Choroidal effusion and hypotony caused by severe anterior lens capsule contraction following cataract surgery

PURPOSE: The case report describes a case of severe anterior capsular contraction associated with choroidal effusion. CASE REPORT: An 81 year old female with primary open angle glaucoma underwent routine phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Eight weeks following surgery the anterior capsule opening had reduced to 3 mm in size. Intraocular pressure was found to be 4 mmHg and B scan ultrasound revealed a large choroidal effusion. Anterior capsulotomy with Nd:YAG laser was performed. At review, two weeks later, the choroidal effusion had resolved and visual acuity had recovered. DISCUSSION: The Nd:YAG laser radial relaxing capsulotomies helped relieve the capsular contraction and associated traction on the ciliary body.     

Correlation between posterior capsule opacification and visual function before and after Neodymium: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and contrast sensitivity with glare source (glare sensitivity), and the degree of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) before and after neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser posterior capsulotomy. DESIGN: Prospective interventional case series. METHODS: Eighty-four patients (90 pseudophakic eyes) scheduled to undergo Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy were recruited. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity with and without the presence of a circular glare source (using the contrast glare tester) were measured before and after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. The PCO density value was measured using a Scheimpflug videophotography system. The visual functions were statistically correlated with the PCO value. RESULTS: Before Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, strong correlation existed between the PCO value and visual acuity (r = 0.728). Contrast sensitivity and glare sensitivity were also weakly correlated with the PCO value, but the correlation coefficients were smaller than that of visual acuity. After Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, mean visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and glare sensitivity at all visual angles improved significantly (P <.0001). After capsulotomy, no significant correlation was found between visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, or glare sensitivity and the PCO value. CONCLUSIONS: Before Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, visual functions correlated significantly with the degree of PCO. Specifically, visual acuity has a stronger association with PCO than does contrast sensitivity or glare sensitivity and therefore should be considered to reflect most accurately the degree of PCO. After capsulotomy, these visual functions improve markedly and no longer have a significant correlation with PCO.     

后发性白内障Nd:YAG激光治疗的疗效探讨

目的探讨NdYAG激光治疗后发性白内障的疗效.方法应用NdYAG激光分别对69例白内障超声乳化人工晶体植入术后发障进行后囊膜切开.结果69病例中,后囊膜混浊者共45例(65.2%),后囊膜皱褶者共12例(17.4%),既有后囊膜混浊又有后囊膜皱褶者共12例(17.4%);NdYAG激光后囊膜切开术前后视力有显著性差异(P〈0.005),69例中有60例经过NdYAG激光后囊膜切开术后视力达到了白内障超声乳化术后的最佳视力;但仍有9例未达到该最佳视力.结论"囊袋收缩综合征"影响NdYAG激光后囊膜切开术的治疗效果,白内障手术方法和人工晶体的选择可降低后发障的发生.     

Effect of primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis on clinical performance of ACR6D SE single-piece hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of a primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC) on the clinical performance of a single-piece hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) with haptic angulation. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. METHODS: A prospective study of 52 patients with bilateral age-related cataract was conducted. Patients had standard cataract surgery with implantation of the same IOL in both eyes. Randomly, a PCCC was created in 1 eye and the posterior capsule was left intact in the fellow eye. Assessed parameters were visual axis opacification (VAO) in eyes with a PCCC or regeneratory posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in eyes without PCCC (scale 0 to 10) in the central (3.0 mm eccentricity), intermediate (3.0 to 4.5 mm eccentricity), and peripheral (>4.5 mm eccentricity [capsulorhexis edge]) areas; neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy or laser polishing of ongrowing lens epithelium; anterior capsule opacification (ACO); best corrected visual acuity (BCVA); and contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: Thirty patients completed the 2(1/2)-year follow-up. Visual axis opacification was significantly lower in the central region in the PCCC group (mean 0.5 +/- 0.7 [SD]) than PCO in the central region of the non-PCCC group (mean 1.1 +/- 1.1) (P = .02). Forty percent in the non-PCCC group had an Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy during the follow-up period; none in the PCCC group had laser polishing. There were no significant differences in ACO, SE, BCVA, or contrast sensitivity. There was no additional gain in BCVA or contrast sensitivity in eyes with a PCCC compared with eyes without a PCCC when VAO and PCO were low. CONCLUSION: A PCCC significantly reduced PCO formation within the central 3.0 mm eccentricity as well as the need for Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy in eyes with a single-piece hydrophilic acrylic IOL with angulated haptics.     

