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1.
Summary
Background. Recent studies on the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) suggest a breakdown of
the balance between the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems. A shortage of a major cerebral vasodilator, nitric oxide
(NO), has been accused of causing this breakdown. We investigated the effect of continuous intracisternal infusion of a NO
precursor, L-Arginine, in a rabbit SAH model.
Method. Three experimental groups were designated: Group 1 – Cerebral blood flow (CBF) data was obtained via transorbital Doppler
ultrasonography (TDU) in 8 normal rabbits. Group 2 – Intracisternal catheter placement and TDU study during saline infusion
were performed in 8 animals at the 4th day of SAH, Group 3 – SAH occurred in 8 animals. 4 days later, L-Arginine was infused intracisternally for 1 hour, while
TDU was performed before and during infusion. CBF parameters which were obtained via TDU measurement or calculations, were
compared.
Findings. The results of TDU revealed significant vasospasm in all SAH animals, as well as resolution of vasospasm with L-Arginine
infusion. After 20 minutes of infusion, a steady and sustained vasodilation was obtained in the third group. The analysis
of CBF data revealed a significant difference in SAH values, and no difference in control animals.
Interpretation. Our results support the contribution of the “NO shortage” concept in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm and overconsumption
of L-Arginine during the post-SAH period may cause this shortage. L-Arginine treatment may be useful for the prophylaxis and
treatment of cerebral vasospasm. The intracisternal infusion method can eliminate the short action time disadvantage of L-Arginine. 相似文献
2.
Summary.
Background: Chronic cerebral vasospasm is delayed-onset cerebral arterial narrowing in response to blood clots left in the subarachnoid
space after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). Rabbit models of vasospasm have been developed as in vivo experimental
pathogenesis and the treatments of cerebral vasospasm using human vessels are not possible. The present study assessed the
diagnostic accuracy of the intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA) in chronic cerebral arterial spasm following
induced SAH in the rabbit.
Method: Ten rabbits' left leg veins catheterised by intravascular access needle and 3F catheters introduced to the right leg arteries
probing the proximal of the vertebral arteries. Initially IV-DSA and intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (IA-DSA)
was performed. Three millilitres of fresh autologous arterial blood was injected into the cisterna magna of the ten rabbits'
in order to produce in vivo model of chronic SAH. Angiograms were obtained 15 minutes and 72 hours after the SAH.
Findings: Diameters of the basilar arteries were similar to each other in both methods and reduced after the SAH.
Interpretation:The present study shows that IV-DSA is a relatively simple and effective method for demonstrating cerebral vessels, especially
the basilar artery.
Published online September 2, 2002
Correspondence: Tanzer Sancak M.D., Mesa Camyolu sitesi, B1 Blok A17 Yenikent, Cayyolu, Ankara, Turkey. 相似文献
3.
Delayed Administration of the K+ Channel Activator Cromakalim Attenuates Cerebral Vasospasm after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Summary ? Background. Delayed cerebral vasospasm remains an unpredictable and inadequately treated complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
(SAH). Recent evidence indicates that the potassium channel activator cromakalim is capable of limiting cerebral vasospasm
in rabbits when administered immediately after experimental SAH (i.e. before spastic constriction has been initiated). However,
the ultimate clinical value of cromakalim for treating vasospasm will depend in part on its effectiveness when administered
after SAH-induced constriction has already been initiated. The present study examined the effects of cromakalim on vasospasm
when treatment was initiated after SAH-induced constriction was underway.
Methods. New Zealand white rabbits were subjected to experimental SAH by injecting autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Cromakalim
(0.03, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected intravenously at 8 hour intervals beginning 24 hours post-SAH. Animals were
killed by perfusion fixation 48 hours after SAH. Basilar arteries were removed and sectioned, and cross-sectional area was
measured.
Findings. The average cross sectional areas of basilar arteries were reduced by 64% and 68% in the SAH-only and SAH+vehicle groups,
respectively. Treatment with cromakalim dose-dependently attenuated SAH-induced constriction. The groups treated with 0.03,
0.1, and 0.3 mg/kg cromakalim exhibited average decreases in cross-sectional area of 57%, 42%, and 19%, respectively.
