Vital bleaching agents and oral antiseptic: effect on anaerobic bacteria.

This in vitro study compared the antimicrobial effect of several at-home bleaching agents and an oral antiseptic against anaerobic bacteria that are commonly found in the oral cavity. Zones of inhibition produced by Rembrandt Lighten Bleaching Gel, Opalescence, and Peroxyl were measured and compared. All the materials produced zones of inhibition with the five bacteria used in the study.     

Antimicrobial Properties of VLC Liners

The antimicrobial activity of several visible light cured glass ionomer and liner materials against three bacteria commonly found in the oral cavity is discussed. Vitrabond light cure glass ionomer produced zones of inhibition against all the bacteria tested in this study. It appeared to resemble a true glass ionomer cement in regard to its antimicrobial properties whereas the other materials used in this study appeared to possess no antimicrobial activity.     

药物牙膏对部分口腔细菌抑制作用的体外实验

目的 分析市售药物牙膏对部分口腔细菌的抑制情况。方法 采用体外液体稀释法测定细菌敏感性。结果 洁银中药牙膏抑菌作用最为明显，其次是中华草本牙膏、佳洁士多合一牙膏、两面针中药牙膏、黑妹护齿康等，其它有中度抑菌作用的牙膏分别有新世纪美加净牙膏、白玉芦荟牙膏、高露洁含氟牙膏、两面针全能牙膏、上海防酸牙膏等，芳草牙膏、草珊瑚护齿牙膏抑菌效果稍差。结论 各种含天然植物成份牙膏对口腔细菌均有不同程度抑制作用。     

Antimicrobial effects of a new therapeutic liquid dentifrice formulation on oral bacteria including odorigenic species.

The control of oral malodor is well-recognized in efforts to improve oral health. Antimicrobial formulations can mitigate oral malodor, however, procedures to assess effects on oral bacteria including those implicated in halitosis are unavailable. This investigation examined the antimicrobial effects of a new liquid triclosan/copolymer dentifrice (test) formulation that demonstrated significant inhibition of oral malodor in previous organoleptic clinical studies. Procedures compared antimicrobial effects of the test and control formulations on a range of oral micro-organisms including members implicated in halitosis, substantive antimicrobial effects of formulations with hydroxyapatite as a surrogate for human teeth and ex vivo effects on oral bacteria from human volunteers. With Actinomyces viscosus, as a model system, the test formulation demonstrated a dose-dependent effect. At these concentrations the test formulation provided significant antimicrobial effects on 13 strains of oral bacteria including those implicated in bad breath at selected posttreatment time points. Treatment of hydroxyapatite by the test dentifrice resulted in a significant and substantive antimicrobial effect vs. controls. Oral bacteria from subjects treated ex vivo with the test dentifrice resulted in significant reductions in cultivable oral bacteria and odorigenic bacteria producing hydrogen sulfide. In summary, microbiological methods adapted to study odorigenic bacteria demonstrate the significant antimicrobial effects of the test (triclosan/copolymer) dentifrice with laboratory and clinical strains of oral bacteria implicated in bad breath.     

Comparative study of the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine gel, chlorhexidine solution and sodium hypochlorite as endodontic irrigants

The purpose of this study was to assess the in vitro the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate gel as an endodontic auxiliary chemical substance compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and chlorhexidine gluconate solution. The antimicrobial efficacy of the tested substances was evaluated using the agar diffusion test. The growth inhibition zones produced by 0.2%, 1% and 2% chlorhexidine gel were evaluated against 5 facultative anaerobic bacteria and 4 pigmented Gram-negative anaerobes, and compared to the results obtained by NaOCl and chlorhexidine solution. The largest growth inhibition zones were produced when the test bacteria were in contact with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate gel (11.79 mm), being significantly different (p<0.05) from the growth inhibition zones produced by all NaOClconcentrations, including 5.25% (9.54 mm). However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the growth inhibition zones obtained with equal concentrations of chlorhexidine solution and gel. The results of this study indicate that, as far as its antimicrobial properties are concerned, chlorhexidine gel has a great potential to be used as an endodontic auxiliary chemical substance.     

