AO跟骨板在Ⅲ、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折的临床应用

目的 评价AO跟骨板治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折的疗效。方法 21例29足严重跟骨骨折按Sanders分型：Ⅲ型18足；Ⅳ型11足，采用AO跟骨板及髂骨(或人工骨)植骨进行有限坚强内固定。对年老、骨质疏松严重的Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型跟骨骨折后距下关节不能达到解剖复位，整复跟骨外形后，AO跟骨板固定，同时一期行距下关节融合术。结果 按Maryland足部评分系统评价术后功能，本组29足Ⅲ、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折行AO跟骨板固定总体优良率为82．8％。结论 AO跟骨板治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折疗效肯定，术后早期功能练习．减少骨折并发症，是一种治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ型跟骨骨折的理想方法。     

跟骰关节损伤在跟骨骨折治疗中的临床意义

目的探讨跟骰关节损伤程度在跟骨骨折治疗中对临床效果的影响。方法对34例跟骨骨折患者进行随访,评估治疗前跟骰关节损伤程度,治疗后跟骰关节炎发生情况,采用AOFAS评分进行足踝功能评估。结果足踝功能AO-FAS评分优良率为91.2%。功能结果在涉及跟骰关节与没有涉及跟骰关节的骨折中差异无统计学意义。结论跟骰关节的损伤严重性与功能结果不成正相关,其对临床结果影响较小。     

桡骨远端T形锁定钢板内固定治疗累及跟骰关节的跟骨前部骨折

目的探讨桡骨远端T形锁定钢板（T-LEP）内固定治疗累及跟骰关节的跟骨前部骨折的临床疗效。方法对采用桡骨远端T形锁定钢板内固定治疗的9例累及跟骰关节的跟骨前部骨折的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果9例获随访8-24个月，平均16．5个月。X线片显示骨折均愈合，平均骨折愈合时间为8．4周（7-14周）。3例出现术后切口红肿渗出等并发症。末次随访时功能评定：优5足，良3足，一般1足。结论采用桡骨远端T形锁定钢板内固定治疗跟骰关节的跟骨前部骨折可获得满意疗效，能恢复跟骨前部的正常解剖形态，骨折固定牢靠，是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

手术治疗距下、跟骰关节损伤的跟骨骨折

对累及距下、跟骰关节面的跟骨骨折的治疗方法较多，复位方式及内固定选择上的分岐也较大，作者有选择地手术治疗涉及距下、跟骰关节损伤的跟骨骨折31例（35足），获得满意疗效。     

AO钢板内固定治疗波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折

目的：评估切开复位AO跟骨修复钢板内固定治疗波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折的临床效果。方法：对27例30足波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折行切开复位AO跟骨钢板内固定。结果：23例经平均18个月随访，参照有关疗效评定标准，优良率91．5％。结论：切开复位AO修复钢板内固定是治疗波及跟距关节的跟骨骨折(SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型)的有效方法。     

累及跟距关节及跟骰关节损伤的跟骨骨折手术治疗

目的探讨应用跟骨外侧U形切口入路治疗累及跟距关节、跟骰关节的跟骨骨折方法及疗效。方法 2009年1月-2011年3月,对36例同时累及跟距关节、跟骰关节的单侧闭合跟骨骨折患者,采用跟骨外侧U形切口暴露,跟骨解剖钢板内固定治疗。男27例,女9例;年龄19～58岁,平均38.7岁。按Sanders分型标准:Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型20例,Ⅳ型4例。B hler角(6.21±10.48)°,Gissane角(89.85±12.34)°。受伤至手术时间2～14 d,平均4.2 d。结果术后1例切口皮缘浅表坏死,1例切口渗液,均经换药后愈合;其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。36例均获随访,随访时间12～26个月,平均15.2个月。X线片示骨折均愈合,愈合时间8～12周,平均10.6周。关节面复位满意,跟骨高度恢复正常。无内固定物折断及创伤性关节炎发生。术后3个月B hler角为(29.64±5.33)°,Gissane角为(121.75±6.65)°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(t=43.800,P=0.000;t=33.200,P=0.000)。术后9～20个月取出钢板,平均11.2个月。在取跟骨钢板术前按Maryland足部评分系统评价疗效,获优17例,良15例,中4例,优良率88.9%。结论跟骨外侧U形切口能充分暴露及复位跟骨骨折,恢复跟骨解剖形态,结合跟骨解剖钢板固定允许早期功能锻炼,是治疗累及跟距关节、跟骰关节跟骨骨折的一种有效方法。     