Interpretation. These findings indicate that cromakalim dose-dependently attenuates cerebral vasospasm when administered 24 hours after experimental
SAH in the rabbit. The results suggest KATP channel activators, such as cromakalim, could be of benefit for reversing cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal SAH. 相似文献
4.
Clark JF Pyne GJ Choutka J Carrozzella JA Khoury J Broderick JP Cadoux-Hudson TA 《Acta neurochirurgica》2001,143(7):721-728
Summary
Background. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) patients with cerebral vasospasm stimulates vasoconstriction
and oxygen consumption in the porcine carotid artery in vitro. Stimulation of oxygen consumption has been used as an in vitro
model of vasospasm to assess the relative benefits of nimodipine, isoprenaline, dobutamine, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP).
Method. Samples of human CSF were obtained from SAH patients and applied to de-endothelialised porcine carotid artery. Stimulation
of oxygen consumption (as an in vitro marker for a stimulation of the vessels) was monitored and the effects of SNP, isoprenaline,
dobutamine or nimodipine were measured.
Findings. The CSF from SAH patients with evidence of vasospasm stimulated oxygen consumption to 0.91±0.17 (μ M O2/min/g dry wt, ± SD p≤ 0.01) and CSF from SAH patients without vasospasm did not significantly stimulate oxygen consumption
0.27±0.02, with 0.23±0.03 (μ M O2/min/g dry wt) being an unstimulated rate of respiration for the porcine carotid artery. SNP, isoprenaline or dobutamine significantly
(p≤ 0.01) decreased the stimulation of oxygen consumption of the porcine carotid artery whereas nimodipine did not. In a cohort
of 41 SAH patients who received nimodipine alone or nimodipine and dobutamine, the in hospital mortality rate of the patients
who received only nimodipine was 42% as compared to an in hospital mortality rate of 17% in the nimodipine plus dobutamine
group P≤ 0.076).
Interpretation. The in vivo data on the 41 patients is not statistically significant, so further studies are required to determine if the
differences are important. SNP, isoprenaline and dobutamine significantly decreased oxygen consumption of the porcine carotid
arteries exposed to CSF from SAH patients who had vasospasm whereas nimodipine did not. Our in vitro results suggest that
these compounds require further study in patients with SAH who are at risk for vasospasm because they may have a direct benefit
for the vasospastic arteries. 相似文献
5.
Nitric oxide metabolites in cisternal CSF correlate with cerebral vasospasm in patients with a subarachnoid haemorrhage 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary.
Background: The pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm is likely to be multifactorial. Exposure of the adventitia of large cerebral arteries
to blood breakdown products initiates a cascade of changes in both morphology and vasomotor regulation of the exposed vessels.
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in development of cerebral vasospasm process is controversial. Basal cerebral vascular tone
requires the continuous release of NO, nevertheless NO is involved in free radical mediated injury of endothelial cell membrane.
Concentrations of nitrate/nitrite (stabile endproducts of NO metabolism) were studied in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (cCSF)
in patients suffering from aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH).
Method: 21 patients suffering from aneurysmal SAH were investigated. Treatment included aneurysm clipping, cisternal drainage of
CSF and intravenous nimodipine in all patients as well as tripple H therapy when indicated. TCDS was performed on a daily
basis. A mean flow velocity of more than 150 cm/sec and the development a delayed neurological deficit was defined as vasospasm.
CSF samples were collected on the day of surgery and for the 7 days following. NO-M (nitrite and nitrate) were measured using
a commercially available test kit.
Findings: 5 of 21 patients developed clinically symptomatic vasospasm. There was a significant difference in NO levels between the
groups. Patients with cerebral vasospasm showed significantly higher levels of NO-M in CSF than patients with a uncomplicated
follow-up between day 2 and 8.
Interpretation: Our preliminary results indicate that SAH leads to an increase in NO-M in CSF. This increase of NO-M significantly correlates
with the flow velocities in TCDS measurement suggesting that NO plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm.
Published online April 28, 2003
Correspondence: A. Woszczyk, Department of Neurosurgery, Justus-Liebig University, Klinikstro?e 29, 35292 Giessen, Germany. 相似文献
6.
