9例Wheat手术临床报道

主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉扩张在临床上较为常见,尤其是主动脉二瓣化畸形患者常常合并有升主动脉扩张,因为存在主动脉夹层和自发性破裂等晚期严重并发症的危险,故手术治疗主动脉瓣病变时应积极处理升主动脉扩张.     

主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形合并主动脉病变的研究进展

主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形是最常见的先天性心脏病,约40%～50%的患者合并升主动脉扩张性病变,称为二瓣化主动脉病变,容易出现主动脉夹层或者动脉瘤破裂。虽然近年来对这一疾病的遗传、病理、分子、血流动力学及形态学的研究已深入开展,但是目前仍未完全了解这一疾病,对于该疾病认知的缺乏导致了外科干预时机缺乏统一的标准。本文通过回顾近年来该领域最新的研究进展,系统阐述主动脉瓣二瓣化畸形合并主动脉病变的发病机制及外科干预指征,以期拓展对该病的认识。     

同种异体带瓣主动脉行主动脉根部置换的临床效果

目的 :探讨应用低温保存的同种异体带瓣主动脉行主动脉根部重建手术的临床效果。方法 :85例主动脉瓣膜病变患者行同种主动脉根部置换手术 ,术后随访观察临床结果。结果 :随访 39± 13（1.5～ 91）个月。早期手术死亡率 1% （1/ 85 ） ,远期手术死亡率 6 % （5 / 85 ） ;与术前比较心功能明显改善 （P<0 .0 5 ） ;术后随访心内膜炎发生率占2 % （2 / 85 ） ;生存者中瓣膜无或有轻度返流 84 % （6 6 / 79） ,中度返流 16 % （13/ 79）。结论 :同种异体带瓣主动脉根部重建手术效果可靠 ,且并发症少。     

同种异体带瓣主动脉行主动脉根部替换85例随访结果

目的:随访应用低温保存的同种异体带瓣主动脉行主动脉根部替换术的临床效果.方法:85例主动脉根部或瓣膜病变的患者行同种异体带瓣主动脉根部替换手术,术后随访1.5～91个月观察临床结果.结果:随访1.5～91(38.9±13.2)个月.术后早期病死率1.2%(1/85),远期病死率5.9%(5/85);与术前比较心功能明显改善(P＜0.01);术后随访心内膜炎发生率2.4%(2/85);生存者中瓣膜无或有轻度反流84%(66/79),中度反流16%(13/79).结论:同种异体带瓣主动脉根部重建手术效果可靠,成功率高且并发症低,尤适于治疗心内膜炎造成的瓣膜病.     

经导管国产化主动脉人工瓣膜支架“瓣中瓣”置入的实验研究

目的使用国产镍钛合金自膨式主动脉瓣膜支架行"瓣中瓣"二次置入,验证使用国产化主动脉瓣膜支架行"瓣中瓣"技术的安全性和有效性,初步探讨国产瓣膜支架经导管"瓣中瓣"治疗衰败生物瓣膜的可行性。方法使用国产瓣膜支架系统进行经导管主动脉瓣膜置入手术,将首次置入的瓣膜支架置于主动脉瓣上,瓣膜支架瓣环与实验羊自身瓣环距离大于10mm,实验羊的主动脉瓣因不同程度受压后出现中～大量的反流。当即运用"瓣中瓣"技术经导管在主动脉瓣区原位置入第二枚瓣膜支架,恢复主动脉瓣功能,对存活山羊在术后即刻和3个月行造影及左心导管评估。结果在所有8只实验羊中,6只山羊成功完成"瓣中瓣"置入,术后3个月随访存活良好。1只山羊在二次置入瓣膜支架定位过低,产生大量瓣周漏导致急性左心衰竭死亡;另1只山羊由于首枚瓣膜支架置入位置过高,造成右冠状动脉开口阻塞,在置入第二枚支架过程中发生室颤死亡。存活实验羊术后复查心电图未出现传导阻滞。"瓣中瓣"手术成功的实验羊造影可见首枚瓣膜支架位置不良,二次置入的瓣膜支架套叠于首枚置入支架内,置入位置理想,瓣膜启闭正常,左右冠状动脉均显影,提示冠状动脉口未见堵塞。左心室造影未见瓣膜明显狭窄,主动脉逆行造影未见瓣膜明显反流,可见支架整体随心脏搏动有明显的收缩和舒张。在"瓣中瓣"置入术后即刻和术后3个月后进行左心导管检查,其收缩期主动脉跨瓣压差分别为(23.5±2.5)mmHg和(24.1±2.6)mmHg,与瓣膜支架置入前收缩期主动脉跨瓣压差比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.17和P=0.07)。结论经导管置入国产化主动脉瓣膜支架出现定位不良时,运用"瓣中瓣"技术紧急置入另一瓣膜支架,可有效恢复瓣膜功能;国产化主动脉瓣膜支架也可用于治疗生物瓣膜衰败后的"瓣中瓣"二次置入。     

