11,12-EET和缺血预处置对在体大鼠正常及再灌注心肌磷酸化ERK和p38MAPK表达的影响

目的:观察11,12-环氧二十碳三烯酸(11,12-EET)和缺血预处置对大鼠再灌注心肌组织磷酸化ERK1/ERK2和p38 MAPK表达的影响,了解大鼠心肌磷酸化ERK1/ERK2和p38 MAPK表达与预处置有否关系。方法: 使用雄性Wistar大鼠,通过结扎(60 min)和松开(30 min)冠状动脉左前降支,复制缺血/再灌注模型;采用缺血5 min,再灌注5 min两次造成缺血预处置。大鼠经手术并静脉给予6.24×10^-8mol/L 11,12-EET,稳定20 min,结扎冠脉复制缺血/再灌注模型。实验分5组:①正常组(norm);②假手术组(sham);③缺血再灌注组(I/R);④短阵缺血预处置组(SI+I/R);⑤11,12-EET预处置缺血/再灌注组(EET+I/R)。采用Western blot法测定心肌细胞外调节的蛋白激酶(ERK1/2)和p38 MAPK的表达程度,并观察再灌注过程中心功能的变化。结果: 再灌注30 min时,I/R组+dp/dt_max%、-dp/dt_max%和LVDP均显著低于sham组、SI+I/R组和EET+I/R组(P＜0.05);而I/R组大鼠心肌ERK1/2磷酸化表达明显高于sham组(P＜0.05),明显低于SI+I/R组和EET+I/R组(P＜0.05);I/R组大鼠心肌p38 MAPK磷酸化表达I/R组显著高于sham组、norm组、SI+I/R及EET+I/R组(P＜0.05)。结论:6.24×10^-8 11,12-EET mol/L具有保护心功能的作用,这种保护作用可能与大量激活磷酸化ERK1/2和抑制p38 MAPK有关。     

心肌缺血预处置对心肌组织11,12-环氧二十碳三烯酸的影响

目的 :观察心肌缺血预处置和再灌注损伤时心肌内源性 1 1 ,1 2 -环氧二十碳三烯酸 (1 1 ,1 2 -epoxye icosatrienoicacid ,1 1 ,1 2 -EET)的改变 ,探讨内源性 1 1 ,1 2 -EET在缺血预处置中的作用。方法 :使用雄性Wistar大鼠 ,通过结扎 (60min)和松开 (30min)冠状动脉左前降支 ,复制心肌缺血 /再灌注模型 ;采用缺血 5min ,再灌注 5min两次造成缺血预处置。实验分 5组 :①假手术组 (sham) ;②缺血再灌注组 (I/R) ;③短阵缺血预处置组 (SI) ;④短阵缺血预处置缺血 /再灌注组 (SI+I/R)。采用气相色谱法测定心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET的含量 ,并观察再灌注过程中心功能的变化。结果 :I/R组 +dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax以及LVDP均低于、心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET高于sham组及SI +I/R组 (P <0 0 1 ) ;而SI+I/R组心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET也高于sham组 (P <0 0 1 )。结论 :整体动物心肌再灌注使大量内源性 1 1 ,1 2 -EET释放 ,是再灌注损伤机制之一 ;缺血预处置抑制再灌注时心肌 1 1 ,1 2 -EET的增加 ,可能与缺血预处置心肌保护作用有关。     

低浓度11,12-EET预处置对缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌11,12-EET含量的影响

目的：观察低浓度外源性11,12-EET预处置对缺血/再灌注心脏EET水平的影响，探讨EETs预处置保护心肌的可能机制。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠，结扎冠状动脉左前降支60 min和松开30 min复制心肌缺血/再灌注模型；阻断冠脉血流前，静脉给予6.24×10^-8 mol/L 11,12-EET造成11,12-EET预处置。实验分4组：①11,12-EET预处置缺血/再灌注组；②11,12-EET预处置假手术组；③假手术组；④缺血/再灌注组。采用气相色谱法测定心肌11,12-EET的含量，并观察缺血/再灌注过程中心功能的变化。结果：11,12-EET预处置可减轻缺血/再灌注造成的心肌收缩和舒张功能降低程度及心肌内源性11,12-EET增加程度。结论：11,12-EET预处置通过引起心肌11,12-EET少量生成，进而抑制其后缺血/再灌注损伤时的11,12-EET大量增加，可能是11,12-EET预处置保护心功能的机制之一。     

