24例23SrRNA A2063G基因突变肺炎支原体肺炎临床分析

目的 分析23SrRNA A2063G基因突变引起肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)的临床特征,从而提高对该疾病的诊治能力.方法 对36例MPP患儿痰标本进行MP-DNA及23SrRNA基因测序,检测耐药基因,在此基础上分为24例大环内酯类耐药组与12例大环内酯类敏感组.比较两组患儿的临床表现、实验室检查、影像学、治疗等资料.结果 36例MPP患儿中24例检出大环内酯类抗生素耐药基因,均为23SrRNA V区A2063G突变,12例为大环内酯类敏感组.大环内酯类耐药组患儿在住院时间(P=0.025),总咳嗽时间(P=0.035),总发热时间(P=0.008),抗生素治疗后发热时间(P=0.010)及病程(P=0.048)方面均高于大环内酯类敏感组.大环内酯类耐药组患儿白细胞计数及CRP较大环内酯类敏感组更高.大环内酯类耐药组12例患儿仅应用大环内酯类治疗5d内体温消退,3例需改用喹诺酮类抗感染;另10例联合激素,6例加用静脉丙种球蛋白,所有患儿预后良好.大环内酯类敏感组8例患儿在大环内酯类治疗后12h~3d体温消退.结论 相比大环内酯类敏感组,23SrRNA A2063G基因突变引起的耐药MPP患儿在住院时间、总咳嗽时间、总发热时间和抗生素治疗后发热时间、病程上更长,白细胞计数及CRP更高.大环内酯类抗生素对部分耐药MPP治疗有效,病情严重者需联合糖皮质激素和静脉丙种球蛋白或根据病情酌情更改抗生素.     

大环内酯类耐药和敏感的肺炎支原体肺炎临床特点病例对照研究

目的分析大环内酯类耐药肺炎支原体(MP)肺炎临床特点。方法纳入2014年1月至2015年12月北京儿童医院呼吸科病房收治的MP肺炎患儿,入院当天采集咽拭子行MP的DNA及大环内酯类耐药基因检测,根据耐药检测结果分为大环内酯类耐药(MR)组和敏感(MS)组,分析两组的临床特点和疗效指标。结果 225例行大环内酯类耐药基因检测的病例进入本文分析,MR组195例和MS组30例。两组均表现为高热及咳嗽,在性别、年龄、最高体温、重症肺炎所占的比例,急性期外周血WBC、中性粒细胞计数和CRP水平方面的差异无统计学意义;两组均表现为大叶性实变影,以右肺单侧为主,但MR组发生双侧病变的比例略高于MS组(P=0.056)。MR组较MS组的总病程[(18.3±6.1)vs(16.5±4.2)d,P=0.031]及使用大环内酯类药物后的发热时间[(7.0±4.3)vs(4.7±3.4)d,P=0.003]均显著延长。对MS组患儿行疗效分析发现,初选大环内酯类药物较初选β-内酰胺类药物治疗患儿的总发热时间[(9.6±3.5)vs(12.1±5.6)d,P0.001]和总病程[(16.1±4.1)vs(19.3±6.6)d,P0.001]显著缩短。结论 MP耐药率较高。MP耐药患儿发生双侧肺病变的风险增高、总病程及发热时间显著延长。早期诊断并及时应用大环内酯类药物治疗仍能缩短大环内酯类耐药患儿的病程和发热时间。     

