盐酸戊乙奎醚用于先天性色素巨痣切除术麻醉前给药的临床观察

目的:探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚、阿托品静脉注射对先天性色素巨痣手术全麻患者的效果.方法:选择60例患者随机分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组和阿托品组,每组30例.两组患者术前分别静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01 mg/kg,阿托品0.01 mg/kg.观察并记录给药前、给药后10 min、30 min、术毕拔管后患者心率、血压及呼吸道分泌物等的变化.结果:盐酸戊已奎醚组患者用药后心率、血压无明显变化(P＞0.05);阿托品组用药后心率明显加快,血压明显升高(P＜0.05),术毕盐酸戊已奎醚组呼吸道分泌物较阿托品组明显减少(P＜0.05).结论:盐酸戊乙奎醚用于先天性色素巨痣切除术麻醉前给药临床效果好,不良反应少.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对妇科腹腔镜手术患者腺体分泌的抑制作用

目的 观察盐酸戊乙奎醚（长托宁）对妇科腹腔镜手术患者腺体分泌的抑制作用和对血流动力学的影响.方法 选择36例择期在气管插管全麻下行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者（病种包括输卵管及附件切除术、卵巢囊肿剥除木、子宫肌瘤剥除术等）随机分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组（A组）与阿托品组（B组）,每组18例,入室前不用术前药,入室后麻醉前30 min分别静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01 mg·kg^-1、阿托品0.0lmg·kg^-1.观察并记录给药前,给药后10、20、30 min的血压（BP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）,采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评定口干程度;观察手术结束及气管导管拔除前后口腔及呼吸道分泌物情况并计量（mL）.结果 A组给药后HR在各时点的变化差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,B组给药后各时点HR较给药前有显著升高（P＜0.05）,尤以给药后10 min显著升高（P＜0.01）.两组患者VAS评分给药后30 min及拔管后较给药前均升高（P＜0 05）,B组气管及口鼻腔分泌物的量明显多于A组.结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚作为妇科腹腔镜手术患者腺体分泌抑制效果更好,血流动力学平稳,较阿托品更安全有效.     

盐酸戊乙奎醚用于麻醉前用药的临床研究

观察临床上盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁)对心率和血压的影响,及对腺体(口腔唾液腺、气道腺体)分泌的影响。方法:全麻下行择期手术患者265例,随机分为3组:A组为肌肉注射阿托品注射液0.5mg,B组为肌肉注射戊乙奎醚注射液0.5mg,C组为肌肉注射0.9%氯化钠注射液1mL,注射时间均在麻醉前30min。每隔5分钟记录1次心率、收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压及SpO2,并且在患者入手术室时和注药后30min用视觉模拟评分方法(VAS)测定口干程度、唾液分泌量、术毕用吸痰法吸尽口咽腔分泌物并测量。并记录不良反应。结果:给药后30min,阿托品、盐酸戊乙奎醚和生理盐水组HR分别较给药前变化(11.65±1.99)次/分、(-4.30±6.02)次/分、(-0.55±1.85)次/分;唾液分泌量分别较给药前变化(-17.64±18.53)mg(、-22.30±18.04)mg(、-4.67±10.17)mg;VAS阿托品、盐酸戊乙奎醚较用药前明显增加;术毕口咽腔气管内分泌物量A组(11.5±2.4)mL、B组(4.2±1.6)mL、C组(20.2±3.0)mL。观察期间无严重不良反应。结论:盐酸戊乙奎醚作为全麻术前用药,可明显减少唾液分泌,无HR增快,无明显不良反应。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚与阿托品用于妇科腹腔镜术前的效果比较

目的观察比较盐酸戊乙奎醚、阿托品作为妇科腹腔镜患者术前用药对呼吸道分泌物和血流动力学的影响。方法选择50例择期在气管插管全麻下行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者(病种包括子宫肌瘤、宫外孕、单纯卵巢囊肿)随机分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组(A组)与阿托品组(B组),每组25例,入室前不用术前药,入室后麻醉前30min分别静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.01mg/kg、阿托品0.01mg/kg。观察并记录给药前,给药后10min,给药后20min,给药后30min的BP、HR、SpO2,采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评定口干程度;观察手术结束及气管导管拔除前后口腔及呼吸道分泌物情况并计量(mL)。结果 A组给药后HR在各时点的变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组给药后各时点HR较给药前有显著升高(P<0.05),尤以给药后10min显著升高(P<0.01)。两组患者VAS评分给药后30min及拔管后较给药前均升高(P<0.05),B组气管及口鼻腔分泌物的量明显多于A组。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚作为妇科腹腔镜患者术前用药,抑制腺体分泌效果较好,血流动力学平稳,较阿托品可更安全有效。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚对比阿托品及东莨菪碱用作小儿气管内插管全麻前用药的临床观察