Prevention of anterior capsule contraction by anterior capsule relaxing incisions with neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of two or three neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser relaxing incisions made in the anterior capsular rim on prevention of anterior capsule contraction after cataract surgery. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trials. METHODS: One hundred patients scheduled for bilateral cataract surgery were randomized to one of two groups: two or three relaxing incisions in the left eye and no incisions in the right eye, and relaxing incisions in the right eye and no incisions in the left eye. The anterior capsule opening area was measured using Scheimpflug photography immediately after capsulotomy and at one, three, and six months after capsulotomy, and the percentage reduction was calculated. The degree of intraocular lens (IOL) decentration and tilt and of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) also were examined. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the anterior capsule opening area between fellow eyes at baseline (P > or = .1770). In patients who underwent two incisions, no significant difference was found between fellow eyes in the opening area (P > or = .4098) or in the percentage of reduction (P > or = .8730) throughout follow-up. In patients who underwent three incisions, the opening area in eyes with capsulotomy was significantly greater than that in eyes without capsulotomy (P < or = .0154), and the percentage reduction was significantly smaller in eyes with capsulotomy than in eyes without capsulotomy (P < or = .0016). No significant differences were found in the IOL decentration and tilt, or in PCO. CONCLUSIONS: Three relaxing incisions made in the anterior capsule decrease the anterior capsule contraction, whereas two incisions do not.     

白内障术后晶状体后囊膜混浊及远期视力下降影响因素分析

目的探讨白内障术后晶状体后囊膜混浊(posterior capsular opacification,PCO)发生及术后远期视力下降的影响因素。方法收集行白内障超声乳化摘出联合人工晶状体植入术的年龄相关性白内障患者37例(47眼),记录患者术前、术后的眼部检查情况及是否行后囊膜抛光处理等术中情况,于术后2a对PCO进行分级评价。结果 47眼中,有25眼在术后2a发生了PCO,其中18眼混浊已累及中心3mm区,4眼已行YAG激光后囊膜切开术,后囊膜切开率8.5%。统计分析显示,PCO和混浊累及中心3mm区的发生率在是否行后囊膜抛光眼之间的差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。在各因素中,行后囊膜抛光是发生PCO以及混浊累及中心3mm区仅有的保护性因素。累及中心3mm区的PCO、眼底疾病和黄斑病变与术后2a视力变化之间的关联均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05)。结论白内障术后发生累及中心3mm区的PCO可导致术后远期视力下降;术中行后囊膜抛光处理可显著降低PCO的发生率和严重程度。     

Capsulorhexis phimosis in retinitis pigmentosa despite capsular tension ring implantation.

A 56-year-old man with retinitis pigmentosa presented with dense nuclear sclerosis and scattered zonular loss with laxity confirmed by ultrasound biomicroscopy. He had extracapsular cataract extraction with a 6.0 mm continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and implantation of a capsular tension ring (CTR) and a single-piece poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) intraocular lens (IOL) in the capsular bag in his left eye. Severe anterior capsule fibrosis and contracture of the capsulorhexis opening with nasal decentration of the IOL were noted 4 months after surgery. A neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser anterior capsulotomy was performed to prevent further zonular stress and IOL decentration. The centripetal forces of capsular fibrosis after cataract surgery may exceed the centrifugal resistance of the standard CTR and PMMA IOL in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Such patients must be carefully monitored postoperatively. An Nd:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy is a safe and effective option to manage anterior capsule fibrosis.     

后囊膜混浊的Nd:YAG激光治疗

目的：探讨Nd:YAG激光后囊膜切开的方法，疗效及并发症。方法：回顾性分析了108例112只眼用Nd:YAG激光切开混浊后囊膜的病例，并记录了视力，眼压的变化和并发症的发生情况，结果；所有病例都成功切开后囊膜，视力提高，裸眼平均视力由术前0.2增加到术后0.5，平均矫正视力达到0.7,30.3%的眼内人工晶状体出现激光损伤斑，无人工晶状体移位；眼压出现一过性升高；随访中发现2例视网膜脱离，结论：Nd:YAG激光后囊膜切开操作容易，安全，疗效好，并发症少。     

Refraction,intraocular pressure and anterior chamber depth changes after Nd:YAG laser treatment for posterior capsular opacification in pseudophakic eyes

