Spatial Distribution of Ultrasound Targeted Microbubble Destruction Increases Cardiac Transgene Expression But Not Capillary Permeability

Ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has evolved as a promising tool for organ specific gene and drug delivery. Using DNA-loaded microbubbles, cardiac transfection has been shown to be feasible. However, two-dimensional properties of the ultrasound beam limit cardiac transgene expression to the focal zone, thus, reducing its potential therapeutic effect. The aim of this study was to test if spatial distribution of ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction in the heart could lead to augmented transgene expression or increased capillary permeability. Lipid microbubbles containing plasmids with a luciferase transgene were used to target rat hearts. The diagnostic ultrasound probe was fixed in a mid-short axis view with a gel stand-off between the chest and probe. Ultrasound (1.3 MHz) with a mechanical index of 1.6 was intermittently applied to rats during microbubble infusion. Rats were randomized to either stay in that position or move horizontally in a cranio-caudal direction (3 mm sweep) relative to the ultrasound probe during UTMD. After 4 days, organs were harvested and analyzed for reporter gene expression. Another group of rats received Evans Blue, followed by UTMD with unloaded microbubbles. Again, rats were randomized into a static or moving group. Hearts were harvested to evaluate extravasation of Evans Blue. Moving rats in a cranio-caudal direction significantly increased transgene expression by 19-fold in the anterior heart, by sixfold in the posterior heart and by 32-fold in the apex. Interestingly, Evans Blue extravasation was not augmented in the moving group. Spatial distribution of UTMD may increase transgene expression due to sonication of larger areas in the heart. In contrast, capillary permeability does not increase, indicating less capillary damage. (E-mail: raffi.bekeredjian@med.uni-heidelberg.de)     

Investigation Into the Impact of Diagnostic Ultrasound with Microbubbles on the Capillary Permeability of Rat Hepatomas

Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) takes advantage of transiently increased capillary permeability to enhance the release of tumor-specific drugs from blood vessels into sonicated tumor tissues. However, the application of focused ultrasound is limited because of the lack of an appropriate image-monitoring system. In this study, hepatoma-bearing Sprague-Dawley rats were insonicated with low-frequency diagnostic ultrasound and injected with Evans Blue (EB) dye and microbubbles through their tail veins to test changes in capillary permeability. We studied how the mechanical index, sonication duration and the injected microbubble (MB) concentration affect the hepatoma vascular permeability by quantitatively evaluating the EB delivery efficiency. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to observe the deposition of red fluorescence–dyed EB in tumor tissues. In addition, P-selectin, a type of biochemical marker that reflects vascular endothelial cell activation, was identified using an immunoblotting analysis. The experimental results reveal that EB delivery efficiency in tumor tissues was greater in groups with the diagnostic ultrasound–mediated UTMD (8.40 ± 0.71 %ID/g) than in groups without UTMD (1.73 ± 0.19 %ID/g) and EB delivery efficiency could be affected by MI, sonication duration and MB dose. The immunoblotting analysis indicates that diagnostic ultrasound–induced UTMD results in the vascular endothelial cell activation to increase capillary permeability, justifying the high quantity of EB deposited in tumor tissues.     

Augmentation of cardiac protein delivery using ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction

Gas-filled microbubbles have become an important tool as ultrasonic contrast agents. We have previously shown that ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) can direct plasmids to the heart. The aim of this study was to evaluate UTMD for protein delivery. Six different groups of rats received 1 microg of luciferase protein with varying protocols: (1) luciferase-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound; (2) luciferase only; (3) luciferase and ultrasound; (4) luciferase-loaded microbubbles; (5) unloaded microbubbles incubated with luciferase and ultrasound; (6) unloaded microbubbles with ultrasound followed by luciferase. Relative luminescence units per mg protein per s were determined in hearts and control organs. The rats that received ultrasound and luciferase-loaded bubbles showed a six-fold higher cardiac luciferase uptake compared with control groups that did not include bubbles. None of the other groups significantly augmented cardiac luciferase activity. We conclude that ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction can substantially and noninvasively augment organ-specific delivery of proteins.     

