心肌肥厚大鼠超声背向散射积分与细胞外基质重塑的相关性

目的探讨心肌肥厚大鼠背向散射积分的变化情况,并结合心肌细胞外基质的病理改变及其重要影响因子基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-9)和其生理性抑制剂(TIMP-1)在蛋白和基因水平的表达,探讨其相互关系.方法 SD大鼠腹腔注射去甲肾上腺素(1.06 mg/kg*d×15 d)建立心肌肥厚的动物模型,测定室间隔中部心肌的背向散射参数,并应用免疫组化和逆转录-聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)方法检测心肌总体胶原、Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原的改变,及MMP-9、TIMP-1蛋白和mRNA的表达,与超声测定的结果进行对比研究.结果 (1)实验组大鼠心肌胶原成分及MMP-9、TIMP-1蛋白和mRNA的表达显著高于健康对照组(P<0.01).(2)超声背向散射积分(IBS%)在实验组较对照组增高(P<0.01),与心肌胶原、MMP-9和TIMP-1蛋白和mRNA的表达之间存在相关性.结论大鼠心肌肥厚时IBS%升高与胶原的过渡沉积密切相关,而MMP-9和TIMP-1可能是引起心肌细胞外基质重塑的重要机制之一.     

阿托伐他汀对心肌肥厚大鼠细胞外基质重塑的抑制作用

目的　探讨阿托伐他汀对去甲肾上腺素诱导的心肌肥厚大鼠细胞外基质重塑的影响及其可能的机制。方法　雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组 :(1)对照组 ,(2 )去甲肾上腺素组 [1 0 6mg/ (kg·d)× 15d],(3)去甲肾上腺素 阿托伐他汀组 [5 0mg/ (kg·d)× 15d]。去甲肾上腺素ip ,2次 /d ,15d ,建立心肌肥厚模型。应用超声心动图及病理学方法评价整体心肌肥厚及组织胶原表达。用逆转录-聚合酶链反应法 (RT PCR)及免疫组化检测细胞外基质调节因子 -基质金属蛋白酶 (MMP - 9)及其生理性抑制剂 (TIMP 1)和转化生长因子 β1(TGF - β1)mRNA和蛋白表达。结果　去甲肾上腺素组大鼠发生左心室肥厚及纤维化 ,胶原含量及MMP 9、TIMP 1和TGF - β1蛋白、mRNA表达显著高于健康对照组 (P <0 0 1)。阿托伐他汀能减少心肌中总体胶原及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的合成及MMP 9、TGF - β1表达 (P <0 0 1)。结论　MMP 9、TIMP 1和TGF - β1与心肌肥厚大鼠的细胞外基质重塑有关。阿托伐他汀能有效防治心肌纤维化及细胞外基质重塑 ,这一效应与其降低心肌中高表达的MMP 9和TGF - β1有关。     

基质金属蛋白酶在大鼠心肌梗死模型心室重塑中的作用

目的:研究心肌梗死(MI)后基质金属蛋白酶2,9(MMP2,9)和组织金属蛋白酶抑制酶1(TIMP1)的变化规律,以及在左心室重塑过程中的作用。方法:通过结扎SD大鼠冠状动脉前降支建立MI模型。另设空白对照组、手术对照组。取MI术后第1天,术后1、2、4周各组心肌组织,采用免疫组化法测定其胶原含量和Ⅰ/Ⅲ胶原比例,酶谱法测定MI后MMP2,9活性蛋白的表达规律,WesternBlotting进一步确定酶谱法中所消化条带蛋白的属性,逆转录聚合酶链反应法(RTPCR)测定MI后MMP2、9和TIMP1mRNA的变化规律。结果:SD大鼠心肌内胶原含量在MI后第2、4周增加(P<0.01),Ⅰ/Ⅲ胶原比例同时期下降(P<0.05),MMP2、9蛋白水平和mRNA水平在MI后活性增强、表达增加,TIMP1蛋白含量减少。结论:SD大鼠MI后心肌组织内MMP2、9mRNA转录增加,TIMP1mRNA转录减少,MMP2、9活性增高和蛋白含量增加,TIMP1蛋白表达减少,胶原含量增加,Ⅰ/Ⅲ胶原比例下降,是参与心室重塑机制的重要组成部分。     

