2代3人同患家族性高胆固醇血症及其低密度脂蛋白受体基因突变分析

目的　调查姐妹二人同患家族性高胆固醇血症的家系并进行系谱分析。方法　根据患者及其家系的血缘关系绘制家系图谱,分析临床症状和血脂检查资料。结果　先证者女性,17岁,血清胆固醇浓度为18.89 mmol/L,3岁时即有臀部黄色瘤, 17岁时首次发生前壁心肌梗死,其姐血清胆固醇浓度为15.23 mmol/L,全身多处黄脂瘤。初步诊断先证者为纯合子型,其姐为杂合型。检查患儿4代29人,根据血脂和临床表现确诊2例杂子型家族性高胆固醇血症患者,系谱分析该家系遗传方式符合常染色体显性遗传规律。结论　初步证实一个纯合子型家族性高胆固醇血症系谱。     

家族性高胆固醇血症的诊断及治疗研究进展

家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)是脂蛋白代谢异常所导致的遗传性疾病，通常为常染色体显性遗传，由于长期暴露于高水平低密度脂蛋白下，FH患者发生冠状动脉疾病的风险显著升高。基因检测对FH的诊断至关重要，除此之外，低密度脂蛋白受体功能检测对FH的治疗也具有重要意义。本文将从FH的诊断筛查、治疗方案及低密度脂蛋白受体功能检测等方面进行综述。     

Mutation analysis of p63 gene in the first Chinese family with ADULT syndrome

Background ADULT syndrome （acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome） is a rare ectodermal dysplasia disorder known as autosomal dominant inheritance. Recent studies have linked p63 gene mutation to the development of this disease. However, the genetic characteristics of ADULT syndrome were still not well understood. Methods Mutation analysis of p63 gene in the first Chinese ADULT syndrome family was performed using direct DNA sequencing. Results The sequence analysis of exon 8 of p63 gene disclosed a heterozygous G〉A substitution at nucleotide 893 （R298Q） in the proband. In addition, a single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） rs16864880 in the downstream flanking region （DFR） of p63 exon 8 was also identified in this family. The proband and the paternal side including her father exhibited the C/G genotype at this position. The C/G variant frequency in the paternal was significantly higher as compared with the maternal （6/10 vs 0/6, P=0.034）. Conclusions ADULT syndrome may be caused by the p63 gene mutation, and it might have closer genetic association with the paternal side in this family.     

Genetic heterogeneity of autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia in Mexico

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB) are relatively common lipid disorders caused by mutations of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) genes, respectively. A third locus on chromosome 1p34.1-p32 was recently linked to FH and the responsible gene has been identified [protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)]. METHODS: We assessed the contribution of the LDLR, apoB, and PCSK9 genes as cause of FH in Mexico. Forty six unrelated probands, as well as 68 affected and 60 healthy relatives, were included. RESULTS: All index cases were diagnosed as having heterozygous autosomal dominant FH. Seventeen of the 46 index cases had LDLR gene mutations, four of which were novel (Fs92ter108, C268R, Q718X, and Fs736ter743); and only one patient had an apoB mutation (R3500Q). We sequenced the PCSK9 gene in the remainder of the 28 probands with no identified LDLR or APOB gene defects; however, no PCSK9 mutations were found, including one large kindred with positive linkage to the 1p34.1-32 locus (multipoint LOD score of 3.3) and two small pedigrees. Linkage was excluded from these three loci in at least four kindreds suggesting that other yet uncharacterized genes are involved. CONCLUSIONS: Our results underline substantial genetic heterogeneity for FH in the Mexican population.     

国人多巴敏感性肌张力障碍的分子遗传学研究

目的：分析国人多巴敏感性肌张力障碍（DRD）患发病与三磷酸鸟苷环化水解酶I（GCH－I）基因突变的关系。方法：来自3个家庭的5例临床确诊的DRD患及其亲属共12名成员，经静脉采血2ml，常规提取基因组DNA，以PCR扩增GCH－I基因，反应产物用自动DNA测序仪直接测序。结果：在A家系，先证母亲为正常个休，基因测序显示无基因突变，其中3例患病个体DNA测序发现第2个外显子142号碱基由鸟嘌呤转换为腺嘌呤（G→A），导致半胱氨酸被为酪氨酸；估计其突变基因来自自己故父系一方。在B有系，先证第1个外显子 71号碱基由胸腺嘧啶为胞嘧啶（T－C），导致亮氨酸被替换为脯氨酸；而其父母及弟均为正常个体。丙家庭无GCH－I基因突变。结论：GCH－1基因突变只是部分DRD患的发病原因。     

