类中药。近年来国内外学者对升麻各方面研究逐渐深入,其新的化学成分与药理作用不断被发现。通过查阅文献,在对其化学成分与药理作用进行总结的基础上,根据质量标志物的定义,从生源途径、药效、传统药性、不同配伍中显效成分几个方面对升麻的质量标志物进行预测,为升麻质量评价研究提供科学依据。     

地黄化学成分和药理作用的研究进展

地黄Rehmanniaglutinosa为我国民间传统植物药,有着久远的历史记载,主产于河南、河北、陕西、山西等地。其化学成分类型主要包括环烯醚萜类、紫罗兰酮类、苯乙醇苷类、三萜类、黄酮类及糖类等,对人体血液系统、心脑血管系统、中枢神经系统和免疫系统有显著作用。随着现代分离分析手段的不断创新,加之现代科学技术与药理学方法不断应用于地黄的药理作用及机理研究,近年来,地黄中的化学成分不断被发现,其药理作用进一步被开发,临床适用范围逐年扩大,引起了国内外科研工作者的热切关注。对地黄化学成分和药理作用的研究进展进行概述,旨在为传统中药地黄的进一步开发利用和现代化提供一定依据。     

Avicenna's (Ibn Sina) the Canon of Medicine and Saffron (Crocus sativus): A Review

In this review, we introduce the traditional uses of saffron and its pharmacological activities as described by either Avicenna in Book II, Canon of Medicine (al‐Qanun fi al‐tib) or from recent scientific studies. Modern pharmacological findings on saffron are compared with those mentioned in Avicenna's monograph. A computerized search of published articles was performed using MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases as well as local references. The search terms used were saffron, Crocus sativus, crocin, crocetin, safranal, picrocrocin, Avicenna and ‘Ibn Sina’. Avicenna described various uses of saffron, including its use as an antidepressant, hypnotic, anti‐inflammatory, hepatoprotective, bronchodilatory, aphrodisiac, inducer of labour, emmenagogue and others. Most of these effects have been studied in modern pharmacology and are well documented. The pharmacological data on saffron and its constituents, including crocin, crocetin and safranal, are similar to those found in Avicenna's monograph. This review indicates that the evaluation of plants based on ethnobotanical information and ancient books may be a valuable approach to finding new biological activities and compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological review

Origanum dictamnus (Lamiaceae family), an endemic plant of the Greek island of Crete, is widely used as a traditional medicine since antiquity, all over Europe. The aim of the present review is to present comprehensive information of the plant's botanical taxonomy and morphology, as well as of the chemical constituents, biological and pharmacological research on O. dictamnus, which will be presented and critically evaluated. The paper also highlights particularly interesting aspects and common medicinal uses not previously described in the specific ethnobotanical literature. An increasing number of chemical and pharmacological studies have been reported recently, some of which strongly support its traditional medicinal uses against various illnesses such as sore throat, cough and gastric ulcer. A variety of compounds, including flavonoids, lipids and terpenoids (mainly carvacrol and thymol) have been identified from the plant. Current studies have showed that the extracts, the essential oil, as well as their active principles possess several pharmacological properties, like antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-ulcer ones. The recent scientific data and the rich historical evidence of its medicinal uses could support further research as well as its use as a safe herbal medicinal product.