肝内胆管囊性肿瘤2例诊治分析

目的提高对肝内胆管囊性肿瘤的认识。方法对经根治性手术切除并由病理学确诊的2例肝内胆管囊性肿瘤患者(囊腺瘤和囊腺癌各1例)的临床和病理资料进行回顾性分析。结果术前CT、B超发现肝内囊性包块,但未获得肝内胆管囊性肿瘤的诊断。根治性切除术后,采用B超、CA19-9和CEA随访9月和15月,均无复发。结论肝内胆管囊性肿瘤术前诊断非常困难,CT、B超或ERCP检查对诊断有一定帮助。确诊必须依靠病理学检查。根治性切除是首选的治疗方法。根治性切除后,患者预后良好。     

肝内胆管囊腺癌临床病理特点及治疗(附12例报告)

目的：探讨肝内胆管囊腺癌临床病理特点及治疗方法。方法：回顾分析了12例肝内胆管囊腺癌的临床病理表现、诊治经验并结合文献资料加以讨论。结果：5例中可见局部癌细胞向囊璧外肝组织内浸润生长，另7例癌组织局限于囊壁内。12肝内胆管囊腺癌中7例行根治性手术切除，其中5例存活了5年，1例存活2年，另1例存活11个月；3例行肿块大部分切除，分别存活16，13，10个月；1例未能手术治疗，存活5个月；1例发现于尸检。5例存活超过5年者，其手术切除标本病理检查显示肿瘤生长均局限于囊壁内。结论：肝内胆管囊腺癌局限于囊肿内者，通过行肝切除完整肿块可获得较满意的临床疗效。     

原发性肝内胆管囊腺癌（附5例报告）

目的 探讨原发性肝内胆管囊腺癌的诊断及外科处理.方法 回顾1982年1日至1998年底收治的5例原发性肝内胆管囊腺癌诊治经验并结合文献贸料加以讨论.结果 5例中2例行根治性手术切除,分别存活了4.5年和3年,另3例肿块不能根治性切除,2例存活8目和20个月,1例已治疗5月,仍在治疗中.结论 原发性肝内胆管腺癌诊断主要依靠影像学和经皮肝穿刺活检,最佳的治疗方法是肿块的根治性切除.如果肿块能完整切除,预后较好.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的临床分析

目的 总结肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊断与治疗经验及影响预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2012年12月第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院经病理学检查证实的46例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和19例肝内胆管囊腺癌患者的临床资料.患者入院行B超、CT与MRI检查.采用Pringle法或不阻断肝门的方法施行肝切除术,对预后因素进行分析.采用电话或信函随访,随访时间截至2013年4月.正态分布的计量资料用x±s表示;采用Kaplan-Meier法计算生存率,生存率的比较采用Log-rank法检验.单因素分析采用x2检验.多因素分析采用COX回归模型.结果 (1)影像学表现:B超、CT或MRI检查提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌影像学表现类似,囊壁有乳头状突起,部分囊壁明显增厚,囊腔可呈多房性.术前影像学检查确诊肝内胆管囊腺瘤20例,肝内胆管囊腺癌7例.(2)手术情况:46例肝内胆管囊腺瘤患者中,行肿瘤局部剜除术22例,肝左叶切除术15例,肝左外叶切除术3例,右半肝切除术4例,肝右后叶切除术1例,肝右前叶切除术1例.38例采用Pringle法阻断肝门,8例未行肝门阻断.手术时间为(175±70) min,术中出血量平均为300 mL(200～400 mL),术后发生胆汁漏4例,再出血3例,肝功能不全2例,均经保守治疗后好转.19例肝内胆管囊腺癌患者中,行肿瘤局部剜除术9例,肝左叶切除术8例,肝左外叶切除术1例,肝右后叶切除术1例.13例采用Pringle法阻断肝门,6例未行肝门阻断.手术时间为(210±68)min,术中平均出血量为500 mL(200～800 mL),术后发生胆汁漏3例,再出血2例,肝功能不全1例,经保守治疗后好转.术后病理学检查:肝内胆管囊腺瘤囊腔内表层多为单层柱状上皮,排列整齐,无异型;肝内胆管囊腺癌囊腔内多有乳头状突起,细胞异型明显,并向基底膜浸润.(3)随访情况:57例患者获得随访,8例失访(囊腺瘤5例、囊腺癌3例).随访时间为14～ 139个月,其中肝内胆管囊腺瘤2例复发(1例因术后肝衰竭死亡);肝内胆管囊腺癌13例复发,10例死亡,其中1例为肝内胆管囊腺瘤恶变.(4)预后因素分析:肝内胆管囊腺瘤患者1、3、5年生存率均为98％.肝内胆管囊腺癌患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为88％、31％、13％.单因素分析结果显示:CA19-9是影响肝内胆管囊腺癌患者的无瘤生存率和总体生存率的危险因素(x2=8.540,4.946,P＜0.05).多因素分析结果显示:CA19-9升高是影响肝内胆管囊腺癌患者的无瘤生存率和总体生存率的独立危险因素(OR=8.239,5.365,95％可信区间:1.664～ 40.800,1.022～ 28.172,P＜0.05).结论 肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌临床症状不典型,影像学检查有助于术前评估,但符合率低.治疗以手术切除为主.CA19-9是评估肝内胆管囊腺癌预后的重要指标.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌16例临床诊治分析