由ALK1基因内含子突变引起的遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症

目的 探讨遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症发病的分子机制。方法（1）用聚合酶链式反应-单链构像多态性分析（PCR-SSCP）寻找异常突变的外显子及其相邻剪接位点。（2）通过DNA测序确定突变的类型。（3）使用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法确定剪接方式。结果 用PCRSSCP方法发现扩增ALK1基因第4外显子及相邻的部分内含子片段有突变位点。对有突该片段,用DNA测序检测,发现第4外显子的给位剪接点相邻碱基A＞T（ⅣS4＋3a＞t）的突变,并用反向测序确认。用RT-PCR方法检测ALK1基因表达mRNA情况,电泳和测序发现第4外显子的丢失。结论 ALK1基因的ⅣS4＋3a＞1突变,导致ALK1基因表达异常,形成无功能截短蛋白,引起HHT2。     

一个遗传性蛋白C缺陷症家系表型与基因突变分析

目的：对一个遗传性蛋白C（PC）缺陷症家系进行实验室表型检测和基因突变分析,探讨其分子发病机制。方法：对先证者及其家系成员（共3代6人）进行血浆蛋白C活性（PC:A）、蛋白C抗原（PC:Ag）含量及其他相关凝血指标检测。采用DNA直接测序法分析先证者蛋白C基因（PROC）9个外显子及侧翼序列,发现突变位点,再对其家系成员进行该位点的突变检测。用ClustalX-2.1-win软件分析氨基酸突变位点的保守性;用PolyPhen-2在线生物信息学软件分析突变对蛋白质功能的危害程度;用Swiss-PdbViewer软件和PIC程序进行蛋白模型分析。结果：先证者、其儿子和二姐的血浆PC:A与PC:Ag均平行下降,介于39%～58%。这3人的PROC基因第9外显子携带c.997G＞A杂合错义突变（p.Ala291Thr）。生物信息学软件分析提示：p.Ala291Thr为有害突变;Ala291在同源物种间不高度保守;蛋白模型分析显示：p.Ala291Thr突变导致Thr291与Pro327之间新增一氢键,改变了氨基酸的空间构型,使PC的稳定性下降。结论：该先证者PROC基因第9外显子存在c.997G＞A杂合错义突变,导致p.Ala291Thr;p.Ala291Thr为未报道过的新突变,是该家系遗传性PC缺陷症的主要原因。     

Mutation analysis in a Chinese family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Background Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 （MEN1） by germline mutations of the tumor suppressor gene MEN1. with MEN1. Methods A large Chinese family with MEN1 was collected MEN1 gene were amplified and sequenced. is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome which is caused This study aimed to identify mutations in a Chinese pedigree All of the coded regions and their adjacent sequences of the Results In this family, a heterozygous cytosine insertion in exon 10 （c.1546_1547insC） inducing a frame shift mutation of MEN1 was found in the proband and the other two suffering members of his family. This mutation was linked to a novel single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP）in intron 3 （IVS3＋18C〉T）. Conclusions The mutation in exon 10 of MEN1 gene might induce development of parathyroid hyperplasia and pituitary adenoma and cosegregate with MEN1 syndrome. The significance of the new found IVS3＋18C〉T of MEN1 needs a further investigation.     

3个新疆维吾尔族先天缺牙家系 AXIN2基因突变的检测

目的：探讨新疆维吾尔族非综合征型先天缺牙患者标本中轴抑制基因-2（AXIN2）的突变位点,为研究维吾尔族人群中先天缺牙疾病的发病机制提供基因学参考和依据。方法通过临床先证者找到3个新疆维吾尔族非综合征型先天缺牙家系9例患者,在患者及其家属知情同意的情况下,采集家系成员颊黏膜拭子,提取目的基因组 DNA,采用聚合酶链反应技术,对分段纯化的 PCR 产物进行 DNA 双向测序检测患者的 DNA。结果3个维吾尔族家系的非综合型先天缺牙临床表型符合常染色体显性遗传规律,患者出现不同数量的缺失牙或同时伴发锥形牙。测序后检测出病例Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ的 AXIN2基因在外显子2的第264位和第547位、外显子6的第162位与外显子11的第922位和第1141位有突变。结论AXIN2基因片段中某些编码基因的改变可能与维吾尔族单纯型先天缺牙存在相关性。     

