The evolution and formation of RH genes

The Rh system clinically is one of the important blood groups. The major Rh antigens, which are constituted by over 40 types, are RhD, RhC/c, and RhE/e. Furthermore, Rh blood group system is characterized by the existence of many variants.It was considered that Rh blood group system was encoded on two genes termed the RHCE and RHD, which are composed of ten exons, respectively. It is inferred that the RHD gene encodes the RhD antigen and that the RHCE gene encodes the Rh C/c and RhE/e antigens. There are RHce, RHCe, RHcE and RHCE alleles as polymorphisms of RHCE gene. In 2000, the entire nucleotide sequences in all introns of both the RHD and RHCE genes were determined. Due to the new findings on RH genes, it is thought that multiple recombination (and/or gene conversion), nucleotide substitutions, small nucleotide gaps, replication slippage of microsatellite, large nucleotide gaps (due to Alu sequence) and the high level of the homology (%) between both RH genes are the important factors in the formation and evolution of both RH genes and Rh variants. Based on the advance of human genome project, the new interpretations on the evolution and formation of RH genes and Rh variants will be performed.Human Rh family (superfamily) and its counterparts in primates, mammals, fish, amphibians, bacteria, lower eukaryotes, archaea and plants have been identified. A lot of findings have been accumulated in their evolution and function. As gene conversions or recombination events confuse the phylogenetic tree of human RH genes and their counterparts, careful attention is necessary for researchers to calculate the time of gene duplication and to discuss the evolution of Rh family and its counterparts.Rh genotyping methods will never be perfect and both the clinicians and researchers have to recognize the limitation of Rh genotyping, especially RhD genotyping, because new Rh variants must have formed continually. In applying the Rh genotyping to clinical medicine, especially transfusion medicine, it is necessary to compare and examine the serological (phenotypic) data in Rh blood group system with caution.     

Determination of ABO genotypes by real-time PCR using allele-specific primers

ABO grouping of biological specimens is informative for identifying victims and narrowing down suspects. In Japan and elsewhere, ABO grouping as well as DNA profiling plays an essential role in crime investigations. In the present study, we developed a new method for ABO genotyping using allele-specific primers and real-time PCR. The method allows for the detection of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at nucleotide positions 261, 796, and 803 in the ABO gene and the determination of six major ABO genotypes. This method required less than 2 h for accurate ABO genotyping using 2.0 ng of DNA. This method could be applicable for rapid and simple screening of forensic samples.     

An improved method for MN genotyping by the polymerase chain reaction

A novel method of human MN blood group genotyping is reported using the polymerase chain reaction. Genotyping is based on two base substitutions characteristic of M and N alleles in the 2nd exon of the glycophorin A gene. Using a newly designed primer trio, PCR products for M (255 bp) and N (270 bp) alleles are rapidly and simultaneously detected by a single PCR procedure and subsequent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This method enables MN genotyping from not only minute but also degraded DNA samples.     

Genotyping of ABO blood groups by PCR and RFLP analysis of 5 nucleotide positions

The genotyping of ABO blood groups was performed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The 4 DNA fragments containing the nucleotide position 261, 526, 703 and 796 of cDNA from A-transferase were amplified by PCR, and the amplified DNA subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The different nucleotide at position 803 was clearly distinguished by electrophoresis of the PCR products amplified with allele-specific primers. By analyzing the electrophoresis patterns, ABO genotyping was conclusively accomplished. The frequencies of ABO genotypes found in Japanese blood donors with A and B phenotypes were as follows: in the phenotype A group, AA =19.8 % and AO = 80.2%; and in the phenotype B group, BB =12.8% and BO=87.2%.     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human complement C6 and C7 genes

We analyzed the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the sixth (C6) and the seventh (C7) component genes of the complement system in a sample of the Japanese population, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and PCR direct sequencing. SNPs in the C6 gene studied here are as follows: A413C in exon 3, T1674C in exon 10, T7145A in exon 13, G[357+32]A in intron 2, and G[503-78]A in intron 3. We confirmed that nt413A and nt413C were associated with C6A and C6B, respectively. The result of the nt2145 typing showed that two subtypes exist in the C6B allotype. The SNP of G[357+32]A in intron 2 could be analyzed by using the PCR-RFLP method with HinfI. Allele frequencies in the Japanese population were found to be *G=0.920 and *A=0.080. SNPs in the C7 gene are as follows: T382C in exon 4, G1166C and A1258C in exon 9, and G[+10]A in intron 13. Nt382C and nt1258C would be responsible for C7-5 (=C7-3) and C7-4 allotypes, respectively.     

