气管球囊扩张联合镍钛合金气管支架置入治疗良性气管狭窄

目的 探讨应用气管球囊扩张和气管镍钛合金支架置入治疗良性气管狭窄的疗效和安全性.方法 在局麻或药物静脉麻醉下,12例外伤或气管切开或插管导致的气管狭窄者,在纤维支气管镜监测下应用气管球囊扩张气管狭窄部,然后采用纤维支气管镜定位法放置镍钛合金气管支架.结果 经气管球囊扩张后,12例气管狭窄患者的镍钛合金支架均一次性放置成功,支架扩张良好;术后拔除气管套管或插管后呼吸困难症状立即缓解,原丧失语言功能的患者术后能马上恢复语言功能;无局部严重损伤及病情恶化;术后有一定的并发症,但易于控制.结论 气管球囊扩张可以简单、安全和快速的扩张狭窄气管,建立适宜气管腔,为支架置入及支架完全扩张提供条件;镍钛合金支架对治疗良性气管狭窄有立竿见影的效果,是解决良性气管狭窄较安全有效的方法之一.     

经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗良性气管狭窄

目的 评价局部麻醉下纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)介导下球囊扩张术治疗良性气管狭窄的疗效和安全性.方法 对30例气管、支气管良性狭窄患者,根据狭窄部位、长度,选择不同型号的球囊导管,实施球囊扩张术.对球囊扩张后疗效、肺功能改善、并发症以及综合治疗方法进行分析.结果 对30例患者进行球囊扩张,平均接受球囊扩张术(2.4±1.2)次,扩张后气管、支气管管径较前明显增大,症状明显缓解,即刻疗效达100%,术后狭窄段气管支气管直径、气促评分、肺功能指标均明显改善,无严重并发症.随访4～53个月.远期疗效达80.0%.结论 局部麻醉下经纤支镜引导球囊扩张术治疗良性气管狭窄是一项安全、快速和有效的方法.     

纤维支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗气管狭窄56例围术期护理

摘要目的：探讨纤维支气管球囊扩张术治疗气管狭窄的围术期护理方法。方法：对56例患者术前行针对性心理护理,进行充分术前准备;术中做好手术配合;术后严密观察病情变化,并做好咯血观察及护理。结果：支气管开口直径〉6mm36例（64．29％）,直径较前扩大但仍〈6mm16例（28．57％）,直径没有改变或变小4例（7．14％）。结论：纤维支气管球囊扩张术治疗气管狭窄并在围术期进行精心护理,可提高治疗效果,降低并发症发生率。     

纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术治疗良性气道狭窄

目的总结纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术治疗良性气道狭窄的疗效及安全性。方法 2009年7月-2009年11月对11例良性气道狭窄患者,根据狭窄部位、范围、长度进行纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术,并对术前、术后狭窄段支气管直径、FEV1、FVC进行对比分析。结果治疗后所有患者憋气、气促等症状均有明显的缓解,支气管管径明显增大、FEV1、FVC明显改善,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张术治疗良性气道狭窄安全、有效,值得临床推广。     

纤维支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗气管狭窄56例围术期护理

目的:探讨纤维支气管球囊扩张术治疗气管狭窄的围术期护理方法.方法:对 56例患者术前行针对性心理护理,进行充分术前准备;术中做好手术配合;术后严密观察病情变化,并做好咯血观察及护理.结果:支气管开口直径>6 mm 36例(64.29%),直径较前扩大但仍<6 mm 16例(28.57%),直径没有改变或变小4例(7.14%).结论:纤维支气管球囊扩张术治疗气管狭窄并在围术期进行精心护理,可提高治疗效果,降低并发症发生率.     