Antimicrobial properties of glass-ionomer cements and other restorative materials

The antimicrobial properties of 14 different restorative materials, nine of which were glass-ionomer cements, were compared and observed in this study. The materials were mixed according to manufacturers' specifications and exposed to four types of bacteria commonly found in caries and plaque. Zones of bacterial inhibition were measured for all materials in millimeters. Glass-ionomer cement materials, materials containing zinc oxide, and amalgam produced measureable zones of inhibition.     

Antimicrobial properties of dental dentin-enamel adhesives

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Universal Bond II adhesive and two experimental versions of Universal Bond II adhesives against the bacteria, Streptococcus mutans. The zones of bacterial inhibition produced by three samples of the adhesive (identified as Batches 1, 2, and 3) were measured and compared. Batch 1 contained 0.7% glutaraldehyde, Batch 2 contained 1.0% glutaraldehyde, and Batch 3 contained 0.45% glutaraldehyde (current Universal Bond II adhesive). The bacteria was swabbed over the surface of agar plates in two directions. The plates were divided into the following two groups: Group I-Batches 1, 2, 3 were placed into wells for 1 minute before being cured. Group II-Batches 1, 2, 3 were placed into wells for 20 seconds before being cured. Zones of microbial inhibition were measured in millimeters at the end of 24, 48, and 72 hours. All batches of the adhesive produced zones of inhibition against S. mutans. All batches of the adhesive maintained zones of inhibition throughout the 72 hours of the study.     

Antimicrobial Properties of Dental Dentin-Enamel Adhesives

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Universal Bond II adhesive and two experimental versions of Universal Bond II adhesives against the bacteria, Streptococcus mutans. The zones of bacterial inhibition produced by three samples of the adhesive (identified as Batches 1, 2, and 3) were measured and compared. Batch 1 contained 0.7% glutaraldehyde, Batch 2 contained 1.0% glutaraldehyde, and Batch 3 contained 0.45% glutaraldehyde (current Universal Bond II adhesive). The bacteria was swabbed over the surface of agar plates in two directions. The plates were divided into the following two groups: Group I-Batches 1, 2, 3 were placed into wells for 1 minute before being cured. Group II-Batches 1,2,3 were placed into wells for 20 seconds before being cured. Zones of microbial inhibition were measured in millimeters at the end of 24, 48, and 72 hours. All batches of the adhesive produced zones of inhibition against S. mutans. All batches of the adhesive maintained zones of inhibition throughout the 72 hours of the study.     

Survey of oral microbial diversity using PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

Polymicrobial biofilms in the human oral cavity exhibit marked diversity. PCR-based denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) surveys microbial diversity by displaying PCR-generated 16S rDNA fragments that migrate at different distances, reflecting the differences in the base-pair (i.e., % G+C) composition of the fragment. This study examined DGGE-generated diversity profiles of cultivable bacteria from individuals with different caries status. Initially, we developed a set of PCR-DGGE running conditions appropriate to oral bacteria. Next, we assessed migration standards from known oral bacterial reference strains. To test the methods, we profiled 20 bacterial saliva samples cultivated from young adults. The study produced a battery of species-specific 16S rDNA amplicons that could be used as a migration distance standard necessary for computer-assisted profile analysis. From the clinical samples, we found a significantly greater diversity of oral microbes in caries-free individuals compared with caries-active individuals (P = 0.01). These findings suggest thtat a portion of oral microbiota of caries-active individuals may be absent, suppressed, or replaced.     