Summary Background. The basic mechanism of delayed cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) has been intensively investigated.
It is thought that nitric oxide (NO) is a basic mediator of the cerebral vasodilator mechanism. Previous clinical and experimental
studies have shown a cerebral vasodilator effect of high cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) however, the mechanism of
this effect is still controversial. We investigated the contribution of the vasodilator effect of NO to this mechanism in
an experimental SAH model using rabbits.
Method. Four experimental groups, were designated: Group 1. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was evaluated by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography
(TDU) in 8 rabbits. Group 2. In 4 animals, intracisternal saline injection and cervical epidural electrode placement without
SCS were performed before TDU. Group 3. TDU was performed before and after SCS on the fourth day of SAH in 8 rabbits. Group
4. In 8 animals, N-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Esther (L-NAME) was administered intracisternally on the fourth day of SAH, at
a dose of 0.6 mg/kg, 45 minutes before SCS. CBF parameters, obtained via measurements or calculations from TDU data, were
compared.
Findings. The occurrence of vasospasm after SAH was demonstrated with significant changes in TDU parameters (high peak systolic velocity
and positive values of the degree of stenosis). In all SAH animals, SCS resulted in significant vasodilation. Even after the
injection of L-NAME, SCS still had a significant vasodilatory effect in SAH animals, but there was also a significant difference
in CBF parameters in the SCS-only group when compared with the L-NAME treatment before SCS group.
Interpretation. The mechanism of the cerebral vasodilatory effect of SCS remains controversial. Our results revealed the contribution of
a neurohumoral effect which can be partially prevented by use of an NO synthase inhibitor. 相似文献
7.
M. Visocchi L. Argiolas M. Meglio B. Cioni P. Dal Basso M. Rollo D. Cabezas 《Acta neurochirurgica》2001,143(2):177-185
Summary Background. Clinical and experimental data on cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes during spinal cord stimulation (SCS) were published since
1986. The aims of the present work are: 1. To find an experimental model of reliable, simple and in vivo monitoring of “early”
basilar artery spasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and 2. To investigate the effects of cervical spinal cord stimulation
(CSCS) on it. Vasospasm due to SAH is both “acute” and “recurrent”. Early spasm occurs within minutes of the SAH, its duration
is approximately 1 hour. The need of different morphological and haemodynamic methods to evaluate experimental early spasm
is reported. To overcome intracranial surgical manipulations and biological effects of contrast and fixation media we designed
a model that allows “ in vivo” functional monitoring of basilar blood flow far away from the spasm without direct surgical
and chemical interference. Subsequently we investigated the effects of CSCS on the new model of “functional monitoring” of
the “early” cerebral vasospasm.
Method. 29 adult Burgundy rabbits were studied. Group 1: under homeostatic monitoring, “on-line” carotid blood flow (carotid BF) changes produced by SAH in cisterna magna of 12
(plus 5 sham treated) animals were studied from the common carotid artery after external carotid artery occlusion before,
during SAH and up to the end of the experiments. All the animals underwent digital subtraction cerebral panangiography (CPA)
after SAH obtaining a significant increase of carotid BF only when basilar vasospasm was shown by CPA. Carotid BF increase
during basilar vasospasm was defined “functional monitoring” of early spasm. Group 2: Twelve animals wearing a cervical epidural electrode underwent carotid BF “functional monitoring” of early basilar spasm
before and during CSCS.
Findings. Carotid BF changes during CSCS occurred in 10 animals. No carotid BF changes (i.e. no basilar vasospasm) occurred after SAH
up to the end of the experiments in all the stimulated animals.
Interpretation. CSCS is able to prevent “early spasm” due to SAH in all the animals studied with the new model of “functional monitoring”
described, independently from the occurrence and the sign for stimulation-induced carotid BF variations. The role and the
limits of reversible functional sympathectomy in mediating the effect of CSCS on early vasospam are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Effects of Intracisternal Methylprednisolone on Lipid Peroxidation in Experimental Subarachnoid Haemorrhage 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary The efficacy of intracisternal methylprednisolone was examined on lipid peroxidation in a canine subarachnoid haemorrhage
(SAH) model. The concentration of lipid peroxides increased significantly in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) supernatant on
Day 4, and also in the arterial wall on Day 7. Intracisternal administration of methylprednisolone reduced markedly the products
of lipid peroxidation both in CSF and in the arterial wall. The findings suggest that lipid peroxidation might play a significant
role in the genesis of vasospasm after SAH, and that direct administration of methylprednisolone into the subarachnoid space
might reduce lipid peroxides in the arterial wall and so influence the prevention of vasospasm. 相似文献
9.