主动脉瓣二瓣畸形升主动脉血流动力学变化的4D磁共振血流动力学对比研究

目的:利用4D Flow MRI技术评价主动脉瓣二瓣畸形(BAV)与升主动脉形变的血流动力学关系。方法:前瞻性选择经临床及超声证实诊断为BAV患者12例及健康志愿者10例作为对照入组。行非增强全主动脉磁共振心脏电影、CE MRA检查及4D Flow序列检查。利用CAAS MR 4D Flow后处理软件定量测量主动脉不同层面的峰值流速、反流量、反流分数及血流模式,结合MRA形态数据观察BAV与升主动脉扩张之间的关系。比较(1)两组受试者相同层面的血流动力学参数的差异。(2)同一受试者不同部位的血流动力学参数的差异。结果:在升主动脉层面BAV患者的峰值流速、反流量及反流分数均高于对照组(P<0.05)。在主动脉弓及降主动脉层面峰值流速、反流量及反流分数差异无统计学意义;主动脉二瓣畸形患者主动脉不同部位的峰值流速、反流量及反流分数差异有统计学意义,升主动脉至腹主动脉,主动脉峰值流速、反流量及反流分数呈下降趋势。BAV患者中血流模式为右手螺旋涡流及复杂涡流易引起升主动脉扩张,BAV患者中血流模式右手螺旋涡流和左手螺旋涡流不易引起升主动脉扩张。结论:BAV导致血流动力学改变是引起升主动脉扩张的主要原因,4D Flow MRI评价血流动力学能够为临床预防及治疗主动脉二瓣畸形提供依据。     

二尖瓣狭窄手术前后下游湍流剪应力的多普勒超声研究

目的 :明确二尖瓣狭窄患者瓣膜病变及其下游湍流剪应力 （turbulentshear stress,TSS）与手术时机和预后之间的关系 ,为选择合适的诊治手段和最佳手术时机提供科学依据。方法 :应用多普勒超声与计算机图像分析技术 ,以正常人为对照 ,对一组接受经皮球囊二尖瓣狭窄扩张术或闭式二尖瓣分离术患者术前后与随访期间瓣膜下游TSS进行检测 ,同期对另一组非手术患者进行 TSS随访观测。结果 :术后 TSS较术前显著改善 （P<0 .0 5 ） ,而与正常对照相比仍有明显差距 （P<0 .0 5 ）。手术患者两次随访前后 TSS等指标的增加值均显著低于非手术患者 （P<0 .0 5 ）。结论 :对于中、重度二尖瓣狭窄患者 ,球囊扩张术或闭式分离术不能达到根治目的 ,但在一定程度上起到了减缓病情加重的作用。从远期疗效的角度上 ,考虑到术后残留狭窄下游 TSS仍将导致瓣膜病变进行性加重 ,建议推广超声心动图普查 ,有助于早期发现该病 ,同时可以考虑将手术时机选择在瓣膜病变早期、瓣叶和瓣下结构尚无明显损害时 ,以彻底解除瓣口狭窄、消除 TSS。     

保留二叶主动脉瓣的升主动脉置换术疗效分析

目的:评估保留二叶主动脉瓣升主动脉置换术的近期疗效。方法:自2008年2月至2018年5月,来我院手术的主动脉瓣二叶畸形(BAV)合并升主动脉扩张主动脉瓣轻度病变患者共有43例,其中男性17例,女性26例,均行保留主动脉瓣升主动脉置换术,对所有患者随访至2018年12月,随访时间6～129个月,平均(34±4)个月。评估其30 d死亡率,术后主动脉瓣病变进展情况,再次手术率。结果:所有患者围手术期无死亡,住院期间无二次手术,无脑梗死,血栓栓塞并发症,术后痊愈出院。随访到41例,1例患者死于恶性肿瘤,1例患者复查超声心动图显示主动脉瓣关闭不全进展为中度,但患者无胸闷憋气等不适,左心室未扩大,尚需进一步随访,其余患者一般状况均良好,术后复查主动脉瓣返反流及关闭不全情况未再进展。结论:保留主动脉瓣升主动脉置换术对于BAV合并升主动脉扩张瓣膜轻度病变患者是一种安全有效的手术方式,中期随访显示术后患者主动脉瓣病变情况未再进展。     