含二氧化氯口腔消毒剂消毒效果的实验研究

目的 评价含二氧化氯的口腔消毒剂的体内消毒效果。方法 采用现场实验的方法，唾液采样，观察口腔消毒剂使用前后口腔细菌的改变。结果 对照组使用蒸馏水漱口后总菌数及各菌数均有减少．但差异无显著性。实验组使用二氧化氯漱口后即刻、漱口后1h 10min的总菌数、链球菌数和第一种球菌数均有下降，其中漱口后即刻总菌数下降最低，到漱口后1h 40min总菌数、链球菌数恢复，但第一种球菌数仍未恢复漱口前水平。其它变化差异无显著性。结论 含二氧化氯的口腔消毒剂对口腔细菌包括可疑致病的革兰氏阳性和阴性菌，需氧菌和厌氧菌的链球菌、球菌均有明显杀灭、抑制作用，并可维持一定时间。     

Funoran-Containing Xylitol Gum and Tablets Inhibit Adherence of Oral Streptococci

The aim of this study was to evaluate inhibition of adherence of oral streptococci by addition of funoran to xylitol-containing chewing gum or tablets. The inhibitory effect by addition of funoran on adherence was evaluated by scintillation counting using ³H-labeled oral streptococci and saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. In samples containing more than 0.1% funoran, the number of attached bacteria was significantly reduced in all tested microorganisms compared with funoran-free samples. This reduction in adherence was also observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate that addition of funoran to xylitol chewing gum or tablets inhibits colonization by oral streptococci, including Streptococcus mutans.     

隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏对部分口腔微生物体外抑菌作用的实验研究

目的:检测隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏(含葡聚糖酶和溶菌酶)对口腔部分微生物的抑菌作用。方法:采用Dentocult SM法检测葡聚糖酶水溶液和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏提取液对变形链球菌黏附性的作用;采用琼脂扩散法检测溶菌酶水溶液和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏对伴放线放线杆菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和粘性放线菌的抑菌作用。结果:葡聚糖酶水溶液和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏提取液能够减少变形链球菌在Dentocult SM附着板上的黏附;溶菌酶水溶液可以在伴放线放线杆菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌和粘性放线菌的含菌培养基上形成清晰的抑菌环,其直径大小随溶菌酶浓度增加而增大;隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏也可在牙龈卟啉单胞菌和粘性放线菌的含菌培养基上形成清晰的抑菌环,而在伴放线放线杆菌培养基上形成的抑菌环不清晰。结论:葡聚糖酶和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏能够降低变形链球菌的黏附性;溶菌酶和隆力奇DL复合酶牙膏对部分口腔微生物具有一定的体外抑菌效果。     

The effect of an oral hygiene program on oral levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC)

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) produced by bacteria in niches of the oral cavity play a major role in the etiology of bad breath, and can be easily detected by a portable sulfide monitor (Halimeter). To investigate the effect of an oral hygiene program on VSC levels, Halimeter readings were taken from 55 healthy dental students during a course in oral hygiene training, including instruction on brushing, flossing and professional tooth cleaning. Ten students who received no oral hygiene training served as a negative control. The oral hygiene status was measured using the papillary bleeding index (PBI). PBI and VSC values did not show significant changes during the study period of 10 weeks in the control group. In the test group, PBI values significantly decreased compared to baseline and the control, indicating that the oral hygiene program had a benefit on the oral hygiene status. The VSC values also decreased significantly during the study period compared to baseline and the control. It was concluded that in a group of dental students, a thorough oral hygiene training program was capable of reducing the oral level of VSC Halimeter readings.     

复方苦参漱口液对口腔常见致病菌的抑制作用

目的:研究复方苦参漱口液对口腔常见致病菌的体外抑制作用。方法:对嗜酸乳杆菌等6种口腔常见致病菌的标准菌株采用培养基体外培养增殖,测定苦参漱口液的最低抑菌浓度、MIC50、MIC90;平板法测定抑菌强度,并与茶多酚作比较。结果:复方苦参漱口液对6种标准菌株的最低抑菌浓度均低于原液浓度。对致龋菌,复方苦参漱口液取得与茶多酚相似的抑菌效果;对黏膜致病菌,复方苦参漱口液的抑菌作用强于茶多酚。平板抑菌环结果:复方苦参漱口液和茶多酚之间比较无显著差异。结论:复方苦参漱口液有良好的抑菌作用。     

Estimation of salivary bacteria capable of inhibiting and stimulating Streptococcus mutans and its correlation to dental caries and untreated carious teeth

Bacteriocins are bacteriocidal proteinaceous molecules produced by the Gram-positive bacteria not active against the produced strain. Many investigations have revealed that certain bacteria using antibacterial or the inhibitory substance inhibit some other bacteria. A study was conducted in a group of 60 children to ascertain whether any correlation exists between the proportion of salivary bacteria inhibiting and stimulating Streptococcus mutans and the oral health indices (DMFT, deft and Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs). A definite inverse correlation was observed between the percentage of salivary inhibiting S. mutans and untreated carious teeth (UCT).     