诊断超声介导微泡提高肝纤维化通透性及促进基因传递

目的 探讨诊断超声联合微泡对肝纤维化组织通透性的影响及其介导基因转染肝纤维化大鼠的有效性。方法 采用二甲基亚硝胺(DMN)法建立大鼠肝纤维化模型,80只大鼠在建模第4周末随机分为:模型对照组、单纯微泡组、单纯超声组和诊断超声联合微泡组。分别进行肝纤维化微血管通透性实验和基因转染实验,采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察伊文思蓝(EB)在肝纤维化组织内分布情况,同时定量检测肝纤维化组织内EB的含量,评估不同分组微血管通透性。荧光显微镜下观察含增强型绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的质粒转染大鼠肝纤维化模型的基因表达情况。结果 激光共聚焦显微镜显示诊断超声联合微泡组纤维化肝实质内可见明显的EB红色荧光。诊断超声联合微泡组纤维化肝组织中EB含量明显高于其他3组(P<0.05)。荧光显微镜下观察,相比其余3组,诊断超声联合微泡组增强型绿色荧光蛋白最多,基因转染效率最高。结论 诊断超声联合微泡在提高纤维化肝脏微血管通透性的同时可促进基因传递。     

Ultrasound-Mediated Microbubble Destruction Increases Renal Interstitial Capillary Permeability in Early Diabetic Nephropathy Rats

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is defined as persistent proteinuria corresponding to a urinary albumin excretion rate >300 μg/mg in the absence of other non-diabetic renal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine if ultrasound (US)-mediated microbubble (MB) destruction could increase renal interstitial capillary permeability in early DN rats. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. DN rats presented with mild micro-albuminuria 30 d after onset of diabetes. DN rats (N = 120) were divided into four groups that received Evans blue (EB) followed by: (i) no treatment (control group); (ii) continuous ultrasonic irradiation for 5 min (frequency = 7.00 MHz, mechanical index = 0.9, peak rarefactional pressure = 2.38 MPa: US group); (iii) microbubble injection (0.05 mL/kg: MB group); and (iv) both ultrasound and microbubble injection (US + MB group). Another 8 DN rats were subjected to ultrasound and microbubbles and then injected with EB after 24 h (recovery group). EB content, EB extravasation and E-selectin mRNA and protein expression significantly increased, and interstitial capillary walls became discontinuous in the US + MB group. Neither hemorrhage nor necrosis was observed on renal histology. Urine samples were collected 24 h post-treatment. There was no hematuria, and the urinary albumin excretion rate did not increase after ultrasound-microbubble interaction detected by urinalysis. EB content returned to the control group level after 24 h, as assessed for the recovery group. In conclusion, ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction locally increased renal interstitial capillary permeability in DN rats, and should be considered a therapy for enhancing drug and gene delivery to the kidney in the future.     

Effects of transcranial ultrasound and intravenous microbubbles on blood brain barrier permeability in a large animal model

We sought to determine whether transtemporal-applied 1-MHz ultrasound-induced microbubble destruction may be a safe method of transiently altering blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability for drug delivery in a large animal model. Endothelial cells are an integral component of the BBB but also prevent passage of potentially therapeutic drugs. Ultrasound-mediated destruction (UMD) of microbubbles has been shown to disrupt this barrier in small animals when ultrasound is delivered through bone windows. However, the effects of temporal bone attenuation and scattering in a large animal may limit the clinical application of such a technique. Twenty-four pigs were studied. One-MHz pulsed-wave ultrasound at 2.0 W/cm(2) (20% duty cycle) across the temporal bone was applied for 30 min after intravenous injections of either albumin-coated perfluorocarbon microbubble (PESDA, 8 pigs), lipid-encapsulated perfluorocarbon microbubbles (LEMB, 8 pigs) or ultrasound alone (8 pigs). BBB leak was quantified at 30 and 120 min after insonation using Evans blue. Serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in nine of the pigs (3 for each group) to quantify Gadolinium leak within the parenchyma. Peak negative pressures decreased ten-fold when ultrasound was transmitted across the pig temporal bone. Despite this, spectrophotometric analysis showed that both IV LEMB and PESDA combined with transtemporal ultrasound resulted in a significant increase in Evans blue extravasation across BBB of the treated side at 30 min after insonation (p < 0.001; compared with ultrasound alone) but not at 120 min. There was significant retention of Gadolinium within the insonified parenchyma at 60 and 90 min after insonation, but not at 120 min. Oxygen saturation and arterial pressures were not changed after any microbubble injection. Intravenous microbubbles, combined with transtemporal ultrasound, can transiently increase BBB permeability in a large animal. This induced opening of BBB is reversible and may be a safe noninvasive method of achieving drug or gene delivery across the BBB.     

