中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白对糖尿病肾病引发对比剂急性肾损伤的早期阴性预测价值

目的:评价血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)对糖尿病合并肾功能不全患者对比剂急性肾损害(CIAKI)的早期诊断价值。方法:连续入选冠心病合并糖尿病及肾功能不全(30≤e GFR<90 m L·min-11.73m-2),拟行冠状动脉造影及支架植入术的患者。CIAKI定义为介入治疗术后48~72小时血清肌酐升高44.2mmol/L(或0.5g/L)或相对升高25%。检测术前及术后4小时血浆NGAL水平,评价NGAL对糖尿病合并肾功能不全患者CIAKI的早期诊断价值。结果:入选患者122例,其中21例(17.2%)发生了CIAKI。术前及术后4小时血浆NGAL水平的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为[0.545,95%CI:0.414~0.675,P=0.482]和[0.709,95%CI:0.571~0.831,P=0.001]。NGAL相对升高≥25%的诊断敏感性和特异性分别为85.7%和77.2%,具有较高的阴性预测价值,达96.3%。结论:血浆NGAL可以作为CIAKI的早期诊断标志物,阴性诊断价值更大。     

胱蛋白酶抑制素C对冠心病合并肾功能不全患者对比剂对早期肾功能影响的研究

目的:评价血浆胱蛋白酶抑制素C(cystatin C,CysC)对于对比剂肾病(contrast Induced Nephropathy,CIN)的早期诊断价值。方法:首先连续入选50例患者采集冠状动脉支架置入术前及术后2,4,8,12及24 h静脉血标本,明确血浆CysC变化趋势,确定最佳样本采集时间。共连续入选拟行冠状动脉造影及支架置入术的患者311例。按照适合中国人的肾脏疾病饮食调整公式计算估测的肾小球滤过率来评价肾功能,入选30肾小球滤过率(estinated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)≤90 mL·min-1·1.73m-2患者。CIN定义为介入治疗术后48~72 h SCr水平升高≥44.2μmol/L(0.5mg/dL)或相对升高≥25%。按照是否发生CIN分成非对比剂肾病组(Non-CIN组,n=272)和对比剂肾病组(CIN组,n=39)。血浆CysC采用酶联免疫吸附试验方法检测,评价血浆CysC升高对CIN的诊断价值。结果:术前血浆CysC浓度与Scr正相关(r=0.340,p0.001)。血浆CysC在对比剂暴露后2h开始升高,24h达到高峰,因此术前及术后24h为标本采集时间点。术前及术后24h CysC水平的比较,术后CysC水平在CIN组[术后(554.20±198.69)vs.术前(456.96±136.23)μg/L]和Non-CIN组[术后(468.68±249.92)vs.术前(399.84±182.55)μg/L]均明显升高。以CysC相对升高≥25%为切点,诊断CIN的敏感性和特异性分别为76.9%和81.2%,阴性预测值为96.1%。结论:血浆CysC可作为CIN的早期诊断标志物,其相对升高25%可作为CIN早期诊断的切点,具有较高的阴性预测价值。     

中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白在冠心病合并肾功能不全患者对比剂肾病的早期诊断价值

目的:评价血浆中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin,NGAL)在冠心病合并肾功能不全患者对比剂肾病(Contrast Induced Nephropathy,CIN)早期诊断价值.方法:连续入选拟行冠状动脉造影及支架植入术的患者311例.男性198例(63.7%),女性113例(36.3%),年龄(58.9±9.4)岁.按照适合中国人的肾脏疾病饮食调整公式计算估测的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)评价肾功能,30 结果:311例患者中39例(12.5%)患者发生了CIN.术后NGAL水平CIN组较non-CIN组明显升高[(85.2±28.8)ng/mL vs(71.9±27.6)ng/mL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).non-CIN组组内术后NGAL水平均较术前升高[(71.9±27.6)ng/mL vs(64.8±25.9)ng/mL],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).以NGAL相对升高≥25%为切点,诊断CIN的敏感性和特异性分别为87.2%和80.8%.结论:NGAL相对升高25%可作为CIN早期诊断的切点,血浆NGAL可以作为CIN的早期诊断标志物.     

