颈动脉粥样硬化与血管性痴呆的相关性分析

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化对血管性痴呆发生、发展的影响。方法对61例血管性痴呆（VaD）患者（VaD组）及70例健康体检者（对照组）行高频超声检查,测定其颈总动脉、颈内动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）及内径,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生情况及斑块性质,采用全自动生化分析仪测定血TC、TG、HDL—C及LDL-C水平。结果VaD组颈总动脉IMT及颈内动脉IMT均明显大于对照组,颈总动脉及颈内动脉内径均明显小于对照组（P均〈0．05）;VaD组斑块发生率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）;TC、TG、LDL-C水平均明显高于对照组、HDL-C明显低于对照组（P均〈0．05）。结论颈动脉粥样硬化形成与VaD的发生密切相关。     

脑梗死病人颈动脉粥样硬化的临床观察

目的探讨脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化之间的关系。方法脑梗死病人与非脑梗死者各60例，行颈部超声检查，比较两组颈动脉颅外段粥样硬化斑块的有无及回声强度。结果脑梗死病人颈动脉有粥样硬化斑块检出率为70．00％；非脑梗死病人中宽块检出率为18．33％，两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。脑梗死病人不稳定斑块数高达66．67％，非脑梗死病人不稳定斑块（呈低回声软斑及混杂回声的混合斑）仅占总斑块数的18．18％，二者比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死的发生有密切关系，颈动脉粥样硬化的不稳定性斑块脱落是造成脑梗死的重要原因之一。     

颈部血管超声检查粥样斑块与缺血性中风的关系探讨

目的 探讨颈部血管超声检查发现的粥样斑块情况与缺血性中风的关系.方法 选择2006年-2007年我院77例缺血性脑卒中病人(梗死组)、83例非缺血性脑卒中病人及正常体检者(对照组)行颈部血管超声和血液生化检查,比较两组病人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的部位、数量、性质、颈动脉内径及缺血性脑卒中危险因素间的差异.结果 两组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率、左右颈总动脉内径间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).颈动脉粥样硬化斑块位于颈总动脉最多(78.0%),其次是颈总动脉分叉处(15.8%),颈内动脉颅外段最少(6.2%).斑块部位与缺血性脑卒中部位有显著同侧相关性(P<0.05).两组年龄及合并高血压、糖尿病、代谢综合征间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与缺血性脑卒中发生有密切关系,颈部血管超声检查粥样斑块对早期预测及预防缺血性脑卒中发生具有重要的临床意义.     

脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的相关性分析

目的探讨脑梗死与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的相关性。方法对55例脑梗死病人进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查,观察其斑块的部位、性质以及粥样硬化斑块的回声强度、部位、数目等。结果脑梗死病人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率为85.5%;斑块的好发部位为颈总动脉分叉处、颈总动脉主干;复发性脑梗死病人颈动脉粥样硬化斑块检出率达100.0%;脑梗死病人的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块多为不稳定性斑块。结论脑梗死的发生与颈动脉粥样硬化斑块密切相关,不稳定性斑块是引起脑梗死的主要危险因素之一。     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块稳定性与脑梗死的相关研究

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的稳定性与脑梗死关系。方法对120例脑梗死病人及100例对照组病人行颈动脉超声检查。结果脑梗死组斑块发生率（72．8％）明显高于对照组（56．0％），梗死组不稳定斑块（软斑及溃疡斑）的发生率明显高于对照组（分别为41．1％与18．3％）；梗死侧组软斑及溃疡斑的发生率亦明显高于非梗死侧组，分别为63个（52.1％）与11个（18.6％）（P〈0．05）。脑梗死组〉75％的管腔狭窄数为20例明显高于对照组的3例（，P〈0．05）。结论颈动脉粥样硬化与脑梗死显著相关，颈动脉粥样硬化的程度及斑块的不稳定性是脑梗死的危险因素。     

颈动脉粥样硬化对缺血性脑血管病的影响

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块对缺血性脑血管病的影响。方法选择我院神经内科住院的缺血性脑血管病患者68例，分为脑梗死组（CI组）43例和短暂性脑缺血组（TIA组）25例，另选同期门诊及病房非脑血管病患者32例（对照组），采用彩色多普勒血流显像技术对两组患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块进行比较。结果68例缺血性脑血管病患者中，48例（70．6％）有动脉粥样硬化斑块，对照组5例（15．6％）有动脉粥样硬化斑块，两组患者粥样硬化斑块检出率间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。68例缺血性脑血管病患者无症状侧颈动脉斑块检出率高于症状侧斑块检出率。CI、TIA两组患者无症状侧斑块检出率与症状侧斑块检出率间差异亦均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。结论颈动脉粥样硬化是脑梗死的重要危险因素。对缺血性脑血管病患者，除常规检查颅脑影像学外，还应重视检查颈部血管。     