Oral malodor in children and volatile sulfur compound-producing bacteria in saliva: preliminary microbiological investigation.

PURPOSE: This study examined and compared levels of salivary bacteria which produced volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in young children with and without oral malodor. METHODS: Clinic populations of children aged two to seven years, whose parents presented with an unsolicited major complaint of oral malodor in their child (OM+), or aged-matched controls in whom oral malodor was not detected by parents (OM-), were investigated. Saliva specimens were cultured anaerobically on media that differentiated VSC+ bacteria. These were quantified and identified. Levels in OM+ and OM- children were compared and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: OM+ children harbored significantly higher levels of VSC+ isolates in saliva than OM- children (OM+ = 44% of total viable counts, TVC; OM- = 24% of TVC; P = 0.0083). Types of recovered bacterial species did not differ in the two groups, but levels of Prevotella oralis were significantly higher in OM+ children (P = 0.0001). Veillonella species followed by P. oralis were the predominant VSC+ isolates recovered in both populations. CONCLUSIONS: VSC+ salivary bacteria may differ both in type and quantity in young children with and without parent-perceived oral malodor.     

In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a new chlorhexidine slow-release device.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide slow-release devices on oral bacteria. METHOD AND MATERIALS: The agar diffusion test was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the slow-release devices Activ Point (chlorhexidine; Roeko) and Calcium Hydroxide Plus Point (Roeko) on 8 anaerobic and 2 facultative oral bacterial strains, as well as 2 bacterial cultures randomly sampled from necrotic root canals and incubated in anaerobic and aerobic broth for 48 hours. The efficiency of the medicaments against the various strains was evaluated using a nonparametric test (Friedman type) and a second nonparametric test (Wilcoxon's signed rank test). RESULTS: Activ Point produced significantly larger inhibition zones (P < .001) than the calcium hydroxide slow-release device around all tested bacterial strains. CONCLUSION: The chlorhexidine slow-release device (Activ Point) exhibited significant antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion test and merits study as an intracanal medicament.     

牙菌斑生物膜的细菌生长抑制因子

牙菌斑生物膜中的细菌是龋病发生的先决条件,而口腔内存在多种细菌生长的抑制因子,它们对细菌的生长或菌斑的形成起一定抑制作用。细菌生长的抑制因子主要来自宿主和细菌本身产生的细菌素以及其他代谢产物,本文就致龋菌生长抑制因子的种类及作用的研究进展作一综述。     

Do oral flora colonize the nasal floor of patients with oronasal fistulae?

OBJECTIVE: To determine if oral bacteria colonize the cleft nasal floor in patients with unilateral oronasal fistula when compared with the unaffected nasal floor and whether the results obtained would be of benefit in assessing oronasal fistulae in the clinic. DESIGN: Prospective study of 26 patients with cleft palate and unilateral oronasal fistula. Microbiological culture swabs were taken from the mouth and nasal floors of patients. The unaffected nasal floor was used as a control. Bacterial isolates were identified and compared in the laboratory by a senior microbiologist. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE: A significant growth of oral bacteria from the cleft nasal floor when compared with the unaffected nasal floor. RESULTS: Four patients were excluded because no growth was found on any culture plate. In the remaining 22 cases, a light growth of oral flora was found in the cleft nasal floor in only 3 patients. No statistical correlation between culture of oral bacteria and the cleft nasal floor could be found (p =.12). CONCLUSIONS: The relative lack of colonization of the cleft nasal floor by oral bacteria may reflect poor transmission of bacteria through the fistula, competition with commensal nasal flora, or an inability of oral bacteria to survive in a saliva-depleted area. The investigation is not helpful in the assessment of oronasal fistulae in the clinic.