升主动脉成形术治疗二叶式主动脉瓣患者升主动脉扩张的效果分析

目的:探讨升主动脉成形术(reduction ascending aortoplasty,RAA)治疗二叶式主动脉瓣(bicuspid aortic valve,BAV)患者升主动脉扩张的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2006年1月至2015年12月长海医院208例因主动脉瓣病变合并升主动脉扩张行主动脉瓣置换术(aortic valve replacement,AVR)联合RAA治疗患者的临床资料。根据患者主动脉瓣情况,分为BAV组和三叶式主动脉瓣(tricuspid aortic valve,TAV)组;在BAV组中,根据术中升主动脉的目标直径,将患者分为30 mm组和≥30 mm组。结果:BAV组与TAV组的术后死亡率、并发症发生率、二次手术比例和随访升主动脉直径等指标差异无统计学意义(P均0.05);BAV组术中升主动脉目标直径30 mm组的随访升主动脉直径、术后5年和9年升主动脉扩张程度均明显小于术中升主动脉≥30 mm组(P均0.05)。结论:对于BAV合并升主动脉扩张的患者,BAV不是行RAA的不利因素,在RAA术中将升主动脉目标直径控制在30 mm以下,中远期疗效更好。     

“瓣中瓣”技术在经导管主动脉瓣置换术中的应用

<正>主动脉瓣膜疾病是常见的心脏瓣膜病,可分为主动脉瓣狭窄和主动脉瓣关闭不全两类。主动脉瓣狭窄常由先天性瓣叶发育畸形、风湿性心脏病、退行性钙化等原因引起,可引发瓣叶伸展、开放不全,有效瓣口面积减小,过瓣血液流通不畅,跨瓣压差增大,最终导致主狭三联征的出现。主动脉瓣关闭不全主要由主动脉瓣瓣叶本身和(或)主动脉根部或升主动脉两种病变引发。前者常见病因为：老年性瓣叶钙化、先天性二叶畸形、感染性心内膜炎等。后者常见病因为：主动脉夹层、     

Aortic stenosis severity is not a risk factor for poststenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta.

BACKGROUND: Dilatation of the ascending aorta in aortic stenosis may be partly explained by intrinsic wall structure changes, but the relative contribution of altered hemodynamics is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the association between ascending aortic dimensions and valve stenosis severity. METHODS AND RESULTS: An analysis of echocardiographic examinations was conducted in 296 patients with aortic stenosis (179 males, mean age 71 years), 57 with bicuspid and 239 with tricuspid aortic valve, mean transaortic gradient 43+/-20 mmHg, and not more than moderate aortic regurgitation. Aortic dimensions at the level of annulus, sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction and proximal ascending aorta were measured. Only height (p<0.001), degree of aortic regurgitation (p<0.01) and presence of bicuspid aortic valve (p<0.001) were independent predictors of ascending aortic dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: An independent association between aortic pressure gradients and proximal ascending aortic dimensions was not observed in patients with bicuspid or tricuspid aortic valve stenosis. Therefore, the poststenotic dilatation of the ascending aorta is not explained by aortic stenosis severity itself. Possible nonhemodynamic causes deserve detailed study at the time of diagnosis.     

Usefulness of MRI in the follow-up of patients with repaired aortic coarctation and bicuspid aortic valve

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcome of repaired aortic coarctation may be complicated by dilatation of the ascending aorta notably in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare the size of the ascending aorta in patients with bicuspid or tricuspid aortic valve. METHODS: In 50 patients with a repair of aortic coarctation, the size of the ascending aorta was measured in a bicuspid aortic valve group (n=11) and a tricuspid aortic valve group (n=39). The aortic diameter was measured at the level of the sinus of Valsalva and at the widest part of the ascending aorta using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS: The mean age of patients at surgical repair was respectively 2.2+/-3.3 years for the bicuspid aortic valve group and 2.5+/-3.5 years for the tricuspid aortic valve group (p=NS) and the mean age at the time of the magnetic resonance imaging was 10.2+/-4.7 years and 9.3+/-5.9 years (p=NS) respectively. A significant difference in the aortic diameter was found between the bicuspid aortic valve group and the tricuspid aortic group both at the level of sinus of Valsalva (34.8+/-8.2 mm, 19.5+/-4.4 mm, respectively, p<0.01) and at the level of the ascending aorta (36.8+/-7.2 mm, 16.9+/-3.4 mm, respectively, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of ascending aortic dilatation is significantly associated with the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve. This requires long-term follow-up, which can be effectively performed by magnetic resonance imaging.     