低浓度11,12-EET预干预对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的 :观察外源性低浓度 11,12 -EET预干预对大鼠在体心肌缺血 /再灌注损伤的影响。方法 :雄性Wistar大鼠 ,开胸 ,结扎和松开冠状动脉左前降支 ,复制心肌缺血 /再灌注模型 ;采用缺血 5min/再灌注 5min两次造成缺血预处置。实验分 3组 :对照组 ;缺血预处置组 ;外源性 11,12 -EET预干预组。每组再分为A、B 2小组 :A组动物心肌缺血 10min/再灌注 10min ,主要观察缺血 /再灌注各时程之心律失常 ;B组动物缺血 6 0min/再灌注 30min ,主要观察缺血期心律失常、心功能的变化及再灌注后心肌梗死范围。结果 :缺血预处置和 11,12 -EET(6 2 4× 10 -8mol/L)预干预均可减轻缺血 /再灌注心律失常及心功能的变化 ,降低心肌梗死范围。结论 :11,12 -EET预干预具有类缺血预处置样的心肌保护作用     

低浓度11,12-EET预干预对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的:观察外源性低浓度 11,12-EET预干预对大鼠在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠,开胸,结扎和松开冠状动脉左前降支,复制心肌缺血/再灌注模型;采用缺血 5min/再灌注 5min两次造成缺血预处置。实验分 3组:对照组;缺血预处置组;外源性 11,12-EET预干预组。每组再分为A、B 2小组:A组动物心肌缺血 10min/再灌注 10min,主要观察缺血/再灌注各时程之心律失常;B组动物缺血 6 0min/再灌注 30min,主要观察缺血期心律失常、心功能的变化及再灌注后心肌梗死范围。结果:缺血预处置和 11,12-EET(6 2 4× 10^-8mol/L)预干预均可减轻缺血/再灌注心律失常及心功能的变化,降低心肌梗死范围。结论:11,12-EET预干预具有类缺血预处置样的心肌保护作用.     

11，12-EET的延迟性心脏保护作用与磷酸化ERK1/2的关系

目的:观察11，12-EET延迟性保护作用对缺血再灌注大鼠心肌ERK活性及磷酸化ERK表达的影响，探讨其在11，12-EET延迟性保护中的作用。 方法:复制大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注模型；观察缺血/再灌注期间心脏收缩期左心室内压上升的最大变化速率（+dp/dtmax）及舒张期左心室内压下降的最大变化速率（-dp/dtmax）；采用免疫共沉淀法测定大鼠心肌组织中细胞外调节激酶（ERK）的活性，采用Western blotting法测定大鼠心肌组织中磷酸化ERK的表达。 结果:I/R组缺血60 min及再灌注30 min两个时段±dp/dtmax均低于sham组（P<0.05），24 hEET+I/R组缺血60 min及再灌注30 min两个时段±dp/dtmax明显高于I/R组（P<0.05），而24hEET+PD+I/R组缺血60 min及再灌注30 min两个时段±dp/dtmax明显低于24hEET+I/R组（P<0.05）。ERK的活性24hEET+I/R高于normal组，24hEET+I/R组低于24hEET+PD+I/R组。磷酸化ERK的表达I/R组高于normal组和sham组，24hEET+I/R高于I/R组，24 hEET+I/R组低于24hEET+PD+I/R组。 结论:外源性11，12-EET具有延迟性心脏保护作用，大量激活磷酸化的ERK参与这种保护作用。     

地奥心血康对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的抗脂质过氧化作用的研究

目的:揭示地奥心血康(DK)对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的抗氧化作用与机制。方法:用成年杂种犬复制心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型。多道生理记录仪监测心功能指标;酶法测定AST、CK、LDH含量;荧光法测血清与心肌细胞膜MDA含量;电子自旋共振(ESR)记录微分谱线进行体外羟自由基捕捉实验。结果:①生理盐水对照(NS)组随着缺血再灌注时间的延长,LVSP,±dp/dt_max呈进行性下降;而DK组缺血再灌注后LVSP和±dp/dt_max虽有下降,但显著高于NS组(P＜0.05);②血清中AST,CK,LDH含量随缺血/再灌时间延长均增高,于再灌120min后DK显著低于NS组(P＜0.05);③血清MDA含量于再灌注240min时DK组显著低于NS组(P＜0.05);④DK组心肌细胞膜MDA含量也显著地低于NS组(P＜0.05);⑤在DK浓度为0.71%、1.43%和2.14%时,羟自由基强度分别减少66%、80%和100%。结论:DK对心肌缺血再灌注损伤犬的心功能和心肌细胞膜有明显的保护作用,其很强的清除羟自由基的功能是实现这种保护效应的重要机制。     