Belen D Besalti O Yiğitkanli K Kösemehmetoğlu K Simşek S Bolay H 《Acta neurochirurgica》2007,149(10):1041-1048
Summary
Background. Though cerebral vasospasm is one of the most serious complications of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), its complex pathogenesis
is poorly understood and available clinical treatment options are unsatisfactory. This study was designed to examine the efficacy
of leflunomide, an immunomodulatory agent with inhibitory properties, on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and inflammation
in a rabbit cerebral vasospasm model.
Methods. Twenty-two adult New-Zealand rabbits were assigned to 4 groups: control, SAH, SAH plus vehicle, SAH plus leflunomide. Subarachnoid
haemorrhage was induced by administration of 1 ml of fresh unheparinised autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna.
Oral leflunomide (2 mg/kg) or vehicle treatment was started 12 h after the induction of subarachnoid haemorrhage and administered
once a day. Three days later, the animals were sacrificed and the basilar artery was examined histologically for the lumen
area and the thickness of the vessel wall. Inflammatory reaction was also examined by counting white blood cells within the
vessel wall by means of light microscopic examination using haematoxylin and eosin staining.
Findings. Severe and moderate vasospasms were detected in the basilar artery of the SAH and SAH plus vehicle treated groups, respectively.
Leflunomide effectively reduced the vasospasm of the basilar artery. Compared to the vehicle treated group, leflunomide significantly
reduced the lumen area (p < 0.01) and hyperplasia of the vessel wall (p < 0.01). Although inflammatory response within the vessel wall was reduced in the leflunomide treated group, no statistical
significance was found between groups (p = 0.07).
Conclusion. This study demonstrates for the first time that leflunomide treatment attenuates cerebral vasospasm in a rabbit SAH model
while inflammatory reaction in the vessel wall is not affected. Although further studies are needed to reveal its molecular
mechanisms in relieving vasospasm, leflunomide may provide a therapeutic potential for human cerebral vasospasm induced by
SAH. 相似文献
10.
Basilar Vasospasm Following Spontaneous and Traumatic Subarachnoid Haemorrhage: Clinical Implications 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Summary.
Summary.
Background: Cerebral vasospasm has been commonly described following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) though its impact on neurological
outcome, especially in head trauma, has not been yet elucidated. The purpose of this study was to monitor and correlate neurological
condition and flow velocities (FVs) in the arteries of the brain after SAH and more particularly to investigate the influence
of basilar artery (BA) vasospasm on neurological outcome.
Methods: Daily transcranial Doppler (TCD) evaluations were conducted in 116 consecutive patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage. SAH
was of traumatic origin (tSAH) in 59 patients and spontaneous (sSAH) in 57 patients. Vasospasm in the MCA and ACA was defined
by a mean FV exceeding 120 cm/s and three times the mean FV of the ipsilateral ICA. Basilar artery (BA) vasospasm was defined
as moderate whenever the FV was higher than 60 cm/s and severe above 85 cm/s.
Findings: Sixty-two patients (53.4%) had elevated FVs in the BA, among these 34 (29.3%) had FVs above 85 cm/s. Basilar vasospasm was
significantly more common in tSAH (59.7%) than in sSAH (40.3%, P=0.041). In patients with moderate and severe BA vasospasm,
FVs in the BA increased on the third day after admission and remained elevated for a week before returning to normal value
by the end of the second week. This elevation in BA FVs in patients with BA vasospasm was followed by a significant and progressive
worsening in the neurological condition at the end of the first week. Permanent neurological deficit was associated with elevated
BA FVs consistent with moderate BA vasospasm whereas patients who remained in persistent vegetative state, had FVs consistent
with severe BA vasospasm (P=0.00019).
