前路减压植骨内固定术治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折并脊髓损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨前路减压植骨内固定术治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折并脊髓损伤的疗效及临床分析。方法 2009年8月至2011年8月期间,我院诊治的30例胸腰段脊柱骨折并脊髓损伤患者,给予前路减压植骨内固定治疗,观察治疗后畸形矫正、神经恢复,以及并发症情况。结果与术前相比,术后椎体后凸和侧凸角度均明显减少,神经功能得到了明显改善,P<0.05,差异有统计学意义,均为一期愈合,术中及术后随访期间,没有出现严重并发症。结论对于胸腰段脊柱骨折并脊髓损伤患者,前路减压植骨内固定治疗术疗效显著,显著改善患者的预后质量,促进神经功能的恢复,值得临床推广。     

前路减压植骨内固定术治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折并脊髓损伤26例疗效观察

目的 探讨前路减压植骨内固定术治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折并脊髓损伤的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析26例应用前路减压植骨内固定术治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折并脊髓损伤患者的临床资料.结果 本组术后随访5个月～3年,平均18个月.切口均一期愈合,骨折均满意复位,椎间植骨融合,椎体高度大部分恢复.术后神经功能均有1～2级不同程度的恢复.未出现切...     

陈旧性胸腰段脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤的手术治疗分析

目的探讨前路减压植骨内固定术治疗陈旧性胸腰段脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤的疗效及临床分析。方法 2010年12月至2011年12月期间,我院诊治的24例陈旧性胸腰段脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤患者,均给予前路减压植骨内固定手术治疗,平均随访12个月,对治疗前后畸形矫正、神经恢复情况,以及术后并发症,进行观察和比较。结果与术前相比,术后椎体后凸和侧凸明显减少,神经功能明显改善,P〈0.05,差异有统计学意义,没有发现严重并发症。结论前路减压植骨内固定治疗胸腰段脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤的疗效显著,明显改善患者的畸形状态和神经功能,值得临床广泛推广。     

前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折并截瘫43例

目的分析胸腰段爆裂型骨折引起截瘫的主要原因,评价前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折并截瘫的疗效.方法 1994年以来用前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折并截瘫43例,男28例,女15例;年龄23～58岁,受伤节段T12 16例,L1 23例,L2 4例.从硬脊膜前方清除椎体后壁,彻底解除硬脊膜前方的压迫.椎体间植骨,Kaneda钢板内固定.结果随访23.3个月(11～35个月).31例不完全脊髓损伤中,ASIS评分提高1～2级30例,12例完全脊髓损伤中,恢复到C级5例,提高1～2级4例,无明显变化3例.术后CT显示,椎管内骨块完全消除.椎管矢状径恢复正常,脊髓减压彻底充分,椎体间植骨融合好.结论前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂骨折并截瘫,减压彻底,内固定可靠,脊髓神经功能恢复比例高,是一种比较有效的方法,值得临床推广应用.     

前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗颈胸段脊柱结核的研究

目的 探讨前方入路进行颈胸段脊柱结核病灶清除植骨内固定术对颈胸段脊柱结核的临床疗效.方法 2007年6月至2011年1月采用前方入路进行颈胸段脊柱结核病灶清除植骨内固定术9例患者,手术包括病灶清除,植入自体髂骨植骨以及同种异体髂骨块,或植入同种异体骨钛笼进行融合,应用颈前路钛板内固定.对患者采用颈椎前方入路联合胸骨柄正中劈开暴露病灶,彻底清除结核肉芽组织、脓液、死骨等进行脊髓减压,次全切除相应椎体,植入同种异体髂骨块以及自体骨块或植入同种异体骨钛笼进行融合重建前柱、前方钉板内固定.结果 9例患者进行6 ～ 36个月随访,平均随访时间21个月.1例出现喉返神经受损症状,2个月后缓解;1例切口愈合差,经换药后愈合.所有患者均未出现结核病灶复发,神经症状较术前明显好转.至最后1次随访时8例植骨病例X线均表现为融合迹象,1例融合不确切,融合率88.8％,融合时间6～20个月.9例截瘫患者肢体神经功能术后Frank A级0例、B级3例、C级3例、D级3例.结论 前路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗颈胸段脊柱结核,彻底清除病灶,重建颈胸段的稳定性、矫正后凸畸形,具有恢复脊柱生物力学稳定性,彻底减压恢复截瘫,病灶切除彻底、复发率低等优点.     