肺炎患儿中肺炎衣原体感染的临床研究

目的　对小儿肺炎衣原体感染及肺炎衣原体肺炎临床特点进行探讨。方法　测定 5 18例肺炎患儿肺炎衣原体、肺炎支原体、沙眼衣原体特异性IgM抗体 ;以直接荧光法检测呼吸道病毒抗原并做鼻咽吸出物细胞培养。对诊断为肺炎衣原体肺炎患儿的临床资料进行总结。结果　肺炎衣原体急性感染 39例 (7 5 % ) ,<3岁组 3 2 % (9/ 2 78) ,≥ 3岁组12 5 % (30 / 2 4 0 ) ,(χ2 =15 9,P <0 0 0 5 )。肺炎衣原体与其他病原混合感染 2 0 5 % (8/ 39) ,其中支原体 4例 (10 3% ) ,细菌 2例 ,腺病毒 1例 ,三重感染 1例。仅肺炎衣原体IgM抗体阳性诊断肺炎衣原体肺炎 31例 ,入院时病程≥ 1个月 6例(2 0 % )。发热 2 6例 (83 8% ) ;阵咳或连咳 2 4例 (77 4 % ) ;肺部湿音 18例 (5 8 1% ) ,哮鸣音 7例 (2 2 6 % )。外周血白细胞、CRP增高各 4例 (12 9% ) ,X线支气管肺炎改变 11例 (35 5 % ) ,间质性肺炎改变 7例 (2 2 6 % ) ,节段性实变影 13例(4 1 9% ) ,胸膜炎 3例。 31例肺炎衣原体肺炎与 6 8例支原体肺炎的症状、体征发生率无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。提示肺炎衣原体是 3岁以上儿童社区获得性肺炎的重要病原之一。结论　肺炎衣原体与支原体混合感染率较高 ,肺炎衣原体肺炎临床表现缺乏特异性     

难治性肺炎支原体肺炎的发病机制

难治性肺炎支原体肺炎通常指经大环内酯类抗生素治疗效果不佳(单用大环内酯类抗生素治疗1周左右病情未见好转)、病情重(除严重肺部病变外还合并肺外多系统并发症)、病程长(一般认为＞3周或＞4周)甚至迁延不愈的肺炎支原体肺炎.其发病原因主要涉及肺炎支原体对大环内酯类抗生素耐药、患儿机体免疫异常、病程中合并其他病原感染及患儿基础疾患等因素.     

肺炎支原体肺炎并低氧血症婴幼儿25例

目的 分析并低氧血症婴幼儿肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)的临床特点.方法 对25例合并低氧血症婴幼儿MPP的临床特征及诊治情况进行回顾性分析.男15例,女10例;年龄5个月～2岁11个月;病程12～92 d.结果 并低氧血症MPP婴幼儿起病急,多以剧烈咳嗽、喘息症状为主,很快出现呼吸困难及发热,肺部体征多变[12例(48%)],出现肺外并发症[18例(72%)],及大叶肺实变[7例(28%)].单用大环内酯类抗感染疗效不佳8例(32%),呼吸道症状消失时间较长,低氧血症恢复正常时间为8～11 d.结论 并低氧血症婴幼儿MPP病情较重,变化快,肺外并发症多见,治疗应综合考虑,根据病情调整治疗方案.     

儿童肺炎支原体感染呈大叶性肺炎改变111例临床分析

目的 探讨肺炎支原体肺炎（mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia MPP）呈大叶性肺炎改变的临床特点和诊疗方法.方法 对上海市浦东新区人民医院2010年1～12月收治的111例胸片呈大叶性肺炎改变的MPP患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 （1）发病以3岁以上学龄前期和学龄期儿童为主,发热为主要临床表现,外周血白细胞大多正常,胸片显示病变以右下肺叶最多见,111例中有12例合并肺外并发症.治疗上选用大环内酯类抗生素,合并细菌感染者联合第3代头孢菌素（头孢噻肟钠）治疗,重症者短期应用肾上腺皮质激素能有效改善临床症状.（2）学龄前期和学龄期患儿的临床表现在性别、最高体温、住院时间、热程、病程和并发症等方面,差异无统计学意义,其临床特征基本相似.结论 呈大叶性肺炎改变的儿童MPP虽然病情相对严重且病程迁延,但经合理治疗均可有效治愈.     

肺炎衣原体肺炎34例临床分析

目的：了解肺炎衣原体肺炎的临床特征,提高对该病的认识。方法：采用ELISA法测定血清肺炎衣原体抗体和取痰液用荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测肺炎衣原体抗原。结果：34例住院患儿于病程2周测血清肺炎衣原体IgM抗体均阳性,其中有5例病初取痰液做荧光定量聚合酶链反应为阳性。临床表现咳嗽较为突出,肺部阳性体征有41.2%,X线胸片都有不同程度的肺炎表现,多为单侧病变(70.6%),发病年龄以年长儿居多(72.6%)。结论：肺炎衣原体是一重要的呼吸道病原体,应予重视。     