经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗结核性气管狭窄

目的:评价经支气管镜球囊扩张术治疗结核性气管狭窄的疗效和安全性.方法:26例结核性气管狭窄患者,均实施经支气管镜球囊扩张术,分别于术前和最后一次术后当天测患者狭窄段气管直径、1 s用力呼吸容积(FEV1)及动脉血气分析,并对术后并发症进行统计.对所有患者进行8 ～ 46个月随访.结果:26例患者分别接受气管球囊扩张术1 ～ 6次,平均(2.92 ± 1.49)次.狭窄段气管直径增加(P ＜ 0.01),FEV1升高(P ＜ 0.01),动脉血气分析提示氧分压及血氧饱和度升高、二氧化碳分压降低(P ＜ 0.01).26例接受该术的患者,除2例出现气胸外,无其他严重并发症发生.经过 8 ～ 46个月随访,结核性气管瘢痕狭窄型患者远期疗效可达86%.结论:经支气管镜球囊扩张术,有利于迅速解除结核病所致的气道梗阻、改善呼吸,是一项有效、安全、简便的治疗结核性气管狭窄的方法.     

纤维支气管镜直视下行经皮扩张气管切开术的护理

总结16例危重症患者纤维支气管镜直视下行经皮扩张气管切开术的护理。护理重点为充分的术前准备,术中默契配合医生行纤维支气管镜直视下经皮扩张气管切开术,密切观察病情变化,术后做好气道管理。16例患者经皮扩张气管切开术均取得成功。     

纤维支气管镜辅助下Portex法经皮扩张气管切开术的护理

目的探讨纤维支气管镜辅助下Portex法经皮扩张气管切开术（percutaneous dilational tracheostomy,PDT）的护理方法。方法对20例气管插管转换为气管切开的患者均采用纤维支气管镜辅助下行PDT,并采取了相应的护理措施。结果20例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间4-10 min,出血量均小于10 ml,未发生黏膜损伤、皮下气肿及瘘道等并发症。结论气管插管转换为气管切开患者在纤维支气管镜辅助下采用Portex法行PDT安全有效、损伤小,良好的护理参与是手术成功、防止术中与术后并发症的重要保证。     

床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理

[目的]总结急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理。[方法]对23例急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管,同时加强术前准备、术中配合及术后护理。[结果]本组病人本组23例病人经鼻气管插管均一次成功,插管时间为30s至5min,未发生喉痉挛、严重心律失常、心搏骤停等严重并发症。[结论]加强围术期的护理及配合是纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管成功的保证。     

床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理

[目的]总结急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管的护理.[方法]对23例急慢性呼吸衰竭病人行床边纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管,同时加强术前准备、术中配合及术后护理.[结果]本组病人本组23例病人经鼻气管插管均一次成功,插管时间为30 s至5 min,未发生喉痉挛、严重心律失常、心搏骤停等严重并发症.[结论]加强围术期的护理及配合是纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管成功的保证.     

Emergency Endotracheal Intubation With a Rigid Stylet of an Infant With Severe Subglottic Stenosis

BackgroundSubglottic stenosis is a frequent complication of endotracheal intubation in children and can create a difficult airway situation for subsequent respiratory illnesses. Difficult airway algorithms are an essential aid when dealing with respiratory failure in clinical situations where ventilation or intubation is unsuccessful.Case ReportA 4-month-old infant with a history of previous endotracheal intubation required endotracheal intubation for stridor and respiratory failure due to croup. There was difficulty intubating the trachea due to severe subglottic stenosis that developed following the previous episode of endotracheal intubation. Successful intubation was facilitated by the use of a rigid endotracheal tube stylet to facilitate passage of an endotracheal tube through the stenotic segment.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Difficult airway algorithms recommend the use of invasive airway access only as a last resort and noninvasive airway access should be explored prior to their use. The use of a readily available rigid stylet as an alternative method for tracheal intubation should be considered only after more conventional techniques and potential complications have been considered.     