Purpose: The aim was to investigate the effect of Nd:YAG capsulotomy on refraction, intraocular pressure and anterior chamber depth changes and complications of Nd:YAG laser treatment for posterior capsular opacification in pseudophakic eyes. Methods: Our study includes 26 eyes (23 patients) with posterior capsular opacification after uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery and intraocular lens implantation. Complete ocular examinations were performed for all patients. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure and anterior chamber depth measurements were obtained in all examinations. Nd:YAG capsulotomy was measured in all patients. Eyes received one drop of aproclonidine 0.5 % before and immediately after YAG laser capsulotomy. Data were analysed statistically. Results: Mean patient age was 53.73 ± 13.53 years. Before Nd:YAG capsulotomy mean anterior chamber depth was 4.03 ± 0.58 mm and in the first day after capsulotomy the mean value was 4.02 ± 0.46 mm. Mean spherical equivalent refraction before laser treatment was ‐0.52 D and on the first day after laser treatment was ‐0.49 D. An improvement in visual acuity was achieved in all cases. Before Nd:YAG capsulotomy mean visual acuity was 0.38 ± 0.13 and on the first day after capsulotomy, the mean value was 0.93 ± 0.11, the difference of which was statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences between the anterior chamber depth and intraocular pressure measurements before laser capsulotomy and on the first day, first month and third month after laser. Conclusion: Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy is an effective and safe method of treatment of posterior capsular opacification.     

Secondary closure of neodymium:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

A 67-year-old man reported reduced vision after cataract surgery and neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser posterior capsulotomy. The diagnosis was complicated due to severe glistenings within the optic of an acrylic foldable intraocular lens (IOL), proliferation of lens epithelial remnants over the capsulotomy opening, and presumed vitreous opacity. Although IOL exchange surgery was considered, a second Nd:YAG laser intervention successfully removed the proliferated lens materials and restored the visual acuity. The glistenings were not the cause of the reduced vision.     

Post-traumatic endocapsular blood effusion

A rare complication after extracapsular surgery of the cataract, blood effusion is often a fortuitous discovery when a drop in visual acuity occurs. The subject reported herein is a 76-Year-old patient who presented an endocapsular blood effusion with no liquid level 1 Year after the extracapsular surgery of the cataract, discovered while examining a decrease in visual acuity. Questioning led to the discovery of eye trauma due to Nd: YAG laser posterior capsulotomy 3 Months before, which had progressed spontaneously and favorably for 2 Months, with a reduction of the effusion and better visual acuity. The bleeding seems to have come from a vascular injury due to a direct contusion, with blood possibly coming from the ciliary body, the iridocorneal angle, or the vitreous. The liquid effusion may have been caught at the back by the implant and enclosed in the area located between the capsular bag and the anterior hyaloid, without intravitreous diffusion. Most of reported cases in the literature discuss observations made on an intact posterior capsule, which appeared during or after close surgery. The treatment was simple supervision. Some Authors propose a Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy in case resorption is too slow.     

超声乳化白内障吸出为主的睫状环阻滞性青光眼手术治疗模式探讨

目的探讨超声乳化白内障吸出为主的睫状环阻滞性青光眼治疗模式的可行性。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象北京同仁医院青光眼滤过术后药物治疗无效合并有白内障的睫状环阻滞性青光眼患者12例12眼。方法对所有患眼优先行透明角膜切口超声乳化白内障吸出联合折叠式人工晶状体（IOL）植入术,必要时联合术中抽玻璃体水囊及房角分离术;无效者再行Nd：YAG激光晶状体后囊膜及玻璃体前界膜切开或前部玻璃体切割术。除常规检查外,手术前及手术后2周行超声生物显微镜检查。术后平均随访（15．8±5．2）个月。主要指标眼压、中央前房深度及视力变化。结果12眼中术前平均中央前房深度（0．38±0．17）mm,平均眼压（31．50±3．50）mmHg。5／12眼经单纯超声乳化白内障吸出折叠式IOL植入术联合房角分离术;5／12眼又联合Nd：YAG激光晶状体后囊膜及玻璃体前界膜切开术;2／12眼又联合前部玻璃体切割术。术后2周平均中央前房深度（2.31±0．37）mm;末次随访时平均眼压（14．60±4．80）mmHg;视力提高或不变。结论本文小样本的资料显示,药物治疗无效的睫状环阻滞性青光眼病例先行白内障超声乳化吸出术,无效者依次行Nd：YAG激光晶状体囊膜、玻璃体前界膜切开及前部玻璃体切割术的治疗模式是可行的。（眼科,2012,21：43-46）     