两种微泡造影剂开放大鼠血脑屏障的比较性研究

目的 探讨自制磷脂微泡和声诺维两种微泡对大鼠血脑屏障的影响.方法 将32只SD大鼠随机分为自制微泡即刻组、自制微泡24 h组、声诺维即刻组和声诺维24 h组,各组由尾静脉注射相应微泡后,在探头频率为1 MHz、声强4 W/cm2、辐照时间1.0 min参数下超声照射大鼠脑部,大体观察脑组织的蓝染程度及范围;伊文思蓝测定法观察大鼠血脑屏障通透性;光镜下观察脑组织、脑细胞和血脑屏障病理学改变.结果 声诺维24 h组大鼠脑组织蓝染程度及范围明显小于其他各组,脑组织通透性明显低于其他各组（P﹤0.05）,HE染色各组未见大鼠脑组织损伤及血细胞渗出.结论 自制磷脂微泡开放大鼠血脑屏障效果与声诺维相比无明显差异,且自制微泡开放血脑屏障的效果更为稳定.     

超声靶向微泡介导PEDF质粒转染小鼠肝癌的实验研究

目的探讨超声靶向微泡介导色素上皮源性因子(PEDF)质粒转染HepG2荷瘤裸鼠的治疗价值。方法建立裸鼠HepG2肝细胞肝癌模型,随机分为5组。Ⅰ组:对照组;Ⅱ:PEDF质粒组;Ⅲ组:PEDF质粒+微泡组;Ⅳ组:微泡+超声辐照组;Ⅴ组:PEDF质粒-微泡+超声辐照组。疗程结束后观察瘤结节的超声造影特征,计算抑瘤率,并检测瘤组织PEDF蛋白表达。应用SPSS软件分析各组间各参数的差异。结果疗程结束后,Ⅴ组瘤结节超声造影增强明显弱于Ⅰ组;Ⅳ组及Ⅴ组抑瘤率明显高于Ⅱ、Ⅲ组;Ⅴ组瘤组织PEDF蛋白表达高于其他各组。结论超声靶向微泡介导PEDF质粒有助于提高质粒转染率,抑制肿瘤血管生成及肿瘤生长,为肝细胞肝癌的治疗提供了一个新的途径。     

超声辐照瘤内注射微泡空化效应的病理学研究

目的探讨超声辐照瘤内注射微泡引起的生物学效应。 方法将12只已建立24个Walker-256皮下移植瘤模型的SD大鼠随机分3组，A组超声监视下瘤内注射超声微泡，并用频率1MHz，强度2．0w／cm^2的超声辐照10min，B组单纯采用同等超声辐照相同时间，C组单纯瘤内注射超声微泡。各组作用后1h取肿瘤组织，HE染色观察病理改变以及用透射电镜硝酸镧示踪法观察边缘瘤组织细胞膜通透性的变化。 结果A组光镜可见大片肿瘤细胞凝固性坏死，电镜可见镧颗粒不但进入细胞间隙而且进入细胞内、以及血管内皮细胞连接。B、C组光镜均未见坏死，电镜B组偶可见少量镧颗粒进入细胞内，C组仅见镧颗粒分布于细胞间隙。 结论瘤内注射超声微泡联合超声辐照可增加细胞膜通透性并引起部分瘤细胞坏死。     