前路减压内固定治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的探讨严重爆裂性胸腰椎骨折前路减压植骨内固定的临床疗效。方法对38例严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者采用经胸-腹膜后入路或经胸膜前-腹膜后入路,前路椎管减压、自体髂骨块或多节段肋骨条或钛网椎体间植骨,Kaneda或Profile内固定,其中3例双节段减压融合内固定,3例严重后柱骨折先行后路减压复位固定再行前路减压植骨固定。结果术后随访6月￣7年,38例均达到良好复位,伤椎高度平均恢复95%,Cobb角由术前平均21°矫正至4°,椎管减压充分,Frankel分级5例脊髓完全损伤无改变,提高一级者13例,两级15例,三级5例。平均4月达到椎体间融合,未有感染、不融合、内固定松动、断裂、矫正丢失等并发症。结论严重胸腰椎爆裂性骨折由于其自身损伤特点,前路减压植骨内固定具有直接减压充分彻底、植骨块椎体间支撑符合生物力学性能融合快、内固定可靠、不易松动断裂等优点,应作为首选治疗方案。     

前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折截瘫43例

目的：分析胸腰段爆裂型骨折引起截瘫的主要原因。评价前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折并截瘫的疗效。方法：1994年以来用前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折并截瘫43例，男28例，女15例；年龄23－58岁，受伤节段T12 6例，L1 23例，L2 4例。从硬脊膜前方清除椎体后壁，彻底解除硬脊膜前方的压迫，椎体间植骨，Kaneda钢板内固定。结果：随访23．3个月（11－35个月）。31例不完全脊髓损伤中，ASIS评分提高1－2级30例，12月完全脊髓损伤中，恢复到C级5例，提高1－2级4例，无明显变化3例，术后CT显示，椎管内骨块完全消除，椎管矢状径恢复正常，脊髓减压彻底充分，椎体间植骨融合好，结论：前路减压内固定治疗胸腰段爆裂型骨折并截瘫， 减压彻底，内固定可靠，脊髓神经功能恢复比例高，是一种比较有效的方法，值得临床推广应用。     

前路手术治疗胸腰椎体爆裂骨折的疗效分析

目的:观察和分析前路手术治疗脊柱胸腰段爆裂骨折的疗效。方法:采用侧前方减压前路植骨内固定治疗胸、腰椎爆裂骨折脱位23例,平均随访时间12个月。结果:术前椎体压缩32.2%～68.4%,平均45.9%,术后椎体高度基本恢复正常。按美国脊柱损伤协会(ASIA)分级神经功能均有1级以上的恢复,其中14例完全恢复复正常。随访期间未见后凸畸形复发或加重。内固定物无松动、脱落及折断现象。结论:前路手术可以重建脊柱稳定性,减压充分,是治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折重要方法。     

胸腰段脊椎前路手术解剖与临床应用

目的：探讨胸腰段脊椎（T10~L3）前路手术入路局部解剖结构指导前路椎体次全切除减压植骨内固定的临床效果。方法通过对10具（男性6具、女性4具）成人尸体标本进行胸腰段脊椎（T12~L3）进行解剖学研究,并于2010年1月~2013年10月对30例脊髓压迫主要来自于椎管前方的胸腰段椎体暴散性骨折病人行胸腰段前路减压植骨内固定术。其中,男21例,女9例;年龄20~65岁,平均38.5岁。均采用右侧卧位、左侧入路,切除左第十一肋骨,行T12、或L1、L2椎体次全切除植骨内固定术,其中T125例,L112例、L213例,所有病例均行相隔一个椎体、短节段固定。观察手术时间中出血并发症发生以及术后随访对比分析,观察植骨融合情况。结果平均手术时间（1.8±1.3）h,平均术中出血量（400~2100）800mL,术中胸腹损伤5例,术后胸腔引流3例,无大血管损伤及内脏脏器损伤,无脊髓神经损伤加重病例。随访6~46个月,平均20个月。所有病例均获满意复位,随访期间无复位丢失,内固定位置佳,无松动断裂,均于5个月获得骨性融合,融合率为100%。结论对于胸腰段（T12~L2）椎体暴裂性骨折,脊髓压迫主要来自于椎管前方,熟悉脊椎前入路局部解剖,掌握前路技术要点,采用前入路行椎体次全切除植骨内固定术,能够有效缩短手术时间。减少出血量及并发症发生,脊髓减压确实,术中植骨融合率高,手术效果好。     

Kaneda器械在胸腰段骨折中的应用

目的:探讨kaneda器械在胸腰段骨折中的应用.方法:对15例胸腰段脊柱骨折并截瘫施行前路减压、kaneda器械内固定的治疗.结果:平均随访7个月,按Frankel分级,除2例A级、1例B级无改善外,余均有2级以上的改善.术中胸膜破裂2例,无大血管及脊髓神经损伤.结论:脊髓前方受压者前路手术能直视下去除压迫,截瘫恢复率高,Kaneda器械稳定性较好,能立即机械性重建脊柱,患者可提早活动,植骨块不易移位,脊柱融合率高.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.