Total encapsulation and asymmetric deformation of an intraocular lens

We report a case of marked anterior capsule contraction after uneventful cataract surgery in an 82-year-old women. The patient had implantation of a single-piece foldable acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) after phacoemulsification through a 3.0 mm superior corneal incision. Between 1 month and 5.5 months after surgery, significant anterior capsule contraction ensued with total encapsulation of the lens. The resultant fibrotic reaction, which had a localized tangential component, caused an asymmetric deformation and mild IOL displacement. The patient was treated on separate occasions with a neodymium:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy and surgical capsulotomy to release tension on the lens and clear the visual axis.     

Complete anterior capsule contraction after phacoemulsification with acrylic intraocular lens and endocapsular ring implantation

A 69-year-old man with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and bilateral cataract had phacoemulsification with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and implantation of a morcher endocapsular ring and AcrySof acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) (Alcon). Two months later, the patient had vision loss in the left eye with a visual acuity of 20/500. He presented with anterior capsule fibrosis in both eyes, with complete occlusion of the capsule opening in the left eye and mild occlusion in the right eye. After a neodymium:YAG laser anterior capsulotomy in the left eye, visual acuity was 20/20. This case shows that endocapsular ring implantation does not prevent anterior capsule contraction syndrome but can prevent IOL decentration.     

Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in different types of posterior capsule opacification

PURPOSE: To compare the visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity in 2 types of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in pseudophakic eyes before and after neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy and to evaluate vision test results after Nd:YAG capsulotomy. SETTING: Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. METHODS: Fourteen eyes with fibrosis-type PCO and 15 eyes with Elschnig-pearl-type PCO were enrolled prospectively. Before and 1 week after Nd:YAG capsulotomy, VA and contrast sensitivity were assessed using the illiterate E version of the Bailey-Lovie chart and the Vistech VCTS 6000 chart, respectively. RESULTS: Before capsulotomy, the mean logMAR acuity in the group with Elschnig-pearl-type PCO was 0.47 +/- 0.32 (SD) and in the group with fibrosis-type PCO, 0.17 +/- 0.07. The difference between the 2 groups was significant (P =.002). After capsulotomy, there was no significant between-group difference (P >.05). Before capsulotomy, the contrast sensitivity was significantly worse (P <.01) at all spatial frequencies in the group with pearl-type PCO, especially at 6 cycles per degree. After capsulotomy, there was no significant between-group difference (P >.05) at any spatial frequency. CONCLUSIONS: After cataract surgery, patients with pearl-type PCO had lower VA and contrast sensitivity than those with fibrosis-type PCO. An Nd:YAG capsulotomy improved the VA and contrast sensitivity in patients with both types of PCO.     

Posterior capsule opacity and choroidal neovascularization in patients with age-related macular degeneration.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To present a series of 3 patients with the dry form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in whom choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was observed following neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) capsulotomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three consecutive patients aged 80 to 87 years (average = 83.7 years) with hard drusen or retinal pigment epithelial changes underwent uneventful cataract extraction between 6 months and 20 years before undergoing Nd:YAG capsulotomy for posterior capsule opacity. The patients were examined for retinal changes before laser treatment and at regular intervals after treatment. RESULTS: All patients developed CNV between 12 days and 1 month after capsulotomy that caused a decrease in the visual acuity from 20/20-20/40 to 20/200--counting fingers at 4 feet. The fellow eye did not show a substantial change in AMD over a year of follow-up. Two of the fellow eyes had disciform scar due to CNV before the cataract surgery, and these patients remained legally blind. CONCLUSIONS: The development of CNV after Nd:YAG capsulotomy suggests a temporal association between the two and calls for further study. Because posterior capsule opacity may mask CNV, patients with dry AMD and posterior capsule opacity who experience decreased visual acuity or glare may undergo indocyanine green angiography before it is decided to perform Nd:YAG capsulotomy.     

Posterior capsule opacification and wrinkling in a case of capsular bag distension

We describe a complication following anterior neodymium: YAG laser capsulotomy in a case of capsular bag distension which was diagnosed 21 months after cataract extraction with phacoemulsification and in-the-bag lens implantation. An anterior neodymium: YAG capsulotomy was performed and immediately after this the posterior capsule collapsed and wrinkled, causing a marked decrease in visual acuity that necessitated posterior neodymium: YAG capsulotomy.     

