抗耐药性金黄色葡萄球菌嵌合药靶的设计与构建

目的设计耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)耐药相关TG-TPase嵌合基因,进行分子建模及三维结构观察,并构建了原核表达质粒,进行嵌合基因的表达、纯化,为进一步利用其酶学活性建立抑制分子筛选系统奠定基础。方法运用Bioedit和DNAStar软件对MRSA耐药性相关转糖基酶(TGase)和转肽酶(TPase)活性片段序列和活性区结构特点及其活性发挥进行分析,设计TG-TPase嵌合药靶,并通过引物设计从MRSA菌株中克隆PBP2的TG基因片段和PBP2a的TP基因片段,进一步用引物延伸法、酶切连接等分子生物学操作构建TG-TPase嵌合基因并亚克隆至原核表达质粒pET30b中,转化Rosetta(DE3)plysS大肠埃希菌,用IPTG进行诱导表达,并小量发酵重组菌,对嵌合基因表达产物进行初步纯化和Western blotting鉴定。结果设计的TG-TPase嵌合药靶包括PBP2分子的TGase活性区、绞链区的N-端,PBP2a分子绞链区C-端及完整的TPase结构域,融合基因为1 935 bp,编码645个氨基酸,等电点为7.10,相对分子质量72 000。用PCR法从MRSA菌株中成功克隆了青霉素结合蛋白PBP2的TG片段和PBP2a的TP片段,构建了TG-TPase嵌合基因及其原核表达质粒,并在大肠埃希菌中表达出药靶蛋白,表达结果与预期设计相符合。融合蛋白纯化分析表明,融合蛋白以包涵体形式存在,在变性条件下经Ni-NTA亲和柱纯化,纯度达90%以上。结论成功设计、构建了耐药性金葡菌TG-TPase嵌合基因及其重组表达工程菌,并对融合蛋白进行了初步纯化,为进一步利用其酶学活性进行抗耐药性金葡菌抑制剂的筛选奠定基础。     

金葡菌TG-TPase嵌合基因在甲醇营养型酵母中的表达

目的 设计耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)耐药相关TG-Tpase嵌合基因,构建其真核表达质粒,为嵌合基因的高效、分泌型表达奠定基础.方法 在序列结构分析的基础上,设计引物从MRSA菌株中扩增其耐药性相关转糖基酶(Tgase)和转肽酶(Tpase)活性片段,进一步用酶切连接等分子生物学操作构建TG-Tpase嵌合基因,亚克隆至酵母表达质粒pPIC9K中,转化DH5a大肠埃希菌.经酶切、PCR和核苷酸测序鉴定正确的重组质粒用Sal I线性化,整合入甲醇营养型毕赤酵母GS115中,在DNA和基因转录水平鉴定出阳性重组酵母.结果 采用PCR从MRSA基因组中扩增得到了873 bp的Tgase片段和1 044 bp的Tpase片段.以酶切连接构建的TG-Tpase嵌合基因经酶切、PCR鉴定,能获得约1 900 bp的融合片段,与预期结果 相符,测序表明序列和阅读框均正确.线性化的重组质粒转化GS115后,得到5个高拷贝阳性转化子,经诱导表达和PCR鉴定,这些转化子能转录出目的基因的mRNA.结论 成功构建了含TG-Tpase嵌合基因的重组毕赤酵母工程菌,为进一步高效制备嵌合蛋白、进而利用其酶学活性进行抗耐药性金葡菌抑制剂的筛选创造前提.     

PTK重组质粒的构建与表达

目的构建并表达出PTK重组蛋白,以鉴定酪氨酸蛋白激酶(PTK)的活性,筛选酪氨酸激酶的抑制剂.方法从PTK重组克隆载体上切下目的基因片段Abl-PTK使其连接到表达载体pGEX4T-2上,转化大肠杆菌DH5a,筛选鉴定出正确的转化子.转化菌株经IPTG诱导后进行表达并进行SDS-PAGE分析.结果经酶切和诱导表达鉴定,重组质粒pGEX4T-2-PTK构建成功,并高效表达了58KD的GST-PTK融合蛋白.结论PTK基因被成功地重组至融合蛋白表达载体中,并在大肠杆菌中获得高效表达.该研究为进一步纯化、鉴定PTK的活性,筛选PTK的抑制剂奠定了基础.     