耐红霉素肺炎支原体肺炎24例临床分析

目的了解肺炎支原体对大环内酯类抗生素的耐药现状,提高对耐药肺炎支原体肺炎的临床认识和诊治水平。方法对2006年10月至2007年7月首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院儿科病房确诊为肺炎支原体肺炎的110例患儿,从其咽部或鼻咽部获取标本,利用肺炎支原体分离培养技术分离培养肺炎支原体并进行药物敏感试验,筛选耐药株;对24例确诊为耐药肺炎支原体肺炎住院患儿的临床特点进行总结和分析。结果肺炎支原体对大环内酯类抗生素有耐药株产生,110例标本中,分离肺炎支原体阳性株26例,耐药株24例,耐药率占92.31%,发病年龄多为学龄儿童,6～14岁占83.34%。持续发热5d伴刺激性咳嗽的患儿占100.00%,肺部无明显阳性体征。外周血白细胞大多正常(占83.33%),但发热期血沉(83.33%)及C反应蛋白(91.67%)都升高。胸片以一侧大片絮状阴影为多见,右侧12例(50.00%)多于左侧6例(25.00%),双侧6例(25.00%)。19例(79.17%)有肺外合并症,伴有渗出性胸膜炎者3例(12.5%)。阿奇霉素平均疗程9.4d。结论临床应认识到耐药肺炎支原体肺炎的存在;避免不合理使用抗生素。     

X线胸片呈大叶性肺炎改变的儿童肺炎支原体肺炎409例临床分析

目的探讨X线胸片呈大叶性肺炎改变的儿童肺炎支原体肺炎(MPP)的临床特点及诊疗转归。方法 2005年1月至2009年8月于吉林大学第一医院就诊的409例X线胸片呈大叶性肺炎改变、血肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)阳性的MPP患儿,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 409例中学龄期以上发病223例(54.5%),婴幼儿期发病95例(23.2%)。病程长,以发热(88.3%)为主要表现,胸片检查中359例(87.8%)单侧病变,225例(55.1%)合并肺外并发症,325例(79.4%)的患儿外周血常规中白细胞计数高于正常,中性粒细胞比例0.80259例(63.3%),单核细胞比例0.08317例(77.5%),324例(83.7%)患儿超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)高于正常;体液培养共培养出阳性菌株162例,最常见的合并细菌感染种类为金黄色葡萄球菌及肺炎链球菌。合并细菌感染者单纯应用大环内酯类药物治疗效果欠佳,联合青霉素类或头孢类抗生素治疗后见效明显。结论临床需注意MPP胸片改变的多样性,对于胸片呈大叶性改变、单纯应用大环内酯类抗生素治疗效果欠佳的MPP患儿,应高度警惕合并细菌感染,及时行相关病原学检查,联合用药效果较好。     

肺炎支原体及衣原体肺炎致支气管扩张27例临床分析

目的探讨肺炎支原体(MP)及衣原体肺炎(CP)致儿童支气管扩张的临床特征、治疗及预后。方法回顾性分析27例高分辨CT提示有支气管扩张的MP、CP感染肺炎患儿的临床资料。结果 MP及CP感染肺炎患儿的支气管扩张发生率为0.56%。27例患儿的平均年龄(75.4±52.7)月。27例(100%)患儿均有咳嗽,发热19例(70.4%),气促和三凹征10例(37%),肺部湿罗音20例(74%);MP-IgM阳性16例(69.6%),CP-IgM阳性5例(18.5%),两者同时阳性6例(22.2%);合并其他病原体感染8例(29.6%),其中细菌感染6例。影像学表现弥漫性支扩13例(48.1%),局限性支扩14例(51.9%);支气管镜检查提示内膜炎症,黏膜肿胀,部分糜烂;合并黏膜滤泡增生16例(66.7%),短柱状痰栓形成5例(20.8%),包括1例塑形性支气管炎形成。患儿均使用大环内酯类抗生素治疗,10例(37%)合用甲泼尼龙,3例(11.1%)合用丙种球蛋白,20例(74%)联用其他类抗生素;平均住院时间(12±4.3)d。23例在4个月内支气管扩张征象消失,2例在9~15个月仍有支气管扩张,并有反复肺炎史。结论 MP、CP感染肺炎可导致急性支气管扩张,大部分患儿经有效治疗后可恢复。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

�¶�֢��ϵ�ϰ���ע��ȱ�ݶද�ϰ������ڵ�ת��

孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.