应用彩色多普勒超声检测缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化病变之间的关系。方法对130例缺血性脑血管病患者进行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查，130例患者中56例短暂性脑缺血发作（TIA），74例脑梗死；42例非缺血件脑血管病患者为对照组。检测颈动脉内膜增厚及斑块形成等血管异常发牛率、斑块类型及斑块的分布情况。结果TIA组患者颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）增厚及颈动脉硬化斑块等异常检出率为73．2％（41／56），脑梗死组异常率为87．8％（65／74），对照组受检者异常率为28．6％（12／42），TIA组及脑梗死组与对照组比较差异有显著意义（P〈0．01）。脑梗死组患者脂质性斑块及混合性斑块的发生率高于TIA组。颈动脉硬化斑块最常见部位为颈总动脉分又处，其次为颈内动脉近段。左右侧差异无显著意义。结论颈动脉硬化与缺血性脑血管病有密切相关性，颈动脉超声有助于预测缺血性脑血管病的发病危险。     

彩色超声心动图对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的诊断价值

目的：探讨彩超对颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的诊断价值。方法：180例患有不同程度慢性病患者,按年龄分为三组：〈60岁组（39例）,60岁≤年龄〈70岁组（49例）,≥70岁（92例）,对各组患者进行颈动脉超声检查,观察斑块好发部位、超声特征并进行统计分析。结果：180例中有132例（73．3％）发现动脉粥样硬化斑块,其中硬斑、软斑、扁平斑、溃疡斑的发生率分别为42．1％,33．0％,21。0％,3．9％;有23例（17．4％）发现不同程度的动脉狭窄,随年龄的增长,颈动脉粥样硬化发生率（61．5％比67．3％比87．0％）及血管狭窄的发生率（5．1％比10．2％比17．4％）也随着明显增加（P均〈0．05）。斑块的发生部位依次为颈总动脉分叉处（46．2％）、颈总动脉主干（28．0％）、颈内动脉起始段（21．9％）、颈外动脉（3．9％）。结论：二维及彩色多普勒超声是准确、经济、有效的颈动脉无创性检查方法,能够早期发现颈动脉粥样硬化斑块及其硬化程度,有助于动脉粥样硬化的防治。     

脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血清超敏C-反应蛋白的相关性研究

目的探讨急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化与血清超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）的相关性。方法对来院就诊的102例急性脑梗死患者和健康体检者96例均进行颈动脉超声检查，测量颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT），观察有无颈动脉斑块形成及斑块的性质，同时进行血清hs—CRP浓度的测定。结果两组研究对象IMT正常者中hs—CRP浓度间差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。脑梗死组中IMT正常者10例，增厚者19例，生成斑块者73例，3组患者hs—CRP间差异有非常显著性意义（P〈0．01），且两两比较各组患者hs—CRP水平间差异亦均有非常显著性意义（P〈0．01）。颈动脉斑决生成者中稳定斑块者与不稳定斑块者hs—CRP间差异亦有非常显著性意义（P〈0．01）。结论血清hs—CRP与急性脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化的发生有一定相关性，炎症反应可能参与了急性脑梗死颈动脉粥样硬化的形成。     

2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉超声与超敏C反应蛋白的关系

目的，探讨2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者颈动脉超声、C反应蛋白的相关性。方法 对72例2型糖尿病合并脑梗死患者（DM-2组）、46例非糖尿病合并脑梗死患者（非DM-2组）及50例健康体检者（对照组）进行颈动脉超声检测，观察颈动脉内径、颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度（IMT）及颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的数目；用乳胶凝聚法检测超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）。结果 DM-2组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块数、IMT、颈总动脉（CCA）及颈内动脉（ICA）内径与对照组比较差异有非常显著性（均P〈0．01），与hsCRP密切相关。结论 DM-2患者动脉粥样硬化、慢性炎症反应严重，颈动脉超声及hsCRP的监测可作为方便、有效的临床检测指标。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.