超声破坏微泡促进骨骼肌血管新生的时间-效应关系研究

目的 探讨超声破坏微泡促进大鼠骨骼肌血管新生的时间-效应关系.方法 将48只SD大鼠随机分为4组(超声破坏微泡组、单纯超声组、单纯微泡组、对照组),超声破坏微泡组经尾静脉输入自制的脂质全氟丙烷微泡造影剂0.5 ml,同时用1.0 MHz、2.0 W/cm2的超声在其大腿骨骼肌局部作用3min;单纯超声组仅在骨骼肌局部用同等的超声能量作用;单纯微泡组仅由尾静脉输入脂质全氟丙烷微泡造影剂0.5 ml;对照组不作任何处理.实验结束后的第3、7、10、14、21、28 d,各组分别取两只大鼠处死,取局部骨骼肌行石蜡切片HE染色观察显微结构的变化,CD34免疫组化计数微血管密度(MVD),酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)定量评价血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)的表达.结果 超声破微泡组有较多的血管新生;单纯超声组新生血管较少;单纯微泡组和对照组几乎无血管新生.随着时间的变化,超声破坏微泡组的MVD值和VEGF表达在第10 d达到高峰;单纯超声组的高峰出现在第14 d.结论 超声破坏微泡可刺激骨骼肌中内源性VEGF较快、较多地分泌,从而更好地促进新生血管生成.     

Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Ovarian Transplantation through Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction

Timely angiogenesis and effective microcirculation perfusion are essential for the survival and functional recovery of transplanted ovaries. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) can lead to angiogenesis and increase flow perfusion by causing transient inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of UTMD on transplanted ovarian revascularization and survival. In vitro, for the criteria of cell viability and tube formation capability, the optimal exposure parameters were determined to be a microbubble concentration of 1 × 10⁸/mL, mechanical index of 1 and exposure time of 30 s. After ovarian transplantation, 40 female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: transplantation alone, ultrasound alone, microbubbles alone and ultrasound and microbubbles (UTMD). At 7 d after transplantation, ovarian perfusion was assessed using qualitative and quantitative methods. The effect of angiogenesis was assessed by contrast-enhanced ultrasound, laser Doppler perfusion imaging and histologic analysis. The results, in which ovarian perfusion was highest in the UTMD group, suggest that UTMD can effectively improve ovarian perfusion. Compared with the other three groups, the number of follicles, microvascular density and rate of Ki-67-positive cells increased significantly in the UTMD group, while apoptosis decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The study indicates that UTMD promoted ovarian re-vascularization after ovarian transplantation and maintained follicular reserve.     

Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction Enhances the Antitumor Efficacy of Doxorubicin in a Mouse Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model

The aim of the study described here was to investigate whether ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction (UTMD) of targeted microbubbles conjugated with an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (anti-VEGFR2) antibody can enhance the therapeutic effect of doxorubicin (DOX) on a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model bearing HEP-G2-RFP tumors. The growth of liver tumors in mice was inhibited by using Visistar VEGFR2 plus ultrasound irradiation and by DOX alone. DOX plus UTMD had an inhibitory effect on tumor growth beginning on the seventh day of treatment, while Visistar VEGFR2 alone and DOX alone had inhibitory effects beginning on the 11th day. DOX + UTMD significantly decreased tumor volume and tumor weight compared with DOX alone (p < 0.05) and Visistar VEGFR2 alone (p < 0.05). Compared with DOX alone and Visistar VEGFR2 alone, DOX + UTMD had the highest inhibitory effect on tumor angiogenesis and the highest apoptosis index. UTMD-targeted microbubbles can significantly enhance the antitumor effect of DOX on a mouse HCC model, inhibit angiogenesis and induce apoptosis in tumor cells.     