植原体免疫主导膜蛋白A的原核表达载体构建、表达及其抗血清制备

目的 构建植原体免疫主导膜蛋白A (IdpA)的原核表达载体,表达并纯化目的蛋白,制备抗血清.方法 以重组克隆质粒pMD18-T-IdpA为模板PCR扩增IdpA基因片段,经酶切连接将IdpA基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a(+),重组质粒转化感受态E.coli BL21(DE3),PCR和双酶切进行鉴定.IPTG诱导重组菌表达IdpA蛋白,并进行纯化和鉴定,以纯化获得的IdpA蛋白为抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠制备抗血清,并采用ELISA和Western blot法检测抗血清的效价和特异性.结果 成功构建了原核表达载体pET-28a(+)-IdpA,并在大肠杆菌中能稳定表达IdpA蛋白,经纯化获得了纯度大于90％的高纯度目的蛋白,用纯化的IdpA蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,获得了效价高于1:320 000的强特异性抗IdpA蛋白抗血清.结论 成功进行了IdpA的原核表达并制备了抗血清.     

杀菌/通透性增加蛋白N端片段在原核细胞中的表达及其临床应用的初步探讨

目的：构建编码杀菌，通透性增加蛋白(BPI)N端片段基因原核表达载体，并在大肠杆菌中表达重组蛋白。方法：采用RT-PCR技术，从人外周血中性粒细胞的总RNA中扩增BPI蛋白N端片段cDNA编码区基因，DNA序列分析鉴定；将测序证实的BPI蛋白N端片段编码区基因PCR产物直接克隆于原核表达载体pBAD／Thio-TOPO中，再次测序鉴定；通过在大肠杆菌中以L-阿拉伯糖进行诱导表达，然后以SDS-PAGE、Westerm blot对表达的重组蛋白进行分析。重组蛋白经初步纯化处理后，进行生物学活性检测。结果：RT-PCR扩增出一个835bp的DNA片段，DNA测序表明为所需目的基因。限制性内切酶酶切和DNA序列分析表明，BPI蛋白N端片段正确克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pBAD／Thio-TDPO中，SDS-PAGE和Wester blot结果表明在大肠杆菌中成功表达了BPI蛋白N端片段。对该蛋白进行初步活性测定显示其可与BPI单克隆抗体结合并具有杀灭耐药铜绿假单胞菌的活性。结论：成功构建了BPI蛋白N端片段编码区基因原核表达载体，并在大肠杆菌中进行了表达，表达的重组蛋白具有一定的生物活性。     

弓形虫依钙蛋白激酶Calpain—like基因的克隆及表达

目的克隆弓形虫RH株Calpain—like基因片段，构建原核表达载体，诱导表达Calpain-like基因重组蛋白。方法收集、纯化弓形虫RH株速殖子，提取总RNA，在设计合成的引物中引入SalI和EcoRI酶切位点。应用FIT—PCR扩增弓形虫RH株Calpain—like基因片段，插入pGEM—T载体，提取重组质粒，双酶切获得目的基因，亚克隆到原核表达质粒pET32a，重组子经双酶切、PCR和DNA序列分析鉴定，转化大肠杆菌BL21并以IPTG诱导表达。结果从弓形虫RH株速殖子eDNA中扩增出316bp的Calpain-like基因片段；含pET32a／Calpain—like的重组质粒在宿主菌经诱导后，获得与预期分子量相符的表达产物。结论成功地克隆和表达弓形虫RH株Calpain—like基因，弓形虫Calpain—like基因的克隆表达为进一步筛选弓形虫疫苗候选分子和治疗药物的靶位提供了研究基础。     