中国汉族非综合征耳聋患者SLC26A5 IVS2-2A>G的突变

目的:探讨SLC26A5基因IVS2-2A＞G突变与中国汉族非综合征型感音神经性聋的相关性.方法:收集南京市聋校非综合征型感音神经性聋患者120例及同地区听力正常人100例外周血样本,常规方法提取DNA,聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增SLC26A5 IVS2-2区域,对PCR产物直接测序进行突变性质的鉴定.结果:所有研究对象的基因区域均扩增成功,序列分析在120名散发聋患者及100例听力正常人中均未检测到SLC26A5基因IVS2-2位点任何形式的碱基变异.结论:SLC26A5 IVS2-2A＞G在中国汉族非综合征耳聋及听力正常人群中携带率较低或无突变,其与遗传聋的相关性需进一步研究评价.     

X-连锁淋巴细胞异常增生症一个中国人家系的临床和基因研究

目的 证实中国人X-连锁淋巴细胞异常增生症（XLP）发病及其遗传规律。方法 临床研究对象为先证者双亲家族三代成员共14人;回顾分析其中发病者的住院病史;现场询问无病者的生长发育史、既往史,进行体格检查,并建卡追踪。基因研究对象为先证者同胞姐姐、弟弟和双亲共4人,提取单个核淋巴细胞基因组DNA,PCR扩增获得SH2D1A基因片段,单链构象多态性分析（SSCP）检测获得发生突变的外显子片段,纯化后测序,检测基因突变情况。结果先证者及其胞兄发生伴病毒相关性噬血细胞综合征（VAHS）的致死性传染性单核细胞增多症（IM）,均于病程40d左右死亡。基因分析结果显示：先证者之胞弟SH2D1A基因cDNA第462位核苷酸C碱基突变为T碱基,形成终止密码TGA,随后临床确诊为朗格罕细胞组织细胞增多症（LCH）。先证者之母亲在SH2D1A基因同样部位为C碱基和T碱基的杂合子。先证者之父和胞姐未发现SH2D1A基因突变,他们及其家族其他成员无类似病史。结论（1）先证者及其胞兄弟可临床诊断为XLP患者。（2）先证者之胞弟可明确诊断为XLP患者,LCH可能也是XLP的一种新的临床表型。（3）先证者之母亲为突变基因的携带者。此家族XLP发病符合X性连锁隐性遗传规律。（4）本研究建立的SH2D1A基因检测分析方法可适用于我国XLP的诊治和研究。     

A novel mutation in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gene leads to familial hypercholesterolemia in a Chinese family

Background Familial hypercholesterolemia （FH） is an autosomal disorder associated with elevated plasma low density lipoprotein （LDL） levels leading to premature coronary heart disease （CHD）. As a result of long-term hyperlipemia, FH patients will present endarterium thickening and atherosclerosis. In the present study we scanned the related gene of a clinically diagnosed autosomal genetic hypercholesterolemia family for the possible mutations and established eukaryotic expression vector of mutation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 （PCSK9） gene with gene recombination technique to investigate the contributions of the variation on low density lipoprotein receptor （LDL-R） metabolism and function alternation.Methods Mutation detection was conducted for LDL-R, apolipoprotein B100 （apoB100） and PCSK9 gene with nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese FH family. The full-length cDNA of wild type PCSK9 gene （WT-PCSK9） was obtained from Bel-7402. Site mutagenesis was used to establish the recombinant eukaryotic expression vector carrying pathogenic type of PCSK9 gene and the inserted fragment was sequenced. With the blank vector as control, liposome transfection method was used to transfect the Bel-7402 cells with recombinant plasmid. The expression of LDL-R mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. PCSK9 and the expression of LDL-R protein were determined by Western blotting. Results The G→T mutation at the 918 nucleotide of PCSK9 gene resulted in the substitution of the arginine by a serine at the codon 306 of exon 6. After sequencing, it was confirmed that the inserted fragment of established expression vector had correct size and sequence and the mutant was highly expressed in Bel-7402 cells. There was no significant variation in the levels of LDL-R mRNA. LDL-R mature protein was decreased by 57% after the cells were transfected by WT-PCSK9 plasmid. Mature LDL-R was significantly decreased by 12% after the cells were transfected by R306S mutant as evidenced by gray scale scanning, suggesting that the new mutant R306S can significantly decrease the expression of mature LDL-R protein.Conclusions A novel missense mutation of PCSK9 gene, R306S, was found and the eukaryotic expression vectors of mutant and wild-type of PCSK9 gene were established. There was no significant variation in the levels of LDL-R mRNA. The R306S mutation could significantly lead to the decrease of LDL-R mature protein expression, which might be the pathogenic gene of the FH family.     