超声微泡造影剂对心肌组织的生物学效应及介导VEGF基因转染大鼠心肌的实验研究

目的 探讨超声微泡造影剂对心肌组织的生物学效应及其介导VEGF基因转染大鼠心肌的有效性。方法 18只健康雄性Wistar大鼠，取3只采用超声波在鼠胸壁破坏微泡造影剂，观察对心肌组织显微结构的影响。将另15只急性心肌梗死3天后的雄性Wistar大鼠分为3组，每组5只。第一组采用超声破坏微泡造影剂的方式，将pcDzVEGFm基因转染大鼠心肌至造影剂不再显影(约6min)；第二组尾静脉输入同等剂量携pcD。VEGF。基因的造影剂；第三组为对照。2周后，取缺血心肌组织行VEGF免疫组织化学染色，观察心肌组织血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)蛋白表达情况。结果超声波破坏微泡造影剂能使心肌组织充血，产生大量空泡，并有部分心肌细胞坏死。采用超声微泡造影剂介导的VEGF基因转染，能明显增强大鼠心肌组织VEGF蛋白的表达。结论 超声微泡造影剂能明显增强对组织的空化效应，其介导的VEGF基因治疗是一种无创、新型、高效的基因转移方法。     

Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction enhances naked plasmid DNA transfection in rabbit Achilles tendons in vivo

The study was to investigate the probability of increasing the transfection of the gene in tendons by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD), and to search for the most suitable transfection conditions. A mixture of microbubbles and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) plasmids was injected into rabbit Achilles tendons by different administration routes and the tendons were ultrasound pulse by different ultrasonic conditions in order to determine the most appropriate conditions. Then, the rabbits were divided into four groups: (1) ultrasound + microbubbles + plasmid; (2) ultrasound+ plasmid; (3) microbubble + plasmid; (4) plasmid only. EGFP expression in the tendons and other tissues, and the damage to tendon and paratenon were all observed. The results showed that EGFP expression in the tendon was higher by ultrasound pulse with 2 W cm(-2) of output intensity and a 20% duty cycle for 10 min. Local injection was determined to be the better administration route. Among the four groups, EGFP expression in Group 1 was higher than that in other groups. EGFP expression was highest on seventh day, then it gradually decrease over time, and lasted more than 56 days. EGFP expression was not found in other tissues. There was no obvious injury caused by UTMD. Under suitable conditions, it is feasible to use UTMD as a safe and effective gene transfection therapy for tendon injuries.     

低能量脉冲式超声联合微泡对兔VX2肿瘤微循环的阻断作用

目的探讨低能量脉冲式超声联合微泡对兔VX2肿瘤微循环的阻断作用及其病理机制。方法将36只皮下VX2荷瘤兔随机平均分成3组:超声微泡组注入0.2ml/kg体质量微泡5ml,并辅以超声辐照10min;单纯超声组注入生理盐水5ml,辐照10min;单纯微泡组仅注入0.2ml/kg体质量微泡5ml,不进行超声辐照。CEUS观察各组治疗前、治疗后0、30min、60min时血流灌注情况,比较各时间点的灌注面积。治疗后即刻随机选取各组6只荷瘤兔处死,完整切取肿瘤,行病理学检查。结果超声微泡组治疗后即刻肿瘤血流灌注完全消失,灌注面积为0,但30min及60min后灌注有所恢复,各时间点治疗后灌注面积显著大于治疗前(均P<0.05);大体病理检查见肿瘤微血管扩张、管壁结构崩解,弥漫性充血、出血和肿瘤组织水肿,局部血肿,形成血栓等。单纯超声组及单纯微泡组治疗前、后造影剂灌注面积无差异,肿瘤内部未见出血、水肿等。结论低能量超声联合微泡能够阻断肿瘤微循环,可能是由于空化效应导致血管壁损伤,组织水肿对局部肿瘤血液循环产生阻力,从而阻断肿瘤血液循环。     