目的比较盐酸戊乙奎醚、阿托品及东莨菪碱用作气管内插管全麻患儿麻醉前常规肌注用药的效果,观察盐酸戊乙奎醚作为小儿麻醉前抗胆碱药的可行性。方法90例需行气管内插管全麻患儿根据麻醉前用药情况随机双肓分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组（phe组）、阿托品组（art组）和东莨菪碱组（sco组）,各组30例,分别在麻醉开始前30rain于臀大肌注射盐酸戊乙奎醚（0．02mg／kg）、阿托品（0．01mg／kg）、东莨菪碱（0．006mg／kg）,观察并记录给药前（To）、给药后15rain（T1）、给药后30rain（T2）、插管后（T3）及术毕拔管时（T4）患者的心率、体温、血压及呼吸道分泌物等指标。结果i组患儿年龄、性别、体重及手术时间均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）phe组术前注药后各时点的心率（HR）、体温（T）、血压（MBP）无明显改变（P〉0．05）art组、sco组患儿注药后心率均明显加快、体温升高（p〈0．05）,与phe组比较有显著性差异（p〈0．05）,血压无明显变化（P〉0．05）术毕拔管时,phe组患儿的分泌物较art组、seo组明显减少（p〈0．05）。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚具有显著的心率稳定作用及强大持久的腺体分泌抑制作用,作为麻醉前用药效果满意,优于阿托品和东莨菪碱,可安全用于小儿全身麻醉前给药。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚作为麻醉前用药的效果观察

目的观察麻醉前应用盐酸戊乙奎醚对患者麻醉期间血压、心率、术后呼吸道分泌物等的影响及不良反应情况，探讨盐酸戊乙奎醚在临床麻醉中应用的效果。方法60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级需行择期上腹部手术且无心血管系统和中枢神经系统疾病的患者，随机分为3组各20例。待患者入室安静15 min后，阿托品组肌内注射阿托品0.5 mg，东莨菪碱组肌内注射东莨菪碱0.3 mg，盐酸戊乙奎醚组肌内注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0.5 mg。20 min后进行麻醉诱导和气管插管，术中机械通气，记录用药（指阿托品、东莨菪碱或盐酸戊乙奎醚）前(T0)，用药后10(T1)，20 min(T2)，麻醉诱导前(T3)，气管插管前(T4)，气管插管后即刻(T5)，气管插管后10 min(T6)，手术结束(T7)和气管拔管时(T8)患者的收缩压、舒张压、心率、血氧饱和度。评定镇静程度和焦虑程度，观察有无并发症。结果盐酸戊乙奎醚组患者监测期间血压水平更接近正常范围， T2、T3、T4时收缩压较阿托品组和东莨菪碱组低，且均差异有显著性(均P＜0.05)；T2、T3、T4、T5时舒张压较阿托品组和东莨菪碱组低，且均差异有显著性(均P＜0.05)；盐酸戊乙奎醚组手术过程中呼吸道分泌物较阿托品组少，差异有显著性(P＜0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚作为术前用药时，对心率和血压影响较小，抑制腺体分泌的作用强于阿托品和东莨菪碱。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚、东莨菪碱和阿托品作为胸内手术麻醉前用药的比较