螺内酯对原发性高血压大鼠左心室功能的影响

目的用超声评价螺内酯对原发性高血压(高血压)大鼠(SHR)心肌组织胶原含量和心功能的影响。方法20只雄性高血压大鼠随机分为螺内酯组(n=10)和安慰剂组(n=10),另设WKY组(n=7)。螺内酯组螺内酯用双蒸水溶解后以20 mg.kg-1.d-1灌胃;安慰剂组和WKY组用等容积双蒸水灌胃,连续16周。超声心动图观察大鼠左心房内径,室间隔和后壁厚度,射血分数,背向散射积分(IBS);背向散射积分周期变化(PPI)。取心肌标本,称取左心室重量,计算左心室质量指数,制备心肌组织石蜡切片,天狼猩红饱和苦味酸染色,观察心肌胶原容积分数(CVF)和血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)。结果与WKY组比较,安慰剂组大鼠心肌肥厚指标:左心室质量指数室,室间隔及左心室后壁厚度增加;心脏功能指标:左心房内径、射血分数增大,E/A比值减少;纤维化指标:胶原容积分数、血管周围胶原面积增加,声学密度指标背向散射积分升高,背向散射积分周期变化降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗16周,与安慰剂组比较,螺内酯组上述指标均有改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论高血压大鼠左心室胶原沉积、心肌肥厚、舒张功能减退,收缩功能受损。螺内酯治疗能减少高血压大鼠局部胶原沉积,改善左心室功能。     

心肌组织基质金属蛋白酶-1,2,9及其抑制物-1,2基因表达变化在心肌肥厚患者心肌纤维化中的意义

目的:探讨人心室肥厚时心肌组织基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-1,2,9及其抑制物(TIMP)-1,2基因表达的改变及与心肌纤维化的关系。方法:应用病理检查、逆转录—聚合酶链式反应、放射免疫和蛋白印迹杂交等方法,检测心肌肥厚患者(心肌肥厚组)和正常人(对照组)心肌间质胶原容积分数和心肌血管周围胶原面积、心肌组织Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原信使核糖核酸(mRNA)表达、心脏局部血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)水平和心肌MMP-1,2,9及TIMP-1,2蛋白表达。结果:心肌间质胶原容积分数和心肌血管周围胶原面积比心肌肥厚组比对照组均明显增高(P均<0．01)。心肌肥厚组心肌组织Ⅰ型胶原及Ⅲ型胶原mRNA表达相对含量也均明显高于对照组(P均<0．01)。心肌肥厚组心肌组织匀浆液血管紧张素Ⅱ水平为(179．3±36．1)pg／mg心肌组织,对照组为(103．2±13．6)pg/mg心肌组织,与对照组比较,心肌肥厚组心肌组织血管紧张素Ⅱ水平明显增高(P<0．01)。心肌肥厚组心肌组织MMP-1,2,9蛋白表达比对照组明显增多(P均<0．01),TIMP-1,2蛋白表达也比对照组明显增加(P均<0．05)。结论:心肌肥厚时心肌胶原的代谢受到MMPs／TIMPs的调节。MMP-1,2,9和TIMP-1,2蛋白表达均增加,使MMPs的活性受到抑制,胶原合成增加的速度大于胶原降解的速度,导致心肌纤维化。     

MMP-1、TIMP-1在病毒性心肌炎小鼠心肌胶原重构中的作用

目的探讨基质金属蛋白酶鄄1(MMP鄄1)、金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子鄄1(TIMP鄄1)在心肌炎小鼠心肌胶原重构中的作用。方法用VG染色和图像分析、原位杂交方法观察病毒性心肌炎小鼠及同龄的对照小鼠各时期心肌组织胶原改变及MMP鄄1mRNA、TIMP鄄1mRNA的表达。结果与对照组比较,感染后第14天心肌组织胶原增加不明显,感染后第28天心肌组织血管周围胶原面积(PVCA)显著增加(P<0.001),感染后第56天PVCA及心肌胶原容积分数(CVF)均显著增加(P<0.001)。感染后第7天心肌MMP鄄1mRNA呈现一过性表达;感染后第7天可见TIMP鄄1mRNA表达,第14～21天最为明显,此后减弱,直到第56天。结论TIMP鄄1mRNA表达上调可能在病毒性心肌炎心肌胶原重构中起着重要作用。     

阿托伐他汀对心肌肥厚大鼠细胞外基质重塑的抑制作用

目的探讨阿托伐他汀对去甲肾上腺素诱导的心肌肥厚大鼠细胞外基质重塑的影响及其可能的机制.方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为三组(1)对照组,(2)去甲肾上腺素组[1.06 mg/(kg·d)×15 d],(3) 去甲肾上腺素+阿托伐他汀组[50 mg/(kg·d)×15 d].去甲肾上腺素ip,2次/d,15 d,建立心肌肥厚模型.应用超声心动图及病理学方法评价整体心肌肥厚及组织胶原表达.用逆转录-聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)及免疫组化检测细胞外基质调节因子-基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-9)及其生理性抑制剂(TIMP-1)和转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)mRNA和蛋白表达.结果去甲肾上腺素组大鼠发生左心室肥厚及纤维化,胶原含量及MMP-9、TIMP-1和TGF-β-1蛋白、mRNA表达显著高于健康对照组(P<0.01).阿托伐他汀能减少心肌中总体胶原及Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的合成及MMP-9、TGF-β-1表达(P<0.01).结论 MMP-9、TIMP-1和TGF-β-1与心肌肥厚大鼠的细胞外基质重塑有关.阿托伐他汀能有效防治心肌纤维化及细胞外基质重塑,这一效应与其降低心肌中高表达的MMP-9和TGF-β-1有关.     