内源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子是大鼠对抗心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护因子

目的:观察内、外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)在大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤中的作用。方法:在大鼠离体心脏I/R模型上分别给以bFGF和bFGF抗血清,以生理多导仪测定心率、±LVdp/dt_max及左心室终末舒张压(LVEDP)变化,并测定冠脉流量、冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白含量、乳酸盐脱氢酶(LDH)活性以及心肌组织钙、丙二醛(MDA)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量和蛋白激酶(PKC)、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)活性。结果:I/R组心功能显著低于对照组,冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白含量、LDH活性及心肌MDA、钙含量显著升高,ATP含量显著降低(均P＜0.01)。bFGF组±LVdp/dt_max较I/R组分别高42.8％和25.6％,LVEDP低40.0％,再灌末心率/预灌末心率(HRr/HRi)及冠脉流量的(B/A)分别高42.3％和20.3％,冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白含量及LDH活性分别少28.8％、30.2％(均P＜0.01)和32.3％(P＜0.05),心肌MDA和钙含量分别少44.4％和35.6％,ATP含量高33.8％。心肌PKC、MAPK活性分别高41.3％和10.1％(均P＜0.01);bFGF抗血清组±LVdp/dt_max较I/R组分别低35.1％和38.1％,LVEDP高92.5％,HRr/HRi及冠脉流量的B/A分别少36.0％和45.4%,冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白和LDH漏出分别多54.3%、96.2%和34.4%,心肌MDA和钙含量分别高23.6%和49.7%,ATP含量低27.8%,心肌PKC及MAPK活性分别低20.9%和7.7%(均P<0.01)。结论:内源性bFGF是大鼠对抗心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护因子。     

缺血/再灌注损伤时心肌内源性11, 12-环氧二十碳三烯酸的变化

目的: 测定大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注前后心肌组织中11, 12-环氧二十碳三烯酸(11, 12-EET)含量的变化情况。方法: 实验分为2组: 缺血/再灌注组和假手术组, 测定各组心功能的同时采用气相色谱法测定各组心肌组织中11, 12-EET的含量。结果: 心肌组织中11, 12-EET在缺血/再灌注损伤后明显增加(P<0.01)。结论: 内源性11, 12-EET含量的增加可能是缺血/再灌注损伤的机制之一。     

二氮嗪后处理对离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响

目的:建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,观察二氮嗪(diazoxide,D)后处理对缺血/再灌注损伤离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响,并探讨ATP敏感性钾通道在二氮嗪后处理心肌保护中的作用。方法:采用Langendorff装置建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组(control)、缺血再灌注模型组(I/R)、二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+D)、5-羟葵酸拮抗二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+5-HD+D),每组8只,均先灌注平衡20 min。Control组:灌注平衡后续灌70 min;I/R组:缺血前灌注4℃ST.Thomas停跳液,全心缺血40 min,再灌30 min;I/R+D组:全心缺血40 min,缺血后给予含二氮嗪(50μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min后,再灌25 min;I/R+5-HD+D组:二氮嗪后处理前给予含5-羟葵酸(100μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min,再灌20 min。观察各组续(再)灌注末心率、冠脉流出液量、心功能、心肌酶学及心肌线粒体心磷脂的变化。结果:各组续(再)灌注末比较,I/R组较control组及I/R+D组心率减慢、冠脉流出液量降低,心功能明显受损,心肌酶增加,心磷酯含量减少,但与I/R+5-HD+D无明显差异。结论:二氮嗪后处理通过增加线粒体心磷脂含量,减少心肌酶的释放,改善心脏功能,减轻心肌的再灌注损伤,产生心肌保护作用。5-羟葵酸能够完全阻断二氮嗪的心肌保护作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.