血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关性载脂蛋白和胱抑素C在对比剂肾病早期诊断的临床意义研究

目的在冠状动脉造影及介入治疗前后早期预测指标血清中性粒细胞明胶酶相关性载脂蛋白(NGAL)和胱抑素C(Cysc)相较于传统指标血清尿素氮(BUN)及肌酐(Cr)值前后水平的变化,从而评估早期预测指标在对比剂肾病(CIN)预测的临床价值。方法前瞻性收集2014年2月至10月于辽宁省人民医院84例行冠状动脉造影及介入治疗的患者的临床资料。分别于术前、术后8 h和术后24 h采集血液样本,检测血清中NGAL、Cysc、BUN、Cr值的改变。依据MDRD估算肾小球滤过率(e GFR)。结果 (1)血清NGAL水平术后8 h、24 h较术前均显著升高(P=0.001);(2)Cysc水平术后8、24 h较术前均显著升高(P=0.001);(3)e GFR术后8、24 h较术前显著降低(P=0.026);(4)血清Cr水平术后8、24 h较术前无显著升高(P=0.248);(5)血清BUN水平术后8、24 h较术前无显著升高(P=0.760)。结论血清NGAL与Cysc在患者行冠脉造影及介入治疗后8 h明显升高,能较早提示急性肾功能损伤,从而成为较好的CIN早期预测的生物化学指标,在早期预测CIN中有一定的临床价值。     

中性粒细胞明胶酶脂质运载蛋白联合B型脑钠肽在老年造影剂肾病早期诊断中的预测价值

目的探讨中性粒细胞明胶酶脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin,NGAL)联合B型脑钠肽(B-type natriuretic peptide,BNP)对老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(coronary atherosclerotic heart disease,CHD)病人发生造影剂肾病(contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN)的早期诊断价值。方法选取2014~2015年在南京医科大学第二附属医院老年科住院确诊或可疑CHD拟行冠状动脉造影和(或)介入治疗的102例病人进行前瞻性观察研究,根据CIN诊断标准按病人临床转归将病人分为CIN组(8例)与非CIN组(94例)。分别于术前,术后24 h、48 h检测血浆NGAL与BNP水平,评估其对CIN的诊断价值。结果术后24 h、48 h,CIN组的血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、NGAL水平较术前及非CIN组明显增高;CIN组术后24 h BNP水平较术前明显增高(均P0.05)。术前,CIN组血NGAL水平与年龄、Scr、BNP呈正相关(r=0.862、0.550、0.835,均P0.05);血BNP与年龄、Scr呈正相关(r=0.917、0.741,均P0.05)。术后24 h联合BNP+NGAL检测对CIN的诊断价值明显优于任一单独指标(AUC=0.863,95%CI:0.718~1.001,P0.05)。结论动态监测血NGAL和BNP对早期识别老年CIN有重要的预测价值。     