Interpretation: The present results further support that BA vasospasm may act as an independent factor of ischaemic brain damage following
SAH, especially in head trauma. 相似文献
11.
K. Osuka Y. Suzuki T. Tanazawa K. Hattori N. Yamamoto M. Takayasu M. Shibuya J. Yoshida 《Acta neurochirurgica》1998,140(9):943-951
Summary The authors characterized the role of interleukins in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the development of vasospasm after
subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), particularly interleukin-6 (IL-6).
Concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1 β), IL-6, and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were measured serially in CSF of 24 patients and
in serum of 9 patients with SAH and correlated clinically. Additionally, the effects of the same cytokines on the cerebral
arteries of dogs were analyzed on angiograms after intracisternal injection. Changes in levels of eicosanoids, angiogenic
factors, and soluble cell adhesion molecules were investigated in the CSF of injected dogs.
CSF concentrations of IL-6 and IL-8 were elevated significantly above control levels from the acute stage of SAH until the
chronic stage. Patients with symptomatic vasospasm had significantly higher levels of IL-6 as well as IL-8 in CSF on days
5 and 7. Intracisternal injection of IL-6 induced long-lasting vasoconstriction in five out of eight dogs, while IL-8 did
not. The diameter of canine basilar artery after IL-6 was reduced 29±5% from pretreatment diameter at 8 hours. Prostaglandins
E2 and I2 were elevated in CSF for the first 4.5 hour of this IL-6-induced vasospasm. Neither angioenic factors such as platelet-derived
growth factor-AB and vascular endothelial growth factor nor soluble cell adhesion molecules were significantly elevated in
CSF.
IL-6, which increases to very high concentrations in CSF after SAH, may be important in inducing vasospasm, as IL-6 produced
long-lasting vasoconstriction in the canine cerebral artery, which may be partly related to activation of the prostaglandin
cascade. 相似文献
12.
Management-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Unselected Aneurysms of the Basilar Trunk and Vertebrobasilar Junction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Objects. To analyze the management-related morbidity and mortality in unselected aneurysms of the basilar trunk and vertebrobasilar
junction. The secondary objective was to investigate the factors associated with favourable or unfavourable surgical outcome
in order to define subgroups for surgical and endovascular treatment.
Methods. 24 consecutive patients with aneurysms of the basilar trunk and vertebrobasilar junction were included in this study. They
comprised 2.7% of all aneurysms treated during the study period between 1990 and 1997. 22 patients presented with acute subarachnoid
hemorrhage (SAH) and 2 patients with symptoms of brainstem compresssion. All patients were managed using a standard protocol
including surgery at the earliest possible moment, aggressive tripe-H therapy in patients with symptomatic vasospasm and mandatory
follow-up angiography. 23 patients underwent surgical clipping and one patient endovascular coiling of the aneurysm. 12 patients
had an excellent outcome. 6 patients had a good outcome, resulting in a total of satisfactory outcomes in 18 patients (75%).
4 patients (17%) had moderate to severe deficits. Two patients died (8%). Both patients had fusiform basilar trunk aneurysms.
Good or excellent outcome was observed in 7 of 8 patients with aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar junction, 13 of 14 patients
with moderate or minor SAH or without SAH (Fisher grade 0 to 2) and all patients with small sized aneurysm (n=6). Factors
mostly associated with poor outcome or death after surgical treatment were aneurysm location at the basilar trunk, large aneurysm
size or fusiforme aneurysm type and severe SAH.
Conclusions. Location, aneurysm size and the severity of SAH may help to predict the subgroup which highly benefits from surgical clipping
of these rare vascular lesions. 相似文献
13.
Kang S 《Acta neurochirurgica》2000,142(1):45-49
Summary ? Background. The clinical usefulness of lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts in selecting patients with communicating hydrocephalus after aneurysmal
subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) was compared with that of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts.