白细胞介素-10对急性心肌梗死后细胞外基质重构影响的实验研究

目的 观察白细胞介素-10(IL-10)对大鼠急性心肌梗死后心肌基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、9,金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP)-1表达及胶原代谢的作用,探讨其对急性心肌梗死后心肌基质重构的影响.方法 18只大鼠随机分为假手术组、MI/AAV2转染组作为对照和MI/AAV2-IL-10转染组,每组6只.结扎大鼠左冠状动脉前降支建立急性心肌梗死动物模型,同时应用基因重组2型腺相关病毒(AAV-2)携带IL-10基因转染心肌组织.RT-PCR和ELISA观察心肌IL-10 mRNA和蛋白的表达.逆转录聚合酶链反应、免疫印迹法、明胶酶谱、免疫组化检测转染后心肌组织表达MMP-2、9,TIMP-1,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原水平的变化.结果 心肌梗死5 d后,MI/AAV2-IL-10组检测到IL-10 mRNA和蛋白的表达;MI/AAV2组较假手术组心肌MMP-2、9,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达明显升高;而MI/AAV2-IL-10组较MI/AAV2组梗死心肌各部位MMP-2、9表达减少,TIMP-1表达升高,其中,梗死边缘区的MMP-2表达降低14.6%(P＜0.01),MMP-9降低24.7%(P＜0.01),TIMP-1升高73.1%(P＜0.01),Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达分别下降了47.6%(P＜0.01)、23.6%(P＜0.05),Ⅰ/Ⅲ型胶原比值下降.结论 IL-10通过对MMP/TIMP的作用,改善大鼠急性心肌梗死后心肌胶原沉积和组织重构.     

中药心康方对大鼠心力衰竭模型心肌胶原代谢的影响

目的观察中药心康方对大鼠心力衰竭模型心肌胶原代谢的影响。方法阿霉素腹腔注射法建立大鼠心力衰竭模型,随机分为对照组(10只)、模型组(9只)、心康方组(9只)和卡托普利组(9只)。Masson染色观察心肌胶原变化,Western blot检测心肌Ⅰ型、Ⅲ型胶原、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、核因子κB的抑制蛋白(IκB)和p56的表达,Western blot和RT-q PCR分别检测心肌基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2、MMP-9、基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP)-1和TIMP-2的蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果与对照组比较,模型组大鼠心肌Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原表达显著增加,胶原容积分数显著升高(均为P<0.01);TGF-β1和p56表达显著增加,IκB显著降低(均为P<0.05);MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1和TIMP-2的蛋白和mRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05)。与模型组比较,心康方组和卡托普利组大鼠的心肌Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型胶原表达显著减少,胶原容积分数显著降低(均为P<0.01);TGF-β1和p56显著降低,IκB显著升高(均为P<0.05);MMP-2、MMP-9、TIMP-1和TIMP-2的蛋白和mRNA表达水平显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论中药心康方可减轻心力衰竭大鼠的心肌胶原沉积,其机制可能与抑制核因子κB介导的TGF-β1上调有关。     

吡格列酮对老年自发性高血压大鼠心肌纤维化及胶原代谢的影响

目的探讨吡格列酮对老年自发性高血压大鼠(SHRs)心肌纤维化及胶原代谢的影响和可能机制。方法 12月龄SHRs分为吡格列酮组和SHR组,同月龄WKY鼠为对照组。观察大鼠体重及尾动脉血压、测定左室重量指数(LVI)、心肌胶原定性分析、测定心肌羟脯氨酸含量、Westen印迹法检测心肌基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-1、MMP抑制物(TIMP)-1蛋白表达、测定心肌活性氧(ROS)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平并观察心肌过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)γmRNA表达和组织定位。结果与对照组相比,SHR组血压、胶原容积积分、血管周围胶原面积和左室心肌组织羟脯氨酸浓度明显升高,吡格列酮组能改善心肌纤维化;SHR组MMP-1/TIMP-1显著降低,吡格列酮组MMP-1/TIMP-1水平显著升高,PPARγ表达增多,心肌ROS浓度显著下降(P0.05)。结论吡格列酮通过调节MMPs/TIMP平衡促进胶原降解,抑制胶原的沉积,抑制心肌纤维化,机制可能是通过激活PPARγ和抑制ROS的形成。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.