大鼠NR2B基因核心启动子区单核苷酸多态性研究

 目的:对大鼠NR2B基因核心启动子区进行单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)筛查及分析.方法:提取16只健康SD大鼠海马组织基因组DNA,聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增NR2B基因核心启动子区序列和SNP库已报道的rs8169392所在区域序列,结合DNA测序方法进行SNP筛查和验证.结果:在大鼠NR2B核心启动子区705bp中,发现1个新的SNP位点,为-217位C/T多态;本研究中未筛查到NCBI-SNP库报道的rs8169392.结论:-217位C/T多态的发现为NR2B基因多态性数据库提供了新信息.     

Forensic validation of the modified ABO genotyping method using a DNA chip

ABO typing is effective in several forensic investigations, including the identification of unknown cadavers. When the serological method cannot be used because of the decomposition of ABH antigens, ABO genotyping of DNA is often performed. Previously, we reported a novel ABO genotyping method using a DNA chip as a proof of concept. This chip can simultaneously detect single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ABO gene and a part of the primate-specific D17Z1 sequence for human identification. In the present study, this method was modified and further validated for forensic use. We demonstrated that the modified method can correctly perform ABO genotyping and human identification if the appropriate amount of template (>0.5 ng of DNA) is analyzed. Moreover, it was found that this chip method can be used to type highly degraded DNA. This method is expected to be a useful supplemental tool for the identification of individuals from highly decomposed samples.     

儿童进行性脊肌萎缩症的分子诊断(附10例报告)

目的 对10例儿童进行性脊肌萎缩症(SMA)患者进行分子诊断.方法 提取10例SMA患者和其19例家系成员(患者的父母)以及20例健康正常人对照的基因组DNA.常规PCR扩增SMN基因第7外显子(E7),PCR产物经Dra I酶切后,行琼脂糖凝胶电泳.同时行特异性PCR扩增SMN1和SMN2的E7.结果 常规PCR中,所有10例SMA患者的SMN1 PCR产物(189bp)全部被Dra I切割,所有39例对照组成员(包括19例家系成员和20例健康正常人对照)的SMN1 PCR产物仅有部分可被Dra I切割.在位点特异性PCR中,所有10例SMA患者只有SMN2的E7扩增,所有39例对照组成员既有SMN1、也有SMN2的E7扩增产物.结论 所有10例SMA患者可见SMN1纯合性缺失.所有39例对照组成员未见SMN1纯合性缺失.本研究采用PCR-RFLP和位点特异性PCR相结合,相互佐证,形成一套特有的分子诊断方法,确保了诊断的准确性.     

福建地区汉族人群骨保护素基因rs2073617T/C、rs2073618G/C多态性与急性冠脉综合征的相关性研究

目的 探讨骨保护素(OPG)基因启动子rs2073617T/C(950T/C)和第1外显子rs2073618G/C(1181G/C)位点基因多态性在福建地区汉族人群中的分布及其与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的相关性.方法 纳入福建地区无血缘关系的汉族人720例作为研究对象,分为ACS组(n=360)和对照组(n=360),采用聚合酶链式反应－限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对OPG基因950T/C和1181G/C多态性位点进行基因型分型,同时采用DNA测序对酶切产物进行鉴定.结果 在福建地区汉族人群中,OPG基因950T/C多态性TC、TT、CC 3种基因型在ACS组和对照组中的频率分别为47.8％、26.7％、25.6％和43.3％、33.3％、23.3％;1181G/C多态性GG、GC、CC 3种基因型在ACS组和对照组中的频率分别为51.1％、40.0％、8.9％和60.0％、35.0％、5.0％.ACS组与对照组OPG基因950T/C、1181G/C基因型及等位基因频率分布进行比较均差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).OPG基因950T/C、1181G/C在ACS组患者单支病变、双支病变及三支以上病变组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 福建地区汉族人群OPG 950T/C、1181G/C位点基因多态性与ACS发生无相关性.     

肺癌乳头状瘤病毒感染与P53基因突变的研究

应用PCR与原位杂交技术检测了40例原发性肺癌乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）的感染率及与肺癌不同组织类型的关系；应用PCR-RFLP技术分析P53基因第七外显子的扩增与突变，结果显示；肺癌HPV阳性率为55%（22/40例），其中SCLC9/9例，鳞癌8/16例，腺癌5/12例阳性，P53基因第七外显子在HPV阳性的标本中有5/22例扩增，RFLP分析2/5例（SCLC，鳞癌各一例）突变，探讨HPV感染，P53基因与肺癌的关系。     

Genotyping of TF*Dchi allele in human transferrin polymorphism

Transferrin (TF) polymorphism, one of the most useful genetic markers, have been studied extensively. TF*Dchi allele is widely distributed both among east Asian populations and American Indian populations. The TFDchi peptide was characterized by replacement of His by Arg at position 300 by amino acid sequencing. In the present study, one base substitution at the 956th nucleotide from the first nucleotide in the starting codon that induced His300Arg exchange was confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. The genotyping method used to detect the TF*Dchi allele involved the use of PCR-RFLP and restriction enzyme Acc II. Analysis of the 1765th nucleotide, which determines the common TF alleles, TF*C1 and TF*C2, in TF*Dchi cDNA indicated that the TF*Dchi allele is derived from the TF*C1 allele.     