掺钕钇铝石榴石激光治疗人工晶状体眼晶状体后囊膜混浊的视功能评价方法

目的探讨对比敏感度和眩光敏感度检查在晶状体后囊膜混浊(posterior capsule opacification, PCO)患者视功能评价中的意义,为掺钕钇铝石榴石(neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet,NdYAG)激光治疗晶状体PCO提供视功能评价方法.方法对67例(73只眼)超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶状体植入术后晶状体PCO患者行NdYAG激光晶状体后囊膜切开术,分别于手术前、后进行视力、对比敏感度和眩光敏感度检查,并加以分析.NdYAG激光晶状体后囊膜切开术采用环形切开向后翻转法,晶状体后囊膜瓣直径为5 mm,平均单次脉冲能量为(2.93±0.63) mJ,平均脉冲次数为(19.09±8.63)次,平均总能量为(57.47±36.05) mJ.术后平均随访时间(14±6)个月.结果术后视力、对比敏感度和眩光敏感度均较术前明显提高,差异有非常显著意义(P＜0.01).术前矫正视力≥0.8的16只眼手术前、后最佳矫正视力比较,差异无显著意义(P＞0.05);不同视角的对比敏感度和眩光敏感度比较,差异均有显著意义(P＜0.05).术前不同视力患者各频段的对比敏感度比较,差异均无显著意义(P＞0.05).术前不同视力患者低频段和中频段眩光敏感度间差异有显著意义(P＜0.05),高频段眩光敏感度间差异无显著意义(P＞0.05).术前晶状体后囊膜2级混浊者不同频段的平均对比敏感度和眩光敏感度与1级混浊者比较,差异均有显著意义(P＜0.05).NdYAG激光晶状体后囊膜切开术中人工晶状体出现激光损伤斑者5只眼(6.8%),术后无高眼压、黄斑囊样水肿、视网膜脱离和人工晶状体移位等并发症发生.结论对比敏感度和眩光敏感度检查可灵敏、全面反映晶状体PCO患者的视功能状态,可成为确定NdYAG激光晶状体后囊膜切开术手术时机和评价手术疗效的方法.     

Nd∶YAG激光治疗白内障术后囊袋收缩综合征

目的：探讨白内障超声乳化术后囊袋收缩综合征（CCS）患者临床特征及实施Nd∶YAG激光治疗的临床疗效，为白内障术后并发症的预防和治疗提供参考。方法：回顾性病例对照研究。选择2017年1 月至2019年6月温州医科大学附属苍南医院眼科门诊收治的23例（25眼）白内障超声乳化术后有症状的CCS患者行Nd∶YAG激光治疗，并收集相关临床资料，总结患者出现CCS的临床特征、影响因素并探究Nd∶YAG激光治疗效果。所有病例均随访6个月及以上。数据采用配对设计符号秩和检验。 结果：23例CCS患者均主诉视力较出院时明显下降，裂隙灯显微镜下环行撕囊口不同程度地缩小而 且偏心，前囊增生明显，环形增生纤维环宽度>2 mm。散瞳后见IOL偏中心者19眼，IOL倾斜者3眼， IOL囊袋内夹持者1眼。13眼发生在白内障超声乳化术后3～5周，占52%。患者的基础疾病情况是 并发CCS重要的影响因素。除3例IOL倾斜者（2例视网膜色素变性和1例高龄患者因悬韧带松弛导 致的脱位）和1例夹持患者激光前囊切开后视力提高不明显外，所有患者视力均提高。治疗前主诉伴 眩光或单眼复视者，治疗后上述主观症状消失。Nd∶YAG激光前囊切开术后前囊口收缩环均被打开， 囊袋收缩缓解，随访期内无人工晶状体偏移及脱位，无严重并发症。结论：Nd∶YAG激光治疗CCS 疗效可靠，简便安全。     

Nd:YAG激光治疗囊袋收缩综合征的临床效果分析

目的观察Nd:YAG激光治疗囊袋收缩综合征的疗效。方法 15例(15只眼)经专科检查确定为囊袋收缩综合征的患者接受Nd:YAG激光囊袋切开治疗,对比观察治疗前后的视力、人工晶状体位置的变化。结果 86.7%的患者治疗取得了成功,变现为视力的提高、人工晶状体位置的改善,囊袋收缩过程结束。结论 Nd:YAG激光囊袋切开是治疗囊袋收缩综合征的有效方法。