携带HSP70-HBsAg嵌合基因复制缺陷型重组腺病毒的制备

目的 构建表达乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)和热休克蛋白70(HSPT0)嵌合基因的复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体.方法扩增结核分枝杆菌HSP70基因片段,亚克隆到穿梭质粒pAdTrack-CMV-HBsAg上,与5型腺病毒骨架质粒pAdeasy-1共同电转化到大肠埃希菌BJ5183内进行同源重组,经卡那霉素抗性筛选和酶切鉴定筛选出携带HBsAg-HSP70嵌合基因的重组腺病毒载体,用脂质体包裹Pac Ⅰ酶切线性化的重组质粒,转染到293细胞内进行重组腺病毒的包装.体外转染真核细胞,通过示踪基因绿色荧光蛋白表达的观察、RT-PCR和ELISA检测目的基因的表达.结果成功获得重组腺病毒质粒pAd-HBsAg-HSP70.重组质粒pAd-HBsAg-HSP70导入293细胞,经包装和二次扩大培养获得了具有感染能力的重组腺病毒颗粒Ad-HBsAg-HSP70,其病毒滴度达2×1012pfu/L,并能在真核细胞中有效表达目的基因.结论成功构建表达HBsAg-HSP70复制缺陷型重组腺病毒载体,为进一步开展HBV基因治疗研究提供实验基础.     

糖基因Glt8d2重组蛋白的表达、纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

目的 构建新糖基转移酶基因Glt8d2的原核表达载体,诱导融合蛋白的表达,并对其进行纯化;制备兔抗Glt8d2蛋白多克隆抗体并进行鉴定.方法 应用RT-PCR技术,以HepG2细胞mRNA为模板,扩增Glt8d2目的基因片段,构建原核表达载体pET-32a(+)-Glt8d2.转化大肠埃希菌BL21,异丙基-D-半乳糖...     

人Cyclin E原核表达载体的构建及表达

目的：构建人Cyclin E基因原核表达载体,并在E.coli BL21中表达并纯化。方法：PCR扩增人Cyclin E基因片段,并将其克隆到原核表达载体pET32a（＋）中,构建重组质粒pET32a（＋）-Cyclin E。经限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ与XhoⅠ双酶切鉴定及序列测定后,转化E.coli BL21,经IPTG诱导表达组氨酸融合蛋白。结果：获得全长约为1200bp的人的Cyclin E基因片段。以构建的重组质粒pET32a（＋）-Cyclin E转化E.coli BL21后,经IPTG诱导,表达出相对分子质量（Mr）约60000的融合蛋白。经SDS-PAGE、Western blot分析显示,诱导表达的蛋白为Cyclin E。结论：成功地构建了表达载体pET32a（＋）-Cyclin E,并表达出重组蛋白His-Cyclin E,为进一步筛选在体内外能与Cyclin E和CDK2结合的新蛋白奠定了基础。     

幽门螺杆菌cag4蛋白的原核表达、纯化及鉴定

目的:构建幽门螺杆菌cag4蛋白的原核重组体系,表达、纯化融合蛋白。方法:利用PCR技术从幽门螺杆菌NCTC11637中克隆了cag4基因;经T-A克隆,酶切鉴定,构建了原核表达载体pET-28a-cag4;经测序鉴定正确后,转化进入大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)进行异源表达。利用IPTG体外诱导后,经SDS-PAGE和Western bolt鉴定目的蛋白表达后,采用Ni2+-NTA柱在变性条件下纯化目的蛋白,并对重组蛋白进行透析复性处理。将SDS煮沸法获得的溶壁微球菌肽聚糖掺入SDS-PAGE作为底物,进行酶谱分析。结果:成功扩增了cag4基因基因;重组质粒在大肠埃希菌BL21(DE3)中诱导表达出pET-28a-cag4融合蛋白;优化了pET-28a-cag4原核表达体系的最适条件;Western bolt分析结果显示表达的基因重组蛋白与目的蛋白相符;酶谱分析显示其具有明显的肽聚糖水解活性。结论:幽门螺杆菌cag4蛋白具有溶菌糖基转移酶活性。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.