A novel airway device with tactile sensing capabilities for verifying correct endotracheal tube placement

We present a new device for verifying endotracheal tube (ETT) position that uses specialized sensors intended to distinguish anatomical features of the trachea and esophagus. This device has the potential to increase the safety of resuscitation, surgery, and mechanical ventilation and decrease the morbidity, mortality, and health care costs associated with esophageal intubation and unintended extubation by potentially improving the process and maintenance of endotracheal intubation. The device consists of a tactile sensor connected to the airway occlusion cuff of an ETT. It is intended to detect the presence or absence of tracheal rings immediately upon inflation of the airway occlusion cuff. The initial study detailed here verifies that a prototype device can detect contours similar to tracheal rings in a tracheal model.     

喷射通气辅助下经喉罩行困难气道气管插管临床研究

目的探讨在喷射通气辅助下经喉罩行困难气道气管插管的方法和可行性。方法选择麻醉前被评估为困难气道、麻醉诱导中发生气管插管困难的择期手术患者68例,随机分为2组:A组(n=34),喷射通气辅助下经LMA气管插管;B组(n=34),经ILMA盲探气管插管。观察两组患者气管导管置入情况及MAP、HR、SPO2、EtCO2、PaO2、PaCO2变化情况。结果两组患者置入LMA或ILMA情况相似,无统计学差异,但和B组相比,A组首次插管成功率明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);麻醉诱导前后各组MAP、HR明显下降而PaO2明显升高,差异显著(P0.05);气管插管操作完成后,B组患者MAP、HR、EtCO2、PaCO2显著升高(P0.05),PaO2显著降低(P0.05);插入导管后,A组MAP、HR、EtCO2、PaCO2明显低于B组(P0.05),PaO2明显高于B组(P0.05)。结论在存在自主呼吸条件下,应用喷射通气辅助下经喉罩行困难气道气管插管安全、有效。     

Thoracotomy for tracheal disruption after traumatic intubation: a case report

Tracheal dissection is an uncommon complication of endotracheal intubation. A large source of morbidity and mortality in anesthesia is associated with airway issues. Several airway complications can be avoided or minimized by proper technique and vigilance. Emergency thoracotomy surgery is required in patients who suffer lower tracheal trauma. A tracheal tear poses additional challenges to traditional airway management, demanding vigilant planning and collaboration among the entire operative team. This case report details the airway management strategies employed during an emergent thoracotomy for a patient who suffered tracheal perforation during endotracheal intubation. A discussion of airway anatomy, airway considerations, intubation complications, and one-lung ventilation techniques is provided. Airway management techniques for one-lung ventilation are highly variable, requiring an extensive knowledge of equipment, clinical implications, and technical challenges. It is important for clinicians to be skilled in the use of several airway devices and to be prepared for any unexpected situation such as the case being presented.     

4例高龄气管插管患者应用自动气道管理系统的护理

总结4例高龄气管插管患者应用自动气道管理系统的护理经验。护理内容主要包括：高龄气管插管患者的护理;使用自动气道管理系统患者的护理,包括常规护理、气囊管理和声门下分泌物吸引的护理。4例患者置管期间均未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎并成功拔管。     

Ivan Magill: Forceps for intratracheal anesthesia

Nasal tracheal intubation is a standard airway management technique in emergency medicine. Although possessing a number of advantages, this procedure, when performed under laryngoscopic visualization, possesses all the complications of oral endotracheal intubation. In addition, a number of complications are specific to this airway technique, including epistaxis, perforation of the posterior pharyngeal wall, trauma to the adenoids, rupture of the endotracheal tube balloon, and transient bacteremia. The procedure was first described in 1920 by two anesthesiologists, Stanley Rowbotham and Ivan Magill. Each developed a device to aid the insertion of the tip of the endotracheal tube into the glottis. Magill's forceps are still the instrument of choice for nasal tracheal intubation carried out under laryngoscopic visualization.     