普罗布考预防对比剂肾损害的随机化临床研究

目的 对比剂诱导的急性肾损害(contrast induced acute kidney injury,CIAKI)是医源性急性肾功能衰竭的主要原因之一,本项前瞻性、随机化临床试验,旨在探讨围手术期使用普罗布考能否降低冠状动脉介入性诊断及治疗术后的急性肾损害.方法 连续筛选2007年11月1日至2008年4月31日在天津医科大学第二医院心脏科因不稳定性心绞痛入院,拟行冠状动脉造影和(或)冠状动脉介入治疗术的患者205例.随机分入普罗布考组(102例)及对照组(103例).普罗布考组患者于术前及术后3 d服用普罗布考500 mg,2次/d.介入术中使用低渗非离子型对比剂-碘海醇.术后全部患者立即接受水化治疗12 h(1 ml·kg-1·h-1).入院时及术后3 d连续监测肾功能.术后72 h内血清肌酐(Scr)较基线值增高25%或44.2 μol/L(0.5 mg/a)定义为CIAKI.结果 两组患者大部分基线指标差异无统计学意义.总CIAKI发生率为11.22%.多因素回归分析显示,基线Scr≥132.6 μmol/L(OR=21.11,95%CI 1.95～56.06,P＜0.001)、肌酐清除率(Ccr)＜60 ml/min(OR=4.19,95%CI 1.94～9.05,P＜0.001)、心功能＞Ⅱ级(NYHA)(OR=6.23,95%CI 2.73～14.21,P＜0.001)、糖尿病(OR=2.049,95%GI 1.19～5.25,P＜0.001)、年龄≥70岁(OR=3.52,95%CI 1.66～7.43,P＜0.001)、冠状动脉造影显示的冠状动脉钙化(OR=4.29,95%CI 1.99～9.24,P＜0.001)等因素与CIAKI相关.普罗布考组CIAKI发生率较对照组轻度下降(7.84%比14.56%),但差异无统计学意义.普罗布考组与对照组相比,术后Scr峰值[(101.62±42.98)μmol/L比(117.67±68.77)μmol/L,P=0.047]及其与基线Scr的差值(△Scr)[(13.49±19.61)μmol/L比(22.50±18.31)μmol/L,P=0.001]明显降低.结论 对不稳定性心绞痛接受冠状动脉造影和(或)冠状动脉介入治疗的患者在围手术期预防性使用普罗布考具有保护肾功能,减轻肾损害的作用.     

普罗布考预防急诊冠状动脉介入术后对比剂急性肾损害及光抑素C早期诊断价值的随机化临床研究

目的探讨血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(CyC)在早期诊断对比剂急性肾损害(CIAKI)方面的价值及普罗布考预防急诊PCI术后对比剂急性肾损害的作用。方法本项前瞻性、随机化临床试验共纳入204例因急性冠状动脉综合征接受急诊PCI术的患者(其中普罗布考组96例,对照组108例)。在术前及术后1、2、3天分别取血测定CyC及血清肌酐(Scr)水平。结果以术后CyC增高大于或等于10%作为早期诊断CIAKI的切线值,其敏感性为96.3%,特异性为67.23%;阴性预测值为100%,阳性预测值为30.32%。以Scr为测定值的CIAKI的发生率是13.24%,其中普罗布考组4.17%,对照组21.30%(χ2=11.53,P<0.001)。以CyC为测定值的CIAKI的发生率是41.18%,其中普罗布考组29.16%,对照组51.85%(χ2=10.79,P<0.001)。结论 CyC是早期排除CIAKI的可靠指标。在急诊PCI治疗术的患者,围手术期预防性使用普罗布考能降低CIAKI发生的风险。     

高敏C-反应蛋白对经皮冠状动脉介入术后对比剂肾病风险预测价值

目的:探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术前高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平与患者术后对比剂急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)的发生率及远期预后的关系。方法:连续入选1 820例于我院行择期经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者,排除急性心肌梗死、近期手术或创伤的患者。根据术前hs-CRP值分为3组:hs-CRP升高组(hs-CRP>3 mg/L,n=546)、hs-CRP轻度升高组(hs-CRP 1～3 mg/L,n=650)和hs-CRP正常组(hs-CRP<1 mg/L,n=624)。结果:中位随访时间为26个月。与hs-CRP正常组相比,hs-CRP升高组术后CI-AKI发生率显著增加(10.9%vs.14.8%vs.23.1%,P<0.0001)。经过Logistic回归校正临床基线资料后,术前hs-CRP水平仍然是对比剂急性肾损伤发生率的独立预测因素。此外,男性OR=0.61;95%CI=0.45～0.82;P=0.001),糖尿病(OR=2.21,95%CI=1.67～2.93;P<0.0001),围手术期水化治疗(OR=0.50,95%CI=0.38～0.65,P<0.0001)也是患者对比剂肾病风险的独立预测因素。结论:术前hs-CRP水平与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后CI-AKI发生率显著相关。hs-CRP水平可以为患者术前危险分层提供帮助。     