Bicuspid aortic valve--ethiopathogenesis and natural history

Bicuspid aortic valve is a disease with autosomal dominant inheritance with small penetration. The population of patients with bicuspid aortic valve is heterogenous. In the absence of dilatation of ascending aorta, valvular lesion or degenerative changes of valve leaflets patients are considered to belong to the low risk population. On the other hand patients with the above mentioned characteristics compose a high risk group. Dilatation of the ascending aorta in patients with bicuspid aortic valve has a progressive feature and continues even after replacement of the aortic valve. With progression of aortic dilatation the risk of aortic dissection and rupture increases. The main reasons for aortic dilatation are changes in quality of aortic wall and possibly mechanical stress of aortic wall during asymmetrical and turbulent flow. The progression of aortic dilatation or aortic valve disease is not essentially influenced by farmacologic treatment. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Physiology and pathophysiology of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves, prevalence of bicuspid aortic valve in general population and in the group of patients operated on for aortic valve disease, phenotypes of bicuspid aortic valve and follow-up of asymptomatic patients with normal bicuspid valve are reviewed in this article. Indications for operation of dilated ascending aorta according to american, european and czech guidelines are discussed.     

Configuration of the ascending aorta in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve disease undergoing aortic valve replacement with or without reduction aortoplasty

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Patients with bicuspid aortic valves (BAV) tend to develop dilatation of the ascending aorta. The study aim was to analyze differences in aortic root diameter and configuration in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve disease. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of the angiographies of 461 patients allocated to four groups with: (i) BAV disease with (n = 179) and (ii) without (n = 78) dilatation of the ascending aorta; (iii) tricuspid aortic valve disease (TAV) and dilatation of the ascending aorta (n = 154); and (iv) coronary artery disease (CAD), TAV and normal diameter of the ascending aorta (n=50). Diameters and distances in the aortic root region were measured, and the ascending aorta configuration analyzed. RESULTS: The diameter of the ascending aorta in patients with BAV and dilatation was significantly larger than in those with TAV and dilatation (26.6 +/- 5.22 versus 24.4 +/- 3.74 mm/m2, p = 0.002). Distances between aortic valve level and point of maximum diameter of the ascending aorta at the outer and inner curve of the vessel in patients with BAV without dilatation were greater than those of the CAD group (31.1 +/- 5.27 versus 28.0 +/- 4.86 mm/m2, p = 0.002 and for the indexed values 21.6 +/- 4.05 versus 20.0 +/- 2.71 mm/m2, p = 0.011). All patients with BAV and enlargement of the ascending aorta showed asymmetric dilatation of the vessel. CONCLUSION: All patients with BAV had an abnormal configuration of the ascending aorta. In cases with enlargement of the ascending aorta exclusively, asymmetric dilatation at the convexity of the vessel occurred. Patients with BAV and normal ascending aorta diameter showed an elongation of this vessel segment.     

Differences in clinical manifestations in patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves undergoing surgery of the aortic valve and/or ascending aorta

A bicuspid aortic valve is found in approximately 2 % of the population. The data in the literature concerning the incidence of clinical manifestations are inconsistent, and a detailed comparison with patients with tricuspid aortic valve is not yet available. We analyzed the clinical manifestations and demographic data of patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves who underwent an operation on the aortic valve and/or the ascending aorta over a five-year period. The subjects were 2570 adult patients, of whom 555 (21.6 %) had a bicuspid aortic valve. The patients with a bicuspid aortic valve were, on average, 10 years younger at surgery than those with a tricuspid aortic valve (57.0 +/- 13.1 vs. 66.4 +/- 11.8 years, P < 0.0001). The spectrum of diseases necessitating aortic valve surgery was the same in both groups of patients. An increased diameter of the ascending aorta > or = 4.5 cm was seen significantly more often in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (22.7 % vs. 5.5 %, P < 0.0001). We conclude that there are important differences in clinical manifestations between patients with bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves, so that patients with bicuspid valve need special attention.     

Proteomics of ascending aortic aneurysm with bicuspid or tricuspid aortic valve

Bicuspid aortic valve is often associated with lesions of the ascending aorta, which differ histologically from those in tricuspid valve patients. We undertook proteomic analyses to assess differences at the proteome level. Aortic samples were collected from 20 patients undergoing aortic valve and/or ascending aortic replacement; 9 had a bicuspid valve: 5 with aortic aneurysm (diameter > 50 mm) and 4 without dilation; 11 had a tricuspid valve: 6 with aortic aneurysm and 5 without dilation. Patients with histologically proven connective tissue disorders were excluded. Samples were dissected, solubilized, and subjected to 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Gel patterns showed an average of 580 protein spots in samples from bicuspid valve patients, and 564 spots in those with tricuspid valves. Comparative analysis revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.93 for protein expression in the bicuspid valve group compared to the tricuspid group. Three protein spots were significantly over-expressed and 4 were significantly down-regulated in the bicuspid group compared to the tricuspid group. The lowest correlation in protein expression was between non-dilated aortic tissues. These differences between aortic tissues of bicuspid and tricuspid valve patients suggest that mechanisms of aortic dilation might differ, at least in part, between such patients.     