一个May-Hegglin异常家系非肌性肌球蛋白重链9基因突变位点的鉴定

目的：鉴定一个May-Hegglin异常（MHA）家系非肌性肌球蛋白重链9基因（MYH9）突变的类型及临床表型特点。方法：用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术扩增先证者及其父亲的非性肌球蛋白重链9基因（MYH9）的25、31－32、38、40号外显子,分析PCR产物的核苷酸序列。确定突变位点后,分别扩增正常对照、后天获得性血小板减少症患者的对应基因区域并行核苷酸序列分析以资对照。进而进行PCR扩增片段的CpoI(RsrII）限制性内切酶图谱分析。结果：本家系中May-Hegglin异常患者具有典型的“血小板减少、巨大血小板、粒细胞包涵体”三连征。先证者及其父亲在MYH9的38号外显子上第5521位核苷酸存在G→A突变（GAG→AAG),并导致特征性的CpoI限制性内切酶图谱改变。结论：中国人的May-Hegglin异常存在MYH9基因突变。本家系中,其突变位点位于38号外显子（G5521A）,MYH9基因突变的传递规律与家系中临床表型分布相符。     

成骨不全家系一个新的Ⅰ型胶原α1链蛋白基因突变

目的 对Ⅰ型胶原α1链蛋白基因（COL1A1基因）进行测序研究，旨在寻找已知或未知的COL1A1基因突变位点，探讨我国成骨不全的发病机制。方法 研究一常染色体显性遗传成骨不全家系的临床特征，设计引物对家系中患者和正常人的COL1A1基因外显子进行扩增和测序分析，同时对群体中无血缘关系的50名健康对照者进行限制性内切酶分析。结果 发现家系中成骨不全患者COL1A1基因的第3470位点的碱基G→A的突变，导致G1157D，而在家系内非患者及正常对照者中均无发现。结论 COL1A1基因突变也是中国人群中成骨不全致病原因之一，现发现的突变属成骨不全一个新的致病基因突变。甘氨酸转变成天冬氨酸的这种突变对成骨不全表型具有重要的影响。     

一个遗传性抗凝血酶缺陷症家系的表型与基因突变分析

目的：对一例遗传性抗凝血酶（AT）缺陷症患者及其家系成员进行凝血指标和基因表型分析,初步探讨其分子发病机制。方法：在Stago仪器上检测家系各成员外周血的血浆AT活性（AT:A）、AT抗原（AT:Ag）等凝血指标;提取外周血DNA并测序,定位基因突变位点;利用生物信息学软件分析突变对蛋白功能的影响。结果：先证者及其外祖母、父亲、母亲和弟弟的AT:A均有不同程度降低,且AT:Ag同步下降,所有家系成员蛋白S活性（PS:A）和蛋白C活性（PC:A）指标均无明显异常,表现为I型AT缺陷症。基因分析显示：先证者SERPINC1 基因存在第1号外显子c.1A＞G杂合错义突变（p.Tyr2stop）以及第5号外显子c.1005G＞A杂合同义突变;其父亲携带c.1A＞G杂合错义突变,其外婆、母亲和弟弟携带c.1005G＞A杂合同义突变。保守性分析显示,Tyr2在同源物种间高度保守;MutationTaster、PolyPhen-2和LRT三个在线生物信息学软件分析均显示p.Tyr2stop突变为“致病的、有害的”;蛋白模型分析显示,p.Tyr2stop突变会引起AT基因翻译过程提前终止,产生截短蛋白。结论：该先证者及家系成员AT:A和AT:Ag不同程度降低与SERPINC1 基因上存在的c.1A＞G杂合错义突变和c.1005G＞A杂合同义突变有关。     

聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性分析在家族性高胆固醇血症研究中的应用

目的：探讨聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism，PCR－SSCP）在家族性高胆固醇血症（familial hypercholesterolemia,FH)研究中的应用价值。方法：提取FH患者外周血基因组DNA，进行PCR－SSCP及DNA序列分析。结果：对1家2例临床诊断为FH的患儿及其父母从基因水平明确了诊断。LDL受体基因突变是位于第6外显子的移框突变，结论：PCR－SSCCP可以从基因水平对FH患者明确诊断，并可对先证者家族系成员早期诊断，以便提供咨询和指导。     

酪氨酸羟化酶基因新突变导致多巴反应性肌张力障碍家系分析

【目的】研究多巴反应性肌张力障碍（DRD）家系TH基因突变特点。【方法】提取先证者及其父母和两个姐姐外周血基因组DNA,使用高通量测序（NGS）的方法对已知肌张力及运动障碍相关的256个致病基因进行检测。【结果】家系中2例患者（先证者和其大姐）的酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）基因外显子14、9存在c.1481C>T（p.Thr494Met）、c.943G>A（p.Gly315Ser）复合杂合突变,父母分别携带一个杂合突变,其表型正常的二姐和50名正常对照者均未检测到该突变。【结论】TH基因c.1481C>T（p.Thr494Met）、c.943G>A（p.Gly315Ser）突变导致了该DRD家系的基因异常,并且发现了新的TH基因突变,扩展了DRD基因型与临床表型的关系谱,对DRD的早期精准诊断和治疗是改善预后的关键。     

一个先天缺牙家系的基因突变及病例对照研究

目的：探讨非综合征型多数牙先天缺失患者的人类成对盒基因9(PAX9)、同源盒基因1(MSX1)、中轴抑制蛋白2(AXIN2)突变位点,为该疾病的病因学研究提供依据。方法对该例患者及其家庭成员进行全身系统检查、口腔专科检查(含拍摄曲面断层片)及家系调查;抽取外周静脉血,提取基因组DNA,采用聚合酶链式反应( PCR)扩增PAX9基因的外显子1、2、3、4,MSX1基因外显子1、2及AXIN2基因外显子2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11,通过对分段PCR纯化产物进行测序,并结合系谱图进行基因突变分析。同时,通过病例-对照实验(先天缺牙组50例,健康对照组100例)对突变位点AXIN2G1807C与先天缺牙的相关性进行分析。结果先证者的祖母和外祖父为兄妹关系。口内检查以及曲面断层片发现先证者为无牙牙合,仅见左侧下颌升支处有一阻生牙影像,其余家庭成员牙齿数目发育正常。均未合并其他组织器官的先天发育异常。先证者及部分表型正常者分别发现3个已知突变位点,分别为AXIN2外显子6第1365位A变为 G ( rs9915936),外显子7第1807位 G 变为 C (rs145353986)以及外显子8第2062位 C 变为 T ( p. Leu688Leu)。 PAX9、MSX1未见异常。病例组和对照组间AXIN2G1807C的基因频率和基因型频率差异无统计学意义。结论 AXIN2c.2062C>T突变可能是导致中国人群非综合征型多数牙缺失的危险因素之一。 AXIN2c.1807G>C与此类疾病之间不存在明显的相关性。     

RET基因Cys 634 Trp突变致多发性内分泌腺瘤2A型

目的 明确一个多发性内分泌腺瘤2A型（MEN2A）家系致病基因PET的基因型。方法 应用PCR技术对RET基因的第10、11、13、14、15和16外显子进行扩增,将扩增产物纯化后双向测序。结果 先证者及其弟弟RET基因第10、13、14、15和16外显子均无异常,第11外显子的第14996位核苷酸存在C-G替代,其反义链测序为14996 G-C替代,这种替代（TGC-TGG）使编码的氨基酸由半胱氨酸突变为色氨酸（Cys 634 Trp,C 634 W）。正常对照RET基因的第10、11、13、14、15和16外显子区域均未见异常。结论 该MEN2A家系的遗传基础是RET基因Cys 634 Trp突变。