不同剂量阿托伐他汀对冠状动脉介入术后发生造影剂肾病的影响

目的探讨不同剂量阿托伐他汀对PCI术后发生造影剂肾病(CIN)的影响,以及中性粒细胞明胶酶相关载脂蛋白(NGAL)对PCI术后发生CIN的早期诊断意义。方法随机选取我院心内科收治的PCI患者212例,随机分为高剂量他汀治疗组(A组)108例,常规剂量他汀治疗组(B组)104例,均完成冠状动脉造影及PCI,检测2组术前及术后4、24、48和72h血肌酐、尿NGAL水平,采用ROC曲线分析NGAL的价值。结果 A组术后CIN发生率明显低于B组(5.6%vs 18.3%,P=0.012)。2组术后4、24、48和72h尿NGAL水平较术前升高,于72h达峰值,且B组较A组升高更明显(P0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,术后4、24、48和72h尿NGAL的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.917、0.919、0.928、0.953,诊断CIN的敏感性为92.10%,特异性为100.00%。结论高剂量阿托伐他汀可能减少CIN的发生,尿NGAL较血肌酐更早反映PCI术后肾功能的变化,可作为CIN的早期预测指标。     

老年营养风险指数与老年2型糖尿病患者造影剂相关急性肾损伤发生的关系

目的探究老年营养风险指数(GNRI)与老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者造影剂相关急性肾损伤(CIAKI)发生的关系。方法连续选取2018年1月~2019年3月在南京市第一医院心内科住院并行经皮冠状动脉造影检查的患者783例,选择其中年龄≥65岁的448例,分为CIAKI组53例(11.8%)和非CIAKI组395例。采用二分类logistic回归分析发生CIAKI的危险因素,采用ROC曲线分析GNRI的预测价值。结果与非CIAKI组比较,CIAKI组GNRI更低[95.9(91.3,99.5)vs 98.9(95.3,101.9),P=0.000]。多因素logistic回归分析显示,GNRI是老年T2DM患者发生CIAKI的独立危险因素(OR=0.925,95%CI:0.873~0.980,P=0.008)。随着GNRI等级升高,无营养风险、轻度营养风险和中重度营养风险患者CIAKI发生率和住院时间呈上升趋势(H=21.443,P=0.000;H=21.443,P=0.000)。ROC曲线显示,CIAKI预测老年患者发生CIAKI的曲线下面积为0.657(95%CI:0.576~0.739,P<0.01)。结论GNRI是老年T2DM患者发生CIAKI的独立危险因素,但预测CIAKI发生的能力一般。     

Renal function is associated with risk of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently occurs after cardiac surgery and is responsible for increased morbidity and resource use. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of impaired renal function and the development of postoperative AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery in the absence of significant left ventricular dysfunction (n=253; average age 65+/-11 years) were recruited to the present prospective study. Ninety-nine patients (39.1%) developed AF during the postoperative period. Creatinine clearance, estimated by the calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), was prospectively assessed to determine the association of baseline renal function and the development of postoperative AF. Baseline calculated GFR was assessed as a continuous and a categorical variable (normal: greater than 90 mL/min/1.73 m(2); mildly decreased: 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) to 89 mL/min/1.73 m(2); and moderately to severely decreased: less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2)). Baseline creatinine clearance was 72+/-22.2 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and 78.8+/-23.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in patients with and without postoperative AF, respectively (P=0.02). There was an independent association between decreasing calculated GFR and the development of postoperative AF (OR for 10 mL decrease in calculated GFR: 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.39). In addition to calculated GFR, surgery for valvular heart disease (versus coronary artery bypass grafting [OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.14; P<0.01]), age (OR per 10-year increase in age 1.92, 1.18 to 2.59) and perioperative nonuse of beta-adrenergic blockers (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.55; P<0.01) were identified as independent predictors of postoperative AF. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of cardiac surgery, impaired calculated GFR is associated with an increased risk for the development of postoperative AF. These data provide additional evidence supporting the association between renal dysfunction and adverse cardiovascular outcomes.     