Method. Chronic hydrocephalus was defined as clinically and radiographically demonstrated hydrocephalus which lasted 3 weeks or
longer after the original haemorrhage and which required shunting. Indications for a CSF shunt were assessed on the basis
of neurological symptoms and signs, CT findings, and isotope cisternogram findings. The patients were treated with either
LP or VP shunts. A significant response to shunting was defined as an improvement of function to a higher grade. The functioning
of the shunt was evaluated by the location of the catheter on x-ray studies, CT features, and isotope cisternograms. The operation
groups were checked for comparability of demographic and clinical variables including age, Fisher grade, hypertension, vasospasm,
shunt interval, preshunt functional grade, and CT findings. A comparative analysis of the outcome was carried out between
the two operation groups.
Findings. Fifty-six patients underwent shunt placements (LP shunts: 22, VP shunts with medium pressure valve: 2, VP shunts with high
pressure valve: 32). There was no statistically significant difference in patient demographics and clinical characteristics
between the patients with LP shunts and those with VP shunts. A follow-up time of 3 months to 8 years revealed clinical improvement
in 11 cases (50.0%) of patients with LP shunts and 31 cases (91.1%) in VP shunts was seen (Fisher's exact test, P<0.005).
Interpretation. These findings suggest that VP shunts are a better choice of treatment than LP shunts in treating chronic hydrocephalus
after aneurysmal SAH. 相似文献
14.
Magnesium therapy after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage a dose-finding study for long term treatment 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
van den Bergh WM Albrecht KW Berkelbach van der Sprenkel JW Rinkel GJ 《Acta neurochirurgica》2003,145(3):195-199
Summary.
Background: Magnesium is a neuroprotective agent which might prevent or reverse delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid
haemorrhage (SAH). Although the dosage for short-term magnesium therapy is well established, there is lack of knowledge on
the dosage for extended use of magnesium. Our aim was to find a dosage schedule of magnesium sulphate to maintain a serum
magnesium level of 1.0–2.0 mmol/L for 14 days to cover the period of DCI.
Methods: We prospectively studied 14 patients admitted within 48 hours after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) to our hospital.
Magnesium sulphate was administrated intravenously for 14 days, using 3 different dosage schedules. Group A (n=3) received
a bolus injection of 16 mmol magnesium sulphate followed by a continuous infusion of 16 mmol/dayly; group B (n=6) a continuous
infusion of 30 mmol/dayly; and group C (n=5) a continuous infusion of 64 mmol/dayly. Serum magnesium was measured at least
every two days and all patients were under continuous observation during magnesium treatment. Renal magnesium excretion was
measured only in group C.
Findings: In treatment group A the mean serum magnesium level during treatment was 1.03±0.14 (range 0.82–1.34) mmol/L, in group B 1.10±0.15
(range 0.87–1.43) mmol/L, and in group C 1.38±0.18 (range 1.11–1.98) mmol/L. The renal magnesium excretion in group C was
equal to the administrated doses within 48 hours after treatment had started. All patients in group A reported a flushing
sensation during the bolus injection; no other side effects were noted.
Interpretation: With a continuous intravenous dosage of 64 mmol/L per day, serum magnesium levels maintained within the range of 1.0–2.0
mmol/L for 14 days.
Published online March 3, 2003
Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant 99.107) and the Schumacher-Kramer Foundation, for financially
supporting this study. Dr. Rinkel is clinically established investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation (grant D98.014).
Correspondence: W. M. van den Bergh, M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Room G03.124, University Medical Centre Utrecht,
P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. 相似文献
15.
Lin CL Su YF Dumont AS Shih HC Lieu AS Howng SL Lee KS Kwan AL 《Acta neurochirurgica》2006,148(8):873-879
Summary
Background. Adenosine is a potent vasodilator and an important modulator of cardiovascular function. It has been postulated that nitric
oxide (NO) is involved in adenosine-induced vasodilation. This study was designed to examine the effect of an adenosine A1 agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), in the prevention of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)-induced vasospasm.
Method. Experimental SAH was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by injecting 0.3 mL autogenous blood into the cisterna magna. Intraperitoneal
injections of CPA (0.003 mg/kg), or vehicle were administered 5 min and 24 hours after induction of SAH. The degree of vasospasm
was determined by averaging the cross sectional areas of the basilar artery 2 days after SAH. Expressions of endothelial nitric
oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in basilar artery were evaluated.