跟骨钢板治疗跟骨经关节内骨折17例体会

自2002年10月至2005年10月,我们采用跟骨钢板治疗17例18侧跟骨经关节内移位骨折,疗效满意。报道如下。临床资料1.一般资料:本组17例18足,男13例,女4例。年龄20~52岁,平均37岁。均为高处坠落伤。骨折类型为波及跟距关节面的跟骨骨折。所有病例均行跟骨侧轴位X线检查和CT扫描。根据Sanders分型:Ⅱ型7侧,Ⅲ型9侧,IV型2侧。手术时机为伤后5h~11d,平均4d。2.手术方法:上止血带,取侧卧位,行跟骨外侧“L”型切口。全层至骨膜下紧贴跟骨外侧壁锐性剥离,推移,将包括腓骨肌腱、腓肠神经在内的全层软组织瓣一并掀起,暴露至跟距关节及跟骰关节。将跟…     

移位的关节内粉碎跟骨骨折的内固定治疗

目的探讨移位的关节内跟骨骨折的内固定治疗方法。方法对1997年2月-2004年2月通过手术治疗有移位的关节内跟骨骨折43例53足进行分析。按Sanders分型对移位的关节内跟骨骨折切开复位，AO跟骨钢板内固定。结果43例患者全部获得随访，平均随访18．3(2—41)个月，按Maryland Foot Score进行评分，优11足(20．8％)，良35足(66％)，可4足(7．5％)，不满意3足(5．7％)。结论通过手术治疗有移位的关节内跟骨骨折，能最大限度地恢复跟骨的解剖形态、关节面的平整，恢复跟骨Boehler角，矫正跟骨宽度及内翻畸形。术后辅助合理的功能锻炼，能使足的功能得到良好的恢复。     

跟骨骨折的治疗方法分析

由于跟骨呈不规则形状，其关节而有跟距、跟骰关节，故跟骨骨折的类型差异很大．以往大部分跟骨骨折都选择保守治疗，但随着各种类型跟骨钢板的推广应用，目前倾向于手术治疗。1994年7月～2003年3月，我院共收治58例66足跟骨骨折患，分别采用保守治疗和切开复位内固定治疗，比较两之间的疗效，现报告如下。[第一段]     

累及距下跟骰关节损伤跟骨骨折术后远期疗效

[目的] 探讨应用跟骨钢板内固定的方法治疗累及距下、跟骰关节损伤的跟骨骨折的远期临床效果.[方法] 采用钢板内固定的方法治疗跟骨关节内骨折61例63足,男58例,女3例;年龄19～68岁,平均42岁.按Sanders分型:Ⅱ型16足,Ⅲ型30足,Ⅳ型17足.其中急诊手术13足,亚急诊手术50足.[结果] 术后随访时间3～5年,平均4年3个月.术中无重要神经、肌腱损伤.术后有2足切口延迟愈合,1足发生切口皮缘坏死感染;无骨折不愈合和内固定松动及再骨折发生;2足于久走后出现距下关节痛,尚能忍受.按张铁良百分评分法进行评定:优36例,良24例,可3例,总优良率为95.2%.[结论] 选择适当的手术时机,并采用钢板内固定治疗距下、跟彀关节损伤的各型跟骨骨折,可有效恢复Bohlers角和Gissane角,具有固定坚强.并有利于早期踝关节功能锻炼.可以取得较好的远期疗效.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.