人工鼻在CCU气管插管患者中的应用

目的探讨人工鼻在CCU气管插管患者中的应用效果。方法将62例气管插管患者随机分为人工鼻组（n=32例）与电热恒温湿化组（n=32例）,比较两组患者痰液黏稠度、刺激性呛咳、气道管理耗时数、平均插管时间、气道耗材费用、呼吸机相关肺炎发生率等情况。结果人工鼻组发生刺激性呛咳28．1％、呼吸机相关肺炎发生率15．6％、气道管理耗时数（2．3±0．5）h、平均插管时间（112±6．5）h、气道耗材费用（44．2±6．7）元均优于电热恒温湿化组71．9％,37．5％,（3．5±0．6）h,（133±7．8）h,（56．3±1．5）元,差异均有统计学意义（X2分别为12.25,3．9250;t分别为8．6605,11．6998,8．2129;P〈0.01或P〈0.05）;人工鼻组痰液黏稠度Ⅰ度12．5％,Ⅱ度62．5％,Ⅲ度25．0％,电热恒温湿化组Ⅰ度46．9％,Ⅱ度25．0％,Ⅲ度28．1％,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（x2=11．5590,P〈0．01）。结论人工鼻应用于气管插管患者,可达到理想的气道湿化效果,并能有效提高气道管理效能,省时节力,降低呼吸机相关肺炎发生率,可在临床推广应用。     

Rapid progression of tracheal stenosis associated with tracheopathia osteo-chondroplastica

Tracheopathia osteochondroplastica (TPO) is a rare, but increasingly recognised condition in which there is accumulation of calcium phosphate with benign submucous proliferation of cartilage and bone beneath the tracheal mucosa, often with squamous metaplasia of the mucosal columnar epithelium. This condition is usually asymptomatic, but may be slowly progressive, causing haemoptysis, dry cough and dyspnoea. We report a case of TPO in which there was rapid progression of tracheal stenosis such that the size of endotracheal tube that the upper airway would accept changed from 8.00 mm to 3.0 mm during a six-week period. This extreme reduction in airway calibre had not been detected on spirometry nine days prior to his final admission. This is the first report of such rapid progression of tracheal stenosis associated with TPO.     

Endoscopic Balloon Dilatation of Benign Esophageal Stricture—A Nonhazardous Procedure?

Balloon dilatation of benign esophageal strictures has been widely used since its introduction. We have performed 224 dilatation procedures in 52 patients. Dilatation was done as an outpatient procedure. Strictures were due to reflux esophagitis in 25 patients, anastomatic stenosis in 6, achalasia in 5, complications of sclerotherapy in 5, corrosive lesions in 3, and long-standing nasogastric intubation in 2. The cause was unknown in 6 cases. The intention was to dilate all strictures up to 20 mm. Three major complications occurred, and one of these patients died. The risk of perforation seems to be higher after repeated procedures than during the first one.     

Use of the anterior cricoid split operation in infants with acquired subglottic stenosis

Ten infants with acquired subglottic stenosis were treated successfully using the anterior cricoid split operation. Eight had been preterm infants who required endotracheal intubation and assisted ventilation for the respiratory distress syndrome. Two had been born at term; 1 required mechanical ventilation for aspiration of meconium and the other intubation for obstructive apnea. All had been extubated successfully in less than 2 wk and were discharged home with no signs of subglottic stenosis. These infants were referred at 2 to 13 months of age for evaluation of upper airway obstruction. By bronchoscopy, we confirmed severe subglottic stenosis in each of the infants. The anterior cricoid split procedure requires a single midline vertical incision through the anterior cartilaginous ring of the cricoid cartilage and the upper 2 tracheal rings. Our postoperative management included 7 to 10 days of endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, sedation, and total parenteral nutrition. All were extubated at the end of this period without evidence of stridor or obstructive apnea. One patient developed a subglottic granuloma at the level of the cricoid cartilage 4 months after the operation; this was successfully excised with the carbon dioxide laser. The other 9 patients remain asymptomatic 1 month to 1 yr after the surgical repair.