Findings. There were no significant differences among the control and treated groups in physiological parameters recorded before sacrifice.
When compared with animals in the control group, cross-sectional area of basilar arteries areas in the SAH only, SAH plus
vehicle and SAH plus CPA groups were reduced by 19% (p < 0.01), 22% (p < 0.01), and 9% (p = 0.133), respectively. The cross-sectional areas of the CPA-treated group differed significantly from those of the SAH only
and SAH plus vehicle group (p < 0.05). Induction of iNOS-mRNA and protein in basilar artery by SAH was not significantly diminished by CPA. The SAH-induced
suppression of eNOS-mRNA and protein were relieved by CPA treatment.
Conclusions. This is the first evidence to show an adenosine A1 receptor agonist is effective in partially preventing SAH-induced vasospasm without significant cardiovascular complications.
The mechanisms of adenosine A1 receptor agonists in attenuating SAH-induced vasospasm may be, in part, related to preserve the normal eNOS expression after
SAH. Inability in reversing the increased iNOS expression after SAH may lead to the incomplete anti-spastic effect of CPA. 相似文献
16.
H. G. Boecher-Schwarz G. Fries W. Mueller-Forell G. Kessel A. Perneczky 《Acta neurochirurgica》1998,140(6):573-578
Summary In 72 patients with acute subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) the relationship between the amount of subarachnoid blood clots
detected by initial cranial computed tomography (CCT) up to 48 hours after bleeding and the later development of vasospasm,
established by blood flow velocity measurement with transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) was investigated. The serial Doppler
examinations started within the first 72 hours after SAH and were carried out every second day up to three weeks. Each Doppler
recording was accompanied by a neurological examination. Patients classified as Hunt and Hess grade V were excluded from the
study. All patients with remarkable brain oedema in CCT or with intracranial pressure above 25 mmHg were also excluded. Because
of the well known age-dependence of vasospasm after SAH, two age groups were formed.
A statistically significant correlation (p>0.05) between blood flow velocities and blood load after SAH was not found. The
mean age of the investigated 72 individuals was 48.9 years (14 up to 76 years). 47 patients were younger than 56 years. Linear
regression analysis indicated a correlation with a quite low significance level (r=0.350, p<0.025) between TCD blood flow
velocities and blood load in CCT in these younger subjects. No significant correlation (p>0.05) between these two variables
could be established in the 25 patients older than 55 years. In a second step an intra-individual comparison of side-to-side
differences in TCD and CCT was made. There were no significant differences in blood flow velocities between subjects with
or without side-to-side differences in cisternal blood load.
It is concluded that the amount of blood visible on initial CCT after SAH is not a powerful predictor of cerebral blood flow
velocities measured by TCD. 相似文献
17.
Summary The purpose of this paper is to present an in vitro method for examining cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage
(SAH) which correlates to the patients' condition. The O2 consumption of the porcine carotid artery was monitored, using an oxygen electrode, after exposure to cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) from patients who had a SAH. The vessels were exposed to CSF from SAH patients at a 1 in 30 dilution. Force measurements
were carried out using freeze-dried CSF, reconstituted in the organ bath equivalent to undiluted CSF. These observations were
then compared to the patients' condition.
We divided the patient CSF samples into those that stimulated oxygen consumption above 0.4 μM/min/g dry wt, and those that
did not. It was found that there was a correlation between the stimulation of oxygen consumption and the Fisher grade as well
as the World Federation of Neurosurgeons Grading System (WFNS) for the patients. Of the CSF tested, 24 stimulated oxygen consumption
above our cut off, and 8 did not (0.84±0.34, n=24 compared with the rate of 0.27±0.1 μmol/min/g dry wt, respectively; SD n=8)
at 180 minutes. We then examined the Fisher Grades of these two groups, the results were 3.21±0.88 vs 2.25±0.83 respectively
(SD p≤0.01). When examining the WFNS System we found a similar difference between the groups that stimulated respiration and
those who did not (WFNS Grades of 2.64±1.1 vs. 1.43±0.53; p≤0.01). The observed stimulation of oxygen consumption also correlated
with tension generation in vitro.
