UPLC法测定甲钴胺片的含量

目的 采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)快速测定甲钴胺片的含量.方法 采用Agilent Zorbax Plus C1s色谱柱(50 mm×3.0 mm,1.8 μm),以乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速0.8 mL·min-1,检测波长267 nm,柱温30℃,采集频率80 Hz,进样体积3μL.结果 甲钴胺片13.95 ～25.91 μg·mL-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为100.0％,RSD=0.8％(n=9).结论 所用方法简便、准确、专属性强,可用于甲钴胺片的含量测定.     

HPLC测定复方熊去氧胆酸软胶囊中的硝酸硫胺和维生素B2

目的 采用HPLC测定复方熊去氧胆酸软胶囊中的硝酸硫胺和维生素B2(Vit B2).方法 色谱柱为Syncronis aQ-C18柱(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液(60∶40),流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长273 nm.结果 硝酸硫胺81.3 ～121.9 μg·mL-1、Vit B2 41.0 ～61.4 μg·mL-1与峰面积的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率分别为100.3％、100.2％,RSD分别为0.38％、0.68％(n=9).结论 所用方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于测定复方熊去氧胆酸软胶囊中硝酸硫胺和Vit B2的含量.     

HPLC梯度洗脱法同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓两组份的含量

目的:建立同时测定美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓中呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛含量的HPLC分析方法.方法:采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),以甲醇和0.02mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(加三乙胺调节pH至5.7)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为258nm,柱温30℃,进样量20μL.结果:呋喃唑酮和吲哚美辛的分离度良好;呋喃唑酮线性范围为5.64～67.63μg·mL-1(r=1.0000),检测限为:0.04μg·mL-1,定量限为0.13μg·mL-1,平均回收率为99.2％(RSD=1.2％,n=9);吲哚美辛线性范围为4.23～50.74μg·mL-1(r=1.0000),检测限为0.06μg·mL-1;定量限为0.22μg·mL-1,平均回收率为100.6％(RSD=0.9％,n=9).结论:该检验方法准确、重复性好、专属性强,为美辛唑酮红古豆醇酯栓提升含量测定的检测方法提供了可靠参考.     

UPLC测定红毛五加嫩叶中的绿原酸

目的 采用UPLC测定红毛五加嫩叶试制品中绿原酸的含量并比较差异.方法 Acquity UPLC(R)BEH C18柱(50 mm× 2.1 mm,1.7 μm),柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-2‰磷酸溶液(10∶90),检测波长327 nm,流速0.2 mL· min-1.结果 绿原酸0.02 ～0.72 mg· mL-1与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,回归方程为:Y=3×107X-9.9481×104(r2 =0.9997,n=9),平均回收率为97.7％,RSD =0.61％(n=6),红毛五加嫩叶晒干品中绿原酸的含量最高(0.0326 g·g-1),百合粉中绿原酸含量为0.结论 所用方法简便、准确、重复性好,能为红毛五加嫩叶的开发提供参考.     

HPLC测定HX0969w原料药的含量及有关物质

目的 测定HX0969w原料药的含量及有关物质.方法 采用线性梯度洗脱法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax XDB C18柱(150 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相A为0.5％的碳酸氢铵,流动相B为乙腈,流速1 mL· min-1,检测波长260 nm.结果 HX0969w和丙泊酚的线性范围分别为:1227.0～19.2 μg· mL-1(r=0.9999)、97.7 ～3.1 μg·mL-1(r =0.9998);日内RSD分别为0.17％、0.20％;日间RSD分别为0.33％、0.42％.结论 所用方法简便、准确,适用于HX0969w原料药的含量测定及有关物质的检查.     

HPLC法同时测定黄芩中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量

目的:建立反相高效液相色谱法同时测定黄芩中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量.方法:采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,以甲醇-乙腈-0.1％磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱;检测波长为277 nm;流速1.0 ml·min -1;进样量10 μl;柱温35℃.结果:黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素的线性范围分别为0.059 ～ 1.175 μg,r=1.000 0(n =7)、0.010～0.204μg,r=1.000 0(n =7)和8.210×10-3～1.642×10-1 μg,r =1.000 0(n =7);提取回收率分别为99.08％,RSD=0.5％(n=6)、98.66％,RSD =0.5％ (n =6)和98.31％,RSD =0.7％ (n =6).结论:本法操作简便、快速、结果准确,可用于黄芩的质量控制.     

HPLC测定浙贝母花中的贝母素甲和贝母素乙

目的 采用HPLC-ELSD法测定浙贝母花中贝母素甲和贝母素乙的含量.方法 色谱柱为Zorbax EclipseXDB-C18(150 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1％二乙胺溶液,梯度洗脱.结果 贝母素甲、贝母素乙的线性范围分别为0.25～2.0、0.10～0.80 μg·mL-1;加样回收率分别为96.11％ 、91.15％,RSD分别为4.51％、5.79％(n=6);测定了14批浙贝母花中贝母素甲、贝母素乙的含量.结论所用方法准确、简便、灵敏度高,适用于浙贝母花药材的含量测定和质量评价.     

超高效液相色谱法测定垂盆草颗粒中3种黄酮成分的含量

目的 建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)同时测定垂盆草颗粒中槲皮素、山柰素与异鼠李素的含量.方法 色谱柱Thermo Scientific AcclaimTM RSLC 120 C18(2.1 mm×100 mm,2.2 μm),流动相为甲醇-0.4％磷酸(50∶50),柱温为30℃,流速为0.3 mL·min-1,检测波长为360 nm,进样量1μL.结果 槲皮素、山柰素与异鼠李素的线性范围分别为:50～1 000 μg,20～400 μg,20 ～400 μg,且与峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 9,0.999 9,0.999 6),精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD均＜2％,平均加样回收率(n=9)分别为99.35％,99.38％,98.91％,RSD分别为1.04％、0.98％、1.01％.结论 该法高效、准确、灵敏,可作为测定垂盆草颗粒中槲皮素、山柰素与异鼠李素含量的有效方法.     

HPLC同时测定左归丸中的5种成分

目的 采用HPLC法同时测定左归丸中尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷元、梓醇、麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1的含量.方法 采用依利特C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2％磷酸溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.3 mL· min-1,柱温为30℃,检测波长为224(尿囊素)、210(薯蓣皂苷元和梓醇)和330(麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1)nm.结果 尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷元、梓醇、麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1的线性范围分别为7.270～145.4μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)、5.150～103.0 μg·mL-1(r=0.9992)、5.730～114.6 μg·mL-1(r =0.9998)、6.740 ～134.8 μg·mL-1(r =0.9995)和5.100～102.0 μg·mL-1(r =0.9997);其平均加样回收率分别为98.37％、96.92％、99.11％、96.65％、98.31％,RSD分别为0.89％、1.28％、1.10％、0.57％、1.34％(n=6).结论 所用方法简便快捷、回收率好、重复性好,可用于左归丸中尿囊素、薯蓣皂苷元、梓醇、麦角甾苷和吉奥诺苷B1的含量测定.     

HPLC法测定乳痛丸中芍药苷的含量

目的 建立乳痛丸中芍药苷的含量测定方法.方法 采用Puritex C18色谱柱,甲醇-0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(37;63)为流动相,流速:0.6 mL·min-1,检测波长:230 nm,柱温:室温.结果 芍药苷在0.504～30.8 μg·mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8,n=7).平均加样回收率为98.74％(n=9),RSD为1.09％.结论 本法简便、灵敏、结果准确,可用于乳痛丸质量控制中的含量测定.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.