Relation of aortic wall alterations and ascending aorta diameter in patients with bicuspid aortic valve

Patients with a bicuspid aortic valve tend to develop local enlargement in the convexity of the ascending aorta. There is controversial discussion as to whether this is a dilatation caused by abnormal hemodynamic stress or an aneurysm due to a common developmental defect of the aortic valve and the aortic media. Systematic studies of aortic wall specimens from patients with different diameters of the ascending aorta have not been available until now. We investigated histologically (HE, E.v.G., alpha-Actin, Alcian blue/van Gieson) aortic wall tissue obtained from 107 patients (31 female, 76 male, mean age 60.9+/-12.8 years) with a bicuspid aortic valve. According to the preoperative measurement of the ascending aorta diameter, which was done by CT scan, angiography or echocardiography, the patients were divided into three groups [Group 1: ascending aorta diameter <3.8 cm; Group 2: diameter >/=3.8-4.9 cm and Group 3: diameter >/=5.0 cm]. We looked for histological signs of dilatation or more severe structural changes. All patients of group 1 showed normal findings in histological examination. In 23 of 43 patients in group 2 (65.1%), we found histological signs of dilatation. Histological signs of dilatation were present in all patients in group 3. We conclude that in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve histological signs of dilatation were more frequently found with increasing diameter of the ascending aorta. More severe histological changes, such as cystic media necrosis, were not present.     

Bicuspid aortic valve morphology when associated with coarctation of the aorta

Thirteen children and young adults with coarctation of the aorta as their principal cardiovascular abnormality, 11 with bicuspid aortic valves, were evaluated by orifice-view aortography to evaluate their aortic valvular morphology. For comparison 30 individuals with aortic valvular deformities but without coarctation of the aorta were similarly studied. Two distinct forms of bicuspid valves could be identified characterized by either the appearance of gross inequality of size of the two valve leaflets or an appearance wherein each leaflet closely approximated the size of the other, thus equally bicuspid. Excepting two individuals with normal, tricuspid, aortic valves, all of the patients with coarctation of the aorta had equally bicuspid aortic valves which contrasted to the group without coarctation in which the unequally bicuspid type predominated. This difference in bicuspid aortic valve morphology associated with coarctation of the aorta suggests a different developmental process involving the aortic valve as opposed to the situation in individuals without coarctation.     

The relationship between serum apelin levels and aortic dilatation in bicuspid aortic valve patients

Objective: The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital heart dis‐ ease. The process of aortic dilatation is not completely clear in patients with the BAV. Apelin is a peptide found at high levels in vascular endothelial cells which has a role in vascular regulation and cardiovascular function. The aim of this study was to de‐ termine the relationship between serum apelin levels and ascending aortic dilatation in adult patients with BAV.
Design: This cross‐sectional study included 62 patients with isolated BAV and to an age, gender, and body mass index‐matched control group of 58 healthy volunteers with tricuspid aortic valve. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed on all patients to determine the type of BAV. Aortic diameters of the aortic root, sinus val‐ salva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta were evaluated with echocardiogra‐ phy. Patients with BAV were divided into two subgroups according to the aortic diameters, as the nondilated BAV group and the dilated BAV group. Serum apelin level was analyzed with ELISA method.
Results: The serum apelin levels of the BAV patients were significantly lower than those of the control group (833.5, 25th‐75th percentile (713.5‐1745) pg/dL vs 1669 (936‐2543) pg/dL; P = 0.006). In the subgroup analysis, serum apelin level was signifi‐ cantly different between the nondilated BAV group and the dilated BAV group [977 (790‐2433) pg/dL vs 737 (693‐870) pg/dL, P < 0.05] and between the dilated BAV group and the control group [737 (693‐870) pg/dL vs 1669 (936‐2543) pg/dL, P < 0.001]. In multivariate logistic regression analysis apelin [7.27 (95% CI: 1.73‐30.42), P = 0.007] and age [1.05 (95% CI: 0.99‐1.20), P = 0.049] were determined as inde‐ pendent predictors for ascending aortic dilatation.
Conclusion: Low serum apelin level was associated with dilatation of ascending aor‐ tic in BAV patients. However, apelin was not relevant to BAV without aortic dilatation.