The CSF from subarachnoid haemorrhage patients stimulates the oxygen consumption of the porcine carotid artery. This stimulation
correlated to the WFNS and Fisher Grades of the patients and can be performed using 1:30 dilution of CSF. We conclude that
the metabolic changes that occur in the vessels during vasospasm are important parameters for assessing cerebral vasospasm. 相似文献
18.
Summary.
Background: Many industrialized countries are facing a volumetric growth of the senior population. We studied the trends in the incidence
and outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in patients aged ≥70 years.
Method: We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 1030 patients registered in the Nagasaki SAH Data Bank from 1989 to 1993 and 1274
patients registered from 1994 to 1998.
Findings: The annual age-adjusted incidence of SAH per 100,000 increased only in women, from 15.4 in the 1989–1993 period to 19.7 in
the 1994–1998 period. The average annual incidence of SAH per 100,000 women in the elderly aged ≥70 years increased significantly
from 44.3 in the first period to 58.2 in the second period. In patients aged ≥70 years, the proportion of high-grade SAH (Hunt
& Kosnik Grade IV and V) significantly increased from 27.2% in the first 5 years to 38.2% in the second 5 years. In patients
aged<70 years, it increased slightly from 23.4% to 26.7%. The rate of favorable outcomes significantly fell from 43.9% (first
period) to 30.9% (second period) in patients aged ≥70 years but was stable in patients aged<70 years.
Interpretation: Although the incidence of elderly patients with SAH in our study is compatible with or higher than that of other reports,
we believe that elderly patients (especially women) with high-grade SAH may not have all been identified. When we discuss
the management of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms in the elderly, we should bear these trends of SAH in mind.
Published online October 31, 2002
Correspondence: Makio Kaminogo, M.D., Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-7-1 Sakamoto,
Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan. 相似文献
19.
Summary Background. After the discovery that nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in the regulation of vascular tone, this substance moved into
the focus of interest with regard to vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). A multitude of interactions were discovered
and some concepts of therapeutic intervention were developed.
Method. The present review is based on a Medline search with the terms “nitric oxide” and “subarachnoid haemorrhage”.
Findings. SAH and particularly liberated oxyhaemoglobin sequestrate the physiologically produced NO. Reactivity to NO appears to be
principally preserved. As other types of injury, SAH leads to induction of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The NO produced by
this pathway cannot compensate for the lack of the physiological NO and may even lead to tissue damage by oxidative stress.
Experimental therapeutic attempts use stimulation of NO production and delivery of NO donors. NO donors were also used in
some small clinical trials. A final assessment of efficacy and safety is not yet possible.
Conclusion. NO physiology and pathophysiology are important in the genesis of vasospasm after subarachnoid haemorrhage. NO directed
therapeutic strategies enlarge the spectrum of available instruments, but complete elimination of the problem of vasospasm
cannot be expected. 相似文献
20.
Summary Background. Recent experimental and clinical evidence of hypothermic protection against neuronal injury creates new interests regarding
human brain temperature. However, very little information is available for the brain temperature under certain pathological
conditions. In this study, intra-operative brain temperature in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is particularly
addressed.
Methods. Brain surface temperature and oxygen saturation of jugular bulb (SjO2) were monitored during early surgery undergone within 48 hours after the onset in patients with SAH (n=16). Those were also
measured in patients with unruptured aneurysms during elective surgery as control (n=15).
Findings. The brain surface temperature was significantly lower in SAH than control (35.3±0.8 vs. 36.1±0.5°C, P<0.01). The reduction in brain surface temperature was correlated with the severity of the Hunt and Kosnik's aneurysmal grade
(r=0.837, P<0.01). SjO2 was significantly lower in SAH than control (51.5±7.3 vs. 68.5±7.6%, P<0.01), and was positively correlated with brain surface temperature (r=0.642, P<0.01).
Interpretation. These results suggest that the brain temperature and/or the temperature gradient within the brain may be altered in an early
period after SAH. Since brain temperature is determined by cerebral blood flow (CBF), metabolism, temperature of both circulating
blood and surrounding environment, the brain surface temperature reduction may be explained by depressed CBF and metabolism
in SAH. 相似文献