目的 总结肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌的临床特点,提高临床诊治水平.方法 回顾性总结分析解放军总医院2008年12月-2013年12月诊治的16例肝内胆管囊腺肿瘤,分析其临床表现、影像学特点、治疗结果及预后情况.结果 肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌好发于中年女性,无典型的临床表现,影像学检查是诊断和鉴别诊断的重要手段.手术是治疗的唯一方法,手术方式与肿瘤所处的位置有关,预后与肿瘤的完整切除密切相关.结论 肝内胆管囊腺瘤及囊腺癌属于少见的肝内肿瘤,好发于中年女性,影像学检查是术前诊断主要依据.肿瘤的完整切除是良好预后的关键.     

肝内胆管囊腺癌的临床特点及治疗

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺癌的临床特点及其诊治。方法回顾性分析4例肝内胆管囊腺癌的临床资料及诊治经过。结果4例中3例误诊为肝囊肿，1例为肝脓肿。3例行根治性切除术，1例7年后死于复发；2例已分别随访12和17个月，现仍存活，状态良好。另1例病人未能接受外科手术治疗。结论肝内胆管囊腺癌的诊断主要依靠影像学和病理学检查。根治性切除术后，预后良好。     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤17例诊治分析

目的 探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤的诊断和治疗。 方法 回顾性分析2003年1月至2009年12月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的17例肝内胆管囊腺瘤病人的临床资料。 结果 主要临床表现为上腹部不适或疼痛。2例曾误诊为肝囊肿行开窗引流术。6例病人CA19-9升高,1例甲胎蛋白（AFP）轻度升高,癌胚抗原（CEA）水平均正常。7例术前影像学检查确诊。均行根治性肝切除手术。病理结果显示肝内胆管囊腺瘤14例,胆管囊腺瘤恶变3例。术后随访8~60个月无复发。 结论 肝内胆管囊腺瘤术前难以确诊,易恶变,根治性肝切除手术疗效满意。     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌的诊断及外科治疗

目的 探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊断和治疗方法.方法 对中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1996年1月至2007年10月收治的8例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌无特征性临床表现.术前AFP均为阴性;B超和CT的诊断正确率分别为75%(6/8)、87.5%(7/8).8例病人均行手术切除,7例行肝肿瘤不规则切除术,1例行左半肝切除术.术后病人恢复良好.8例均获得随访,除1例囊腺癌术后3年死于肿瘤复发转移外,其余均生存良好.结论 肝内胆管囊腺瘤与囊腺癌主要依靠影像学和病理诊断,手术切除可以获得满意的疗效.     

胆管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤的手术治疗及预后分析

目的 探讨胆管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile tract,IPMN-B）的手术治疗要点及预后特点。方法 回顾性分析郴州市第一人民医院2009年1月至2021年1月26例胆管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤患者手术及随诊的临床资料。结果 26例患者中男5例,女21例,平均年龄（62.0±7.3）岁。手术方式：左肝外叶切除+胆管探查术2例,左肝外叶切除+胆肠内引流术2例,左半肝切除（含尾状叶）+胆肠内引流术16例,右半肝+胆管探查术3例,肝门部胆管及肝IVb段切除+胆肠吻合术1例,肿瘤活检+胆管探查姑息性T管外引流术2例。术后病理诊断：胆管内乳头状黏液腺癌7例,胆管内乳头状黏液腺瘤18例,无明确肿瘤病变者1例。术后并发症：胆漏2例,肺部感染5例,消化道出血2例,伤口感染3例,均经治疗痊愈出院。随访期间T管黏液阻塞感染1例,术后6年复发再行手术治疗1例,术后3年复发合并胃瘘及消化道出血1例、术后45 d残余病灶致胆管炎死亡1例,其余预后良好。结论 IPMN-B手术治疗安全有效,精准肝叶段切除可以防止复发,且要注意黏液性肿瘤多发及胆管外侵蚀播散等特性。     