Renal function and risk of hip and vertebral fractures in older women

BACKGROUND: An increased rate of hip fractures has been reported in patients with end-stage renal disease, but the effect of less severe renal dysfunction on fracture risk is uncertain. METHODS: We conducted a case-cohort study within a cohort of 9704 women 65 years or older to compare baseline renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] using the Cockcroft-Gault equation) in 149 women who subsequently had hip fractures and 150 women who subsequently had vertebral fractures with eGRF in 396 randomly selected women. RESULTS: In models adjusted for age, weight, and calcaneal bone density, decreasing eGFR was associated with increased risk of hip fracture. Compared with women with an eGFR 60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) or greater, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval [CI]) for hip fracture was 1.57 (95% CI, 0.89-2.76) in those with an eGFR 45 to 59 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and 2.32 (95% CI, 1.15-4.68) in those with an eGFR less than 45 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (P for trend = .02). In particular, women with a reduced eGFR were at increased risk of trochanteric hip fracture (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.93 [95% CI, 1.37-11.30] in women with an eGFR 45-59 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and 7.17 [95% CI, 1.93-26.67] in women with an eGFR <45 mL/min per 1.73 m(2); P for trend = .004). Renal function was not independently associated with risk of vertebral fracture (adjusted odds ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.61-1.92] in women with an eGFR 45-59 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and 1.33 [95% CI, 0.63-2.80] in women with an eGFR <45 mL/min per 1.73 m(2); P for trend = .47). CONCLUSION: Older women with moderate renal dysfunction are at increased risk of hip fracture.     

The relationship between chronic kidney disease and SYNTAX score

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. We evaluated the association between CKD and severity of coronary artery stenosis by calculating SYNTAX Score in patients with left main coronary artery and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease. Coronary angiograms of 217 patients were assessed. Chronic kidney disease was staged using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) prior to coronary angiography. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (NKF KDOQI) Clinical Practice Guidelines (14). Patients with eGFR >90 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (group 1), patients with eGFR 60 to 89 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (group 2), patients with eGFR 30 to 59 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (group 3), patients with eGFR >15 to < 30 per 1.73 m(2) and dialysis patients with eGFR < 15 per 1.73 m(2) were combined as group 4. The risk of significant lesion complexity increased progressively with decreasing kidney function (P = .001). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was a strong predictor of higher SYNTAX Score.     

Renal function and structure in subacute hepatic failure

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Subacute hepatic failure (SHF) is a fatal complicaton of acute viral hepatitis. Renal failure has been implicated as the main cause of death in this disease. However, renal functional and structural evaluation in such patients have not been performed. The present prospective study evaluated the renal functional and structural abnormalities in patients with subacute hepatic failure. METHODS: Fourteen consecutive patients with SHF, 11 with acute liver failure (ALF) and 15 with cirrhosis of the liver (Child's B or C) were included in the present study. All 40 patients had liver disease caused by hepatitis viruses. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) estimations were measured in all patients by the use of technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and [131I]-labeled ortho-iodohippuric acid, respectively. Ante-mortem or post-mortem liver biopsies were performed in all patients. In three patients with SHF, post-mortem kidney biopsies were also performed. RESULTS: Thirty six percent (5/14) of patients with SHF, 18% (2/11) of patients with ALF and 20% (3/15) of patients with cirrhosis had renal failure. Seven patients with SHF, seven with ALF and nine with cirrhosis died. All the patients with renal failure in each of the three groups were among the deceased patients. Glomerular function was markedly affected among patients with SHF, which was shown by significantly higher (P < 0.05) proteinuria levels (0.367 +/- 0.38 g/24 h) compared to levels in patients with ALF (0.178 +/- 0.11 g/24 h) and cirrhosis (0.212 +/- 0.133 g/24 h). The GFR in SHF (56 +/- 27 mL/min per 1.73 m2) and cirrhotic patients (58 +/- 36 mL/min per 1.73 m2) was significantly lower compared to those in ALF patients (102 +/- 51 mL/min per 1.73 m2; P < 0.05). A significantly higher proportion (P < 0.05) of patients with SHF and cirrhosis (64 and 73%, respectively) had a GFR below 80 mL/min per 1.73 m2 compared to patients with ALF (18%). The GFR value among the deceased SHF patients (46 +/- 26 mL/min per 1.73 m2) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those SHF patients who survived (65 +/- 25 mL/min per 1.73 m2). However, similar features could not be documented among patients with ALF or cirrhosis. Subtle structural changes in the glomerulus were also noted in patients with SHF. These included mesangial proliferation and thickening, basal membrane thickening and increased cellularity with interstitial edema. The ERPF was markedly reduced (P = 0.058) among patients with SHF (347 +/- 131 mL/min per 1.73 m2) and cirrhosis (395 +/- 137 mL/min per 1.73 m2) in comparison to ERPF documented among patients with ALF (436 +/- 217 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Such a reduction in renal tubular blood flow, along with histologic documentation of hyaline presence, bile and grannular cast in the tubule, indicated a possible tubular dysfunction in patients with SHF. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that glomerular and tubular dysfunction with subtle structural abnormalities does occur in patients with SHF. These are similar to renal changes in cirrhosis and may have similar pathogenetic mechanisms that require further evaluation.     