人体组织激肽释放酶基因5′端调控序列点突变的检测

目的 探讨一种能有效检测组织激肤释放酶基因启动子区点突变的实验技术。方法 提取16例外周血的人基因组DNA，经PCR反应扩增出目标启动子区后，与寡核苷酸探针杂交，并进行测序，比较2种方法的准确性。结果 12例为纯合子，无G碱基插入；4例杂交结果阳性，其中2例为杂合子；2种方法结果吻合。结论 与测序法相比，本文ASO法经济、简便、灵敏度和准确率高，适合做大规模人群检测。     

Coronal 2D MR cholangiography overestimates the length of the right hepatic duct in liver transplantation donors

Purpose

To compare the length of the right hepatic duct (RHD) measured on rotatory coronal 2D MR cholangiography (MRC), rotatory axial 2D MRC, and reconstructed 3D MRC.

Materials and methods

Sixty-seven donors underwent coronal and axial 2D projection MRC and 3D MRC. RHD length was measured and categorized as ultrashort (≤1 mm), short (>1-14 mm), and long (>14 mm). The measured length, frequency of overestimation, and the degree of underestimation between two 2D MRC sets were compared to 3D MRC.

Results

The length of the RHD from 3D MRC, coronal 2D MRC, and axial 2D MRC showed significant difference (p?<?0.05). RHD was frequently overestimated on the coronal than on axial 2D MRC (61.2 % vs. 9 %; p?<?.0001). On coronal 2D MRC, four (6 %) with short RHD and one (1.5 %) with ultrashort RHD were over-categorized as long RHD. On axial 2D MRC, overestimation was mostly <1 mm (83.3 %), none exceeding 3 mm or over-categorized. The degree of underestimation between the two projection planes was comparable.

Conclusion

Coronal 2D MRC overestimates the RHD in liver donors. We suggest adding axial 2D MRC to conventional coronal 2D MRC in the preoperative workup protocol for living liver donors to avoid unexpected confrontation with multiple ductal openings when harvesting the graft.

Key Points

? In living liver donors, RHD length influences the number of ductal openings. ? Coronal 2D MRC overestimates the RHD length than does axial 2D MRC. ? Adding axial 2D MRC to coronal 2D MRC may prevent overestimating RHD length.

     

Establishment of an alternative efficiently genotyping strategy for human ABO gene

ABO genotyping is used in several disciplines, including transfusion, transplantation, human evolution, and forensic medicine. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a locus is a common way to identify different genotypes. In this study we developed a strategy for ABO genotyping, which can rapidly and efficiently detect SNPs. DNA fragments containing 4 SNPs in the ABO gene (c.261delG, c.297A > G, c.1009A > G, and c.1061delC) were amplified using individually and multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and subsequently genotyped by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis. Human blood ABO genotypes from 92 samples were successfully determined by HRM analysis. A total of 14 genotypes (A/A, A/O01, A/O02, A201/O01, A205/O01, B/B, B/O01, B/O02, A/B, A201/B, A205/B, O01/O01, O02/O02, O01/O02) were identified by analysis of the 4 SNPs of interest in this study. The results suggest that the present HRM assay is a reliable and rapid method for ABO blood type genotyping and it may offer an alternative to traditional genotyping methods.     

MtDNA typing of single-sperm cells isolated by micromanipulation

Some sexual assault crimes constitute a problem for the legal institutions confronted with the DNA analysis of such cases. Often, sperm cells are found in the victim's vaginal tract during medical examination but their successful genotyping is compromised by the huge excess of the victim's epithelial cells as well as by the degradation of genomic DNA present in sperm cells as a consequence of female immune response. Mitochondrial DNA present in the mid-piece of sperm cells might be useful in some specific cases in order to differentiate the donors of a semen sample. The high number of copies per cell and its circular nature that may confer some protection from the action of exonucleases make it more suitable for cases where few cells are available and/or the DNA is degraded. We have developed a novel strategy for typing mtDNA from single-sperm cells. Specific amplification of male mitochondrial DNA is ensured by use of sequence specific primers designed on the basis of mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms existent throughout the control region. The strategy was applied to single-sperm cells isolated by micromanipulation from slides smeared with vaginal swabs taken immediately after sexual intercourse of voluntary couples. After sequencing the PCR products, it was possible to obtain a match between the DNA sequence from the buccal swab and the DNA sequence of the single sperm-cell, for each voluntary man. With this new strategy, the problem of contamination with DNA from the victim observed when using universal primers was completely overtaken. This method will probably allow the resolution of multiple-rapist crimes, where the collected sperm cells can be separately typed.     