胆囊癌伴胆总管内癌栓:一个罕见的梗阻性黄疸病因

作者报道 1例罕见的梗阻性黄疸由于胆囊癌伴胆总管内癌栓引起。患者系一 4 7岁男性 ,主诉中上腹疼痛和黄疸 7天入院 ,实验室检查示血清总胆红质 13.5mg/ d L、碱性磷酸酶 871u/ L和 CA19- 94 60 u/ ml。影像学示胆囊肿瘤伴肝内胆管扩张。作经皮经肝胆管引流 ,胆管造影显示胆总管内一充盈缺损。经皮经肝胆管造影显示胆总管内一癌栓 ,去除粘液样癌栓 ,组织学检查仅见不典型上皮。管内超声扫描显示胆囊内肿瘤经胆囊管突入胆总管。确诊后行扩大右肝叶和肝外胆管切除。肿瘤位于胆囊颈部 ,病理证实为分化良好的管状腺癌 ,并已侵犯胆囊浆膜下层。…     

胆管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤21例临床分析

目的 探讨胆管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤（intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile tract， IPMN-B）的临床特点及诊治方法。方法 回顾性分析郴州市第一人民医院2012年1月至2019年6月收治 的21例IPMN-B患者临床资料。结果 21例患者中男4例，女17例，平均年龄（63.0±7.5）岁。临床表现： 腹痛19例，黄疸10例，畏寒发热7例；既往有胆道手术史13例；合并胆管结石14例。患者CA19-9阳性率 38.1%（8/21）， CEA阳性率28.6%（6/21）；术前诊断率33.3%（7/21）。肿瘤位置：位于左肝19例，右肝及胆 总管各1例。手术方式：肝部分切除+胆道探查术18例，肿瘤活检+胆道探查术2例，胰十二指肠切除术1例。 术后病理诊断：腺癌11例，腺瘤10例。本组死亡4例，其中1例因术后1个月并发肝功能衰竭死亡； 2例术 后病情进展，分别于术后8个月及10个月死亡； 1例术后2年复发并发消化道出血死亡。术后复发3例，其 中1例再次手术，2例保守治疗，其余患者顺利康复。结论 IPMN-B患者以老年女性为主，多数合并有胆 道手术史、胆管结石，好发于左肝，术前诊断率低，手术切除是主要治疗手段，预后较好。     

Hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi: aggressive operative approach after appropriate preoperative management

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to clarify clinicopathologic characteristics of, and to evaluate an aggressive treatment strategy for, hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi. METHODS: From 1980 to 1999, a total of 132 patients underwent hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Of these, 17 patients had macroscopic biliary tumor thrombi and were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The operative procedures included right hepatic trisegmentectomy (n = 1), right or left hepatic lobectomy (n = 11), and segmentectomy or subsegmentectomy (n = 5). In 13 patients, tumor thrombi extended beyond the hepatic confluence and was treated by thrombectomy through a choledochotomy in 8 patients and extrahepatic bile duct resection and reconstruction in 5 patients. The 3- and 5-year survival rates were 47% and 28%, respectively, with a median survival time of 2.3 years. These survival rates were similar to those achieved in 115 patients without biliary tumor thrombi. In a multivariate analysis, expansive growth type and solitary tumors were independent prognostic variables for favorable outcome after operation, whereas biliary tumor thrombi was not a significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Surgery after appropriate preoperative management of hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi yields results similar to those of patients without biliary involvement. Hepatectomy with thrombectomy through a choledochotomy appears to be as effective as a resection procedure.     