The prevalence of reduced glomerular filtration rate in older hypertensive patients and its association with cardiovascular disease: a report from the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in older hypertensive patients and the relationship between level of GFR and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk factors are not well known. METHODS: We evaluated baseline renal function in 40 514 hypertensive patients 55 years or older who were enrolled in the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). We used the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation to estimate GFR and examined the prevalence of CVD in patients with different levels of GFR. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of patients had mild (60-89 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)), 17.2% had moderate (30-59 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)), and 0.6% had severe (相似文献   

Estimating renal function in lupus nephritis: comparison of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Cockcroft Gault equations

Estimates of renal function are widely used in clinical practice and research. We assessed the performance of the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) and the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations in lupus nephritis patients. Data from ninety-seven lupus nephritis patients in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort were reviewed. Two renal function estimates, the CG and the MDRD, were compared with the 24 h creatinine clearance (CrCl). In the entire group of patients, the CG and MDRD equations had good global agreement with CrCl (R-square = 0.91 and 0.69, respectively). On average the CG equation overestimated CrCl by 2.36 mL/min/1.73 m(2), whereas the MDRD equation underestimated CrCl by 5.85 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P = 0.0004. The CG equation had greater accuracy (mean squared error) than the MDRD equation (14.93 versus 28.47 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P = 0.002) when predicting CrCl. Although both equations lacked precision (standard deviation of the difference scores) in patients with CrCl > or = 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), the CG equation was more precise than the MDRD equation in this group, (15.68 versus 29.58 mL/min/1.73 m(2), P = 0.003). In lupus nephritis patients, the CG equation was superior to the MDRD equation as an estimate of CrCl. However, both equations lacked precision in patients with CrCl > or = 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2).     

Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate and Risk of Stroke: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

Aims: Although chronic kidney disease is recognized as an independent risk factor for cerebrovascular disease, its association with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke remains controversial. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort, which is representative of the Korean population. A total of 195,772 Koreans who were not diagnosed with stroke before 2009 were included in this study from 2009 to 2013. The eGFR was divided into six categories (≥ 90, 75–89, 60–74, 45–59, 30–44, ＜30 mL/min/1.73 m ² ). The Kaplan–Meier plot was illustrated to compare the incidence of stroke. Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of eGFR for risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by sex. Results: During an average of 4.36 years of follow-up period, 2,236 and 668 people were diagnosed with newly ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. Age-adjusted incidence rate for ischemic stroke among people with eGFR ＜45 mL/min/1.73 m ² was higher than those with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m ² , whereas that for hemorrhagic stroke among people with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m ² was higher than those with eGFR ＜45 mL/min/1.73 m ² . After adjusting for multiple covariates, the adjusted HR for ischemic stroke increased with decreasing eGFR in men ( p for trend ＜0.001), but not in women ( p for trend=0.48). On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between eGFR and risk of hemorrhagic stroke in both men and women. Conclusions: Reduced glomerular filtration rate less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m ² was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke, especially in men.     