目的将盐酸戊乙奎醚与阿托品作为全麻患者的术前用药,比较两者心血管作用、腺体分泌及术后并发症的影响。方法选择成人胸内手术患者60例随机双盲分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组、东莨菪碱组和阿托品组,每组20例。麻醉前分别肌肉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚0．01mg／kg,东莨菪碱0．006mg／kg,阿托品0．01mg／kg。记录给药后30min、诱导后的BP和HR,观察30min内患者面红口干情况,根据5级警觉／镇静（OAA／S）评分并于术后24、48h测定患者肺功能。结果术前肌肉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚,对心率的影响小,不升高血压,对腺体的抑制作用更强,有效地抑制呼吸道分泌物和口腔腺体分泌物的增加,减少肺部感染和肺不张的发生率,能有效的避免或减少术后并发症,并能增加呼吸频率和流量。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚是术前用药中较为理想的抗胆碱药物,是胸内手术患者麻醉前用药的最佳选择。     

东莨菪碱与盐酸戊乙奎醚对老年患者心率变异性及循环的影响

目的研究抗胆碱能药东莨菪碱或盐酸戊乙奎醚对老年后腹腔镜手术中心率变异性(HRV)及循环的影响。方法选取后腹腔镜手术患者90例,随机分为3组,每组30例,术前给予东莨菪碱0.3 mg(S组),或盐酸戊乙奎醚1 mg(P组)或0.9%生理盐水1 mL(C组)。测定给药前、给药后30 min、气管插管后10 min、充气腹后10,30 min、放气腹后10 min的HRV。观察各时点无创血压(NIBP)、心率(HR),记录术中及术后不良事件。结果给药后30 min,东莨菪碱组HR、NIBP、LF明显升高;麻醉后,3组高频功率(HF)、低频功率(LF)明显下降。后腹膜腔气腹后,3组LF、LF/HF较气腹前明显上升;各时间点血压、心率变化差异无统计学意义;3组不良事件无明显差异。结论术前东莨菪碱或盐酸戊乙奎醚对老年全麻后腹腔镜手术自主神经系统变化影响局限,对循环干扰小,不增加不良事件。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚用作小儿氯胺酮全麻术前用药的效果

目的观察比较盐酸戊乙奎醚(phenehyclidime hydrochloride)和阿托品、东莨菪碱用作小儿未插管全麻手术术前用药的临床效果。方法45例小儿下腹部及四肢手术患者根据术前用药情况随机双盲分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组(phe组)、阿托品组(art组)和东莨菪碱组(sco组),各组15例,分别在麻醉开始前30min肌肉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚、阿托品、东莨菪碱0.01mg/kg,记录给药前(T0)及给药后10(T1)、30(T2)、60(T3)和120min(T4)患者的血压、心率、脉搏氧饱和度及患者面红、腺体分泌情况。结果三组患者年龄、性别、体重均无显著性差异(P>0.05);phe组术前注药后心率、血压无明显改变(P>0.05),art组、sco组注药后心率均明显增快(P<0.05),与phe组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);phe组口干持续时间较atr、sco两组明显延长,与后两组比较,气管拔管时分泌物量明显减少,且面红发生率较低(P<0.05)。结论盐酸戊乙奎醚具有显著的心率稳定作用及强大持久的腺体分泌抑制作用,作为术前用药效果满意,优于阿托品和东莨菪碱,可安全用于小儿全麻醉手术术前给药。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚与阿托品在妇科腹腔镜手术中的效果比较

目的 探究比较盐酸戊乙奎醚（长托宁）与阿托品在妇科腹腔镜患者术前用药对呼吸道分泌物和血流动力学的影响。方法 选择100例行妇科腹腔镜手术的患者随机分为盐酸戊乙奎醚组与阿托品组,每组50例,两组患者在麻醉前分别静脉注射盐酸戊乙奎醚和阿托品,分别记录两组患者给药前（T1）、给药后10min（T2)、给药后20min（T3）,给药后30min(T4)患者心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）。采用视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评定口干程度;观察手术结束及气管导管拔除前后口腔及呼吸道分泌物情况并 计量（mL）。结果 长托宁组给药后HR在各时点的变化差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,阿托品组给药后各时点HR较给药前有显著升高（P＜0.01）,尤其是给药后10min显著升高（P＜0.01）。两组患者VAS评分给药后30min及拔管后较给药前均升高（P＜0.01）,阿托品组气管及口鼻腔分泌物的量明显多于长托宁组。结论 盐酸戊乙奎醚作为妇科腹腔镜患者术前用药,抑制腺体分泌效果较好,血流动力学平稳,较阿托品可更安全有效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.