A clinicopathological study of mucus producing bile duct carcinoma

Bile duct carcinoma, which produces clinically recognizable mucus, was defined as "mucus producing bile duct carcinoma", and clinicopathological study was carried out in 7 cases of bile duct carcinoma suitable for the definition. All the tumors arose from the intrahepatic bile duct. There were no tumors arising from the extrahepatic bile duct. Superficially spreading mucosal infiltration of carcinoma was recognized in 6 cases out of 7, and accordingly distinct cholangiography after draining mucus through percutaneous transhepatic cholangio-drainage (PTCD) and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy (PTCS) were indispensable for accurate diagnosis of the extent of carcinoma. The prognosis of patients with mucus producing bile duct carcinoma were almost satisfactory if rational operation had been performed according to accurate diagnosis. On the other hand, since mucus producing bile duct carcinoma frequently has a cystic lesion, the relation to biliary cystadenocarcinoma may become a subject of question. We advocate that biliary cystadenocarcinoma should be included in mucus producing bile duct carcinoma since biliary cystadenocarcinoma originally arises from the intrahepatic bile duct and very rarely from the extrahepatic bile duct. But now the concept of biliary cystadenocarcinoma is equivocal and further investigations will be requested.     

Multicentric recurrence of intraductal papillary neoplasms of bile duct in the remnant intrahepatic bile duct after curative resection

IntroductionThere have been few reports on the prognosis of patients with intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct (IPNB). Here we report a case of IPNB in a patient with early-stage carcinoma who had multicentric recurrence in the remnant hepatic bile duct after curative resection.Case presentationA 78-year-old man with hepatic dysfunction and cholestasis was referred to our hospital. Preoperative imaging studies revealed the presence of papillary tumors in the left hepatic duct and common hepatic duct, while no tumor lesions were detected in the right hepatic duct. This patient underwent left hepatectomy, extra-hepatic bile duct resection with biliary reconstruction, and regional lymphnode dissection. On the basis of pathological examination, this patient was diagnosed with multiple IPNB with early-stage adenocarcinoma with negative surgical margin. Postoperative work-up was periodically performed, indicating no evidence of recurrence, while the patient had sustained hepatic dysfunction, cholestasis, and repetitive cholangitis since the early postoperative period. Finally, recurrence in the remnant intrahepatic bile duct of the posterior segment was revealed by double balloon enteroscopy at 29 months after surgery. At 34 months after surgery, internal drainage stents were replaced in both endoscopic and percutaneous manners within the relapsed intrahepatic bile ducts to address repetitive cholangitis. These procedures enabled the patient to remain asymptomatic until death at 41 months after surgery.DiscussionMulticentric recurrence in the remnant intrahepatic bile duct after surgery may occur in IPNB patients with multiple lesions. An endoscopic approach may be useful in such cases, not only in the diagnosis of remnant intrahepatic bile duct recurrence but also for palliation of symptoms.     

Multiple bile duct cancers presenting 3 years after resection of early gallbladder cancer: Case report

A 76-year-old woman underwent combined resection of the gallbladder plus partial hepatectomy for early gallbladder cancer. From the pathology results, the surgical treatment was deemed to have been curative. However, 3 years later, the patient was readmitted to the hospital with an elevated carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 level. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography demonstrated irregularity of the common hepatic duct and the left intrahepatic bile duct, and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy revealed two separate papillary tumors at these sites. A diagnosis of multiple carcinomas of the bile duct was made and left hepatic lobectomy and resection of the extrahepatic bile duct was performed; reconstruction was carried out with a right hepatico-jejunostomy with Roux-en-Y anastomosis. Microscopic study revealed that both of the lesions were papillary adenocarcinomas, and normal biliary mucosa was confirmed to exist between them.     

Preliminary results of cytotoxic monoclonal antibody treatment in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and biliary tract carcinomas

Fifteen patients with biliopancreatic carcinoma were treated by monoclonal antibodies (12 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 3 bile duct carcinomas). In 7 cases, a tumor resection was associated with immunotherapy: 5 partial pancreatic resections for stage III and IV disease, according to Hermreck's classification, and 2 biliary resections (Whipple resection for distal duct tumor, biliary and liver resection for proximal bile duct tumor). We use the 17-1.A antibody, an IgG-2a murine monoclonal antibody, either isolated (6 cases) or in association with other monoclonal antibodies (4 cases) or gamma IFN (5 cases). All of these patients underwent leukapheresis. Response to 17-1.A therapy was evaluated by laboratory tests (CA 19-9) and by morphological investigations (US, CT, radioimmunolocalization scanning). The median survival of patients with unresectable pancreatic carcinoma (7 cases), was 7.4 months. For pancreatic adenocarcinoma, treated by resection associated with immunotherapy (5 cases), the median survival was 21 months. Monoclonal antibody therapy was effective in a third of evaluated pancreatic adenocarcinomas (4 clear objective responses) but only transiently except in one patient still alive after 57 months. The low rate of therapeutic responses may been attributed to inadequate doses and the development of human anti-murine antibodies.     

肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓的外科治疗

目的 通过对肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓手术病例临床资料的回顾性分析,探讨不同手术方式的疗效以及对远期预后的影响.方法 2008年1月-2012年12月,北京协和医院肝脏外科收治肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓行手术病例共9例,5例病例行根治性半肝切除术,3例行肝部分切除术,1例行术中射频,全部病例均行胆总管探查取栓术;术后通过数字减影血管成像技术进行随诊;全部病例术后随访时间均超过12个月.结果 全部手术病例术后黄疸指数均明显下降,根治性手术病例术后无瘤生存时间、生存时间均略优于姑息手术病例,术后再次胆道梗阻发病率也低于姑息手术病例.结论 肝细胞肝癌合并胆总管癌栓病例通过适当的手术方式可以达到切除肿瘤、解除胆道梗阻的目的,根治性半肝切除术的疗效优于肝部分切除术.     

Carcinoma of the distal and middle bile duct: surgical results, prognostic factors, and long-term follow-up

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Carcinoma of the distal bile duct is associated with poor prognosis. Surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment. We conducted a retrospective study to identify prognostic factors determining longterm survival. METHODS: From 1990 to 2006, 95 patients with distal and/or middle bile duct carcinoma had resections. Fifty-four patients underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (57%) and 41 patients underwent standard Kausch-Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy (43%). Nine patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy including portal vein resection (9%). RESULTS: Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 60%, 36%, and 29%, respectively. Five-year survival after R0 resection was 34%, and after R1 resection it was 0%. Four patients died during their hospital stay (4%). Multivariate analysis showed negative resection margins (P = 0.040), lymphatic vessel invasion (P = 0.036), and portal vein infiltration (P = 0.027) as strong predictors for survival, whereas the location of the tumor (distal bile duct vs middle bile duct) and lymph node status were not identified as independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Five-year survival depends strongly on negative resection margins, independent of nodal status. Portal vein resections in patients with portal vein involvement fail to ameliorate long-term survival. Primary tumor site--middle bile duct or distal bile duct--did not determine prognosis.     

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??Diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma with biliary tumor thrombi YIN Xiao-yu. Department of Pancreato-Biliary Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital??Sun Yat-Sen University??Guangzhou 510080, China
Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with biliary tumor thrombi is not common. Biliary tumor thrombi usually arise from the intrahepatic bile duct which is invaded by HCC, and gradually extend towards the hilar bile ducts, and even common bile duct. It eventually leads to obstructive jaundice, and hemobilia occasionally. HCC with biliary tumor thrombi sometimes can be misdiagnosed as cholangiocarcinoma. Correct diagnosis is important. Aggressive surgical resection is helpful to prolong the patient’s survival time??and improve the long-term outcome.     

Factors influencing survival after resection for periampullary neoplasms

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine predictors of survival after resection for periampullary neoplasms. METHODS: Over a 15-year period, 208 patients underwent laparotomy for periampullary neoplasms. Data were analyzed to assess predictors of survival. RESULTS: Pathologic examination showed pancreatic cancer (n = 136; 65%), ampullary cancer (n = 28; 13%), distal common bile duct cancer (n = 10; 5%), duodenal cancer (n = 4; 2%), neuroendocrine tumor (n = 11; 5%), cystadenocarcinoma (n = 4; 2%), cystadenoma (n = 5; 2%), and other (n = 10; 5%). A total of 129 patients underwent pancreatic resection (71 Whipples, 35 total pancreatectomies, 21 distal pancreatectomies, and 2 partial pancreatectomies) whereas 79 patients were found to be unresectable and underwent palliative bypass and/or biopsy. Median survival was 20.4 months for resectable patients versus 4.5 months for unresectable patients (P<0.001). Of the 129 resected patients, factors significantly (P<0.05) favoring long-term survival on univariate analysis included well-differentiated histology, common bile duct or ampullary adenocarcinoma, early stage, tumor diameter <2 cm, negative margins, and absence of lymph node metastases, perineural, or vascular invasion. Age, sex, race, and type of procedure had no influence on survival. On multivariate analysis, only tumor differentiation appeared independently related to survival. Using Kendall's tau analysis, tumor type and grade correlated significantly with all other predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Of all variables studied, tumor type and poor tumor differentiation in periampullary neoplasms appear to be markers that predict a constellation of other adverse findings.