多位点序列分型技术及其研究进展

多位点序列分型（multilocus sequence typing,MLST）技术是一种基于核酸序列测定的基因分型方法,该方法选用多个看家基因（housekeeping gene）进行序列分析,通过序列的变化反映菌株之间的进化关系,具有较高的分辨率,可通过网络实现实验室间数据共享及比较,已广泛用于细菌基因分型研究。该文综述了MLST技术的原理、设计方法、结果分析及应用等方面的进展,并与其他分型方法进行了比较。     

肌红蛋白基因多态性与运动性肌肉损伤的相关性

 目的 探讨肌红蛋白（myoglobin, Mb）基因第2外显子单核苷酸多态（A79G）与运动性肌肉损伤的关系。方法 85名武警战士进行一次大强度负重运动,检测血清肌酸激酶（creatine kinase,CK）活性的时程变化;聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态（PCR-RFLP）法测定Mb基因多态性;分析基因多态性与安静CK（CK_pre）、峰值CK（CK_peak）及CK最大变化值（△CK）的关系。结果 CK_pre为（145±33）U/L,大强度运动后24 h开始逐渐升高,72 h达峰值［CK_peak：（2972±1648）］U/L,随后缓慢下降,120 h仍高于安静水平。3种基因型的分布频率分别为AA（54.1%）、AG（40.0%）、GG（5.9%）,等位基因分布频率为A（74.1%）、G（25.9%）,符合Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡定律。组间比较,（AG+GG）组CK_pre、CK_peak和△CK均高于AA组（均P＜0.01）。结论 运动性肌肉损伤易感性与Mb基因第2外显子单核苷酸多态（A79G）有关,G等位基因具有肌肉损伤易感性,而AA基因型则具有运动性肌肉损伤保护作用。     

肌红蛋白基因多态与有氧训练效果的关联性分析

目的:探讨肌红蛋白第2外显子的单核苷酸多态(A79G)与有氧耐力训练效果的关联性。方法:对中国北方新征入伍的104名汉族士兵进行每次5000米、每周3次、训练强度为95～105%通气无氧阈(VT)、为期20周的耐力训练。递增负荷运动实验测定受试对象训练前后最大摄氧量(VO2max)和通气无氧阈(VT),PCR-RFLP法测定基因多态性,分析基因多态性与训练效果之间的关联性。结果:3种基因型的分布频率分别为AA(0.52)、AG(0.45)、GG(0.03),分布频率符合Hardy-weinberg遗传平衡定律;训练后3种基因型VO2max的组间比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05);训练后GG组和AG组VT显著提高(P<0.05),AA组达到VT时仅HR显著升高,其余指标均无显著变化(P>0.05)。在VO2max和VT的变化率(Δ%)方面,GG组受试者提高最多,AG组居中,AA组提高最少。提示肌红蛋白基因第2外显子的单核苷酸多态(A79G)与有氧耐力训练效果有一定关联,79G等位基因携带者对有氧耐力训练可能更敏感。     

96例冠心病介入治疗患者ABCA1基因启动子区-477C/T单核苷酸多态性分析

目的研究ABCA1基因启动子区-477C／T单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和冠心病的关系。方法用聚合酶链反应、限制性酶切法（PCR-RFLP）检测96例冠心病患者和100例正常人的ABCA1基因启动子区-477位点基因型,比较基因型在冠心病组与正常人组间、冠心病组中不同病变亚组之间分布的差异性及3种基因型与冠心病相关临床指标的关系。结果冠心病组与正常人组比较,3种基因型CC、CT、TT分布频率差异具有显著性。TT基因型、T等位基因在冠心病组中的分布频率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。冠心病组中,急性冠脉综合征组TT基因型、T等位基因明显高于稳定性心绞痛组（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）,多支病变组TT基因型明显高于单支病变组（P〈0．05）,TT基因型血浆I-IDL-C水平明显低于CC基因型（P〈0．01）。结论ABCAl基因启动子区-477C／TSNP可显著影响中国冠心病者血浆HDL-C水平,而且与冠心病严重程度相关。