经多功能心腔内超声导管超声辐照破坏微泡对犬心肌组织的生物学效应

目的观察经多功能心腔内超声(ICE)导管超声辐照破坏微泡对动物心肌产生的生物学效应,探索基因治疗缺血性心脏病的新方法。方法 15只犬随机分为US+MB组、US组、对照组3组,每组5只。以介入法将多功能ICE导管送入犬心室。对US+MB在ICE监控下向左心室游离壁注射0.5ml微泡,并以1 W/cm2的声能对注射部位辐照1min;对US组以相同条件行左心室壁辐照,但不注射微泡;对照组在插入导管后不进行任何处理。术后3天处死动物,观察心肌组织大体改变,并行HE染色观察细微结构变化。结果ICE能对注射针的进针深度、微泡注射及辐照过程进行实时监控。观察期内所有动物均正常存活。US+MB组心肌辐照部位出现充血、心肌细胞间隙增宽、少量炎性细胞浸润等改变,US组心肌组织仅出现轻微充血;对照组动物心肌无异常变化。结论经ICE导管超声辐照破坏微泡能在靶区域产生相应生物学效应,内置ICE可对心肌内微泡注射、超声辐照过程进行实时监控。此款新型多功能导管可能为基因治疗缺血性心脏病提供新的、更加安全有效的途径。     

超声靶向微泡破坏联合聚乙烯亚胺增强裸鼠移植瘤基因输送的初步研究

目的 探讨超声靶向微泡破坏(UTMD)联合聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)增强裸鼠Hela细胞(人宫颈癌)移植瘤基因输送的可行性和应用价值.方法 分别将2种质粒DNA[红色荧光蛋白质粒(RFP)和荧光素酶质粒(pCMV-LUC)]与PEI以不同氮/磷酸盐比(N/P比)混合,利用凝胶阻滞实验对PEI/DNA复合物进行分析.经荷瘤裸鼠尾静脉分别注入PBS、质粒、质粒+Sono Vue微泡、PEI/DNA复合物+Sono Vue微泡,仅对一侧肿瘤行超声辐照(3 MHz、2 W/cm2、2 min、20%占空比),另一侧肿瘤作为对照,并对该转染方法 的靶向性进行分析.超声辐照3 d后处死动物,行RFP表达观察、荧光素酶活性检测和组织学检查.结果 琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示PEI可有效地缩合质粒DNA.与裸质粒组比较,UTMD(超声辐照+Sono Vue微泡)能明显提高RFP转染率.与非辐照对照侧比较,UTMD的运用使RFP表达明显增强,荧光素酶活性增加了14倍(P＜0.01).UTMD联合PEI可显著增强基因转染,受辐照移植瘤的荧光素酶活性增加了10倍(P＜0.01);与非联合PEI时比较,荧光素酶表达增加了111倍(P＜0.01).无论有否超声照射,裸鼠其他器官组织中均无明显的基因表达(P＞0.05),且未观察到明显的组织损伤.结论 UTMD联合PEI可显著增强报告基因在肿瘤组织的靶向传输和转染,是一种很有前景、新型而安全的体内基因输送方法.     

Gene therapy of carcinoma using ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction

When microbubble contrast agents are loaded with genes and systemically injected, ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) facilitates focused delivery of genes to target tissues. A mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma was used to test the hypothesis that UTMD would specifically transduce tumor tissue and slow tumor growth when treated with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) and ganciclovir. UTMD-mediated delivery of reporter genes resulted in tumor expression of luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) in perivascular areas and individual tumor cells that exceeded expression in control tumors (p = 0.02). The doubling time of TK-treated tumors was longer than GFP-treated tumors (p = 0.02), and TK-treated tumors displayed increased apoptosis (p = 0.04) and more areas of cellular drop-out (p = 0.03). These data indicate that UTMD gene therapy can transduce solid tumors and mediate a therapeutic effect. UTMD is a promising nonviral method for targeting gene therapy that may be useful in a spectrum of tumors. (E-mail: villanuevafs@upmc.edu)     

电镜硝酸镧示踪超声微泡造影剂开放血脑屏障

目的 研究超声波破坏微泡造影剂对大鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响。 方法 用电镜硝酸镧示踪法观察超声波破坏微泡造影剂对大鼠血脑屏障通透性的变化。 结果 超声波照射后即刻，即可见镧颗粒通过毛细血管内皮细胞及细胞间的紧密连接进入组织间隙，血脑屏障开放持续至6h，12h时已关闭。电镜下可以见到血管源性脑水肿，细胞器水肿不明显。 结论 超声波破坏微泡造影剂开放血脑屏障，为中枢神经系统疾病的治疗提供了一种无创、具靶向性的药物转运方法。