Serum creatinine in patients with advanced liver disease is of limited value for identification of moderate renal dysfunction: are the equations for estimating renal function better?

BACKGROUND: The Cockcroft-Gault formula (CGF) is used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) based on serum creatinine (Cr) levels, age and sex. A new formula developed by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Group, based on the patient's Cr levels, age, sex, race and serum urea nitrogen and serum albumin levels, has shown to be more accurate. However, the best formula to identify patients with advanced liver disease (ALD) and moderate renal dysfunction (GFR 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or less) is not known. The aim of the present study was to compare calculations of GFR, using published formulas (excluding those requiring urine collections) with standard radionuclide measurement of GFR in patients with ALD. METHODS: Fifty-seven consecutive subjects (40% women) with a mean age of 50 years (range 16 to 67 years) underwent 99m-technetium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) (single injection) radionuclide measurement of GFR. To calculate GFR, three formulas were used: the reciprocal of Cr multiplied by 100 (100/Cr), the CGF and the MDRD formulas. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and Bland-Altman analyses of agreement were used to analyze the association between 99mTc-DTPA clearance and the three equations for GFR. RESULTS: The mean 99mTc-DTPA clearance was 83 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range 28 mL/min/1.73 m2 to 173 mL/min/1.73 m2). Mean calculated GFRs by 100/Cr, the CGF and the MDRD formula were 106 mL/min/1.73 m2, 98 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 86 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Regression analysis showed good correlation between radionuclide GFR and calculated GFR with r(100/Cr)=0.74, r(CGF)=0.80, r(MDRD)=0.87, all at P > or = 0.0001. The MDRD formula provided the least bias. The Bland-Altman plot showed best agreement between GFR calculated by the MDRD formula and 99mTc-DTPA clearance, with only 3 mL/min/1.73 m2 overestimation. There was higher variability between radionuclide GFR and calculated GFR by the CGF and by 100/Cr. Although there was no difference in precision, GFR calculated by the MDRD formula had the best overall accuracy. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of moderate renal dysfunction by the MDRD formulas were 73% and 87%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among the Cr-based GFR formulas, the MDRD formula showed a larger proportion of agreement with radionuclide GFR in patients with ALD. In clinical practice, the MDRD is the best formula for detection of moderate renal dysfunction among those with ALD.     

Refined characterization of the association between kidney function and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization.

AIMS: Chronic kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The level of kidney function at which this risk increases remains to be determined. We sought to characterize the relationship between kidney function and survival among patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) undergoing cardiac catheterization using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and graded refinements in the classification of kidney function. METHODS AND RESULTS: We included 8521 of 11 778 (72.3%) consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2001 from the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease database. eGFR as a categorical and continuous variable was used to define kidney function. The outcome was all-cause mortality. During a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 2.2 (1.5-3.1) years, and after adjustment for clinical risk factors and severity of coronary disease, there was a steady incremental decrease in survival post-catheterization corresponding to a decline in eGFR categories of 10 mL/min/1.73 m(2). When eGFR was modelled as a continuous variable, there was an increased risk of death noted at an eGFR below 79 mL/min/1.73 m(2). Below an eGFR of 70 mL/min/1.73 m,(2), there was an approximate 17.2% relative increase in risk for every 10 unit decrease in eGFR (95% CI 8.4-26.6%). CONCLUSION: The risk of death post-cardiac catheterization is elevated when eGFR is < or =79 mL/min/1.73 m(2). These findings provide considerable refinement in our understanding of eGFR as a powerful prognostic marker in patients with CVD undergoing cardiac catheterization.