限制性分流与断流联合术治疗门静脉高压症

目的探讨限制性分流与断流联合手术治疗门静脉高压症的效果。方法对39例门静脉高压症患者行断流加肠腔静脉限制性分流术的临床疗效进行回顾性分析。结果患者术后自由门静脉压力水平下降8cm H2O，且皆保持门静脉的向肝血流，术后随访6～24个月，39例患者有18例肝功能有不同程度恢复，1例在围手术期有短暂的肝性脑病发作，38例患者腹水消失，食管胃底静脉曲张消失好转率82．1％，无再出血发生。结论断流限制性分流联合应用，既能保持一定的门静脉压力及门静脉肝脏血供，又能防止上消化道出血，降低肝性脑病发生率，是治疗门静脉高压症的较为理想的手术方法。     

断流术联合分流术治疗门脉高压症

食管静脉曲张破裂出血是门静脉高压症病人致命的并发症 ,其手术治疗时究竟是采用分流术还是断流术多年来一直颇有争议。既往多认为行断流术比较合理 ,但随着近年来对门静脉高压性胃病认识的逐渐加深 ,单纯行断流术的合理性受到责疑 ,提倡断流术联合分流术治疗门脉高压症的报道逐渐增多。我们自 1997年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月间共行脾腔分流或脾肾分流加食管下段胃底周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症 2 2例 ,取得了较为满意的近期效果 ,现报告如下 :临床资料一般资料 :本组病例中男 18例 ,女 4例 ,术后均经病理证实为肝炎后肝硬化 ,年龄 2 8～ 5 …     

断流术联合分流术治疗门脉高压症(附22例报告)

食管静脉曲张破裂出血是门静脉高压症患者致命的并发症 ,其手术治疗时究竟是采用分流术还是断流术多年来一直颇有争议。既往多认为行断流术比较合理 ,但随着近年来对门静脉高压性胃病认识的逐渐加深 ,单纯行断流术的合理性受到质疑 ,提倡断流术联合分流术治疗门脉高压症的报道逐渐增多。本院 1 997年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 1 2月共行脾腔分流或脾肾分流加食管下段胃底周围血管离断术治疗门脉高压症 2 2例 ,取得较为满意的近期效果 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 .1一般资料本组男 1 8例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 2 8- 5 4岁。术后均病理证实为肝炎后肝硬化 ,既…     

贲门周围血管离断联合分流治疗门静脉高压症

目的 :观察断流和分流联合术治疗门静脉高压症的效果。方法 :总结采用断流加分流治疗 13例门静脉高压症的经验。结果 :择期手术 10例 ,预防性手术 3例 ,均无手术死亡。出院病例均随防至今 ,无手术后再出血 ,发生肝性脑病 2例 ,均存活。术前门静脉压力平均为 (3.6 8± 0 .16 )kPa ,术后为 (3.18± 0 .11)kPa。结论 :联合手术具有断流和合理口径分流的特点 ,可将断流和分流两者优缺点互补 ,是目前治疗门静脉高压症的较为理想术式。     

覆膜支架对肝内分流道通畅的影响

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)已广泛用于治疗门静脉高压症伴食管静脉曲张破裂大出血和顽固性腹水,临床近期疗效十分显著.近十年来,国外采用Viatorr覆膜支架取代裸支架,用于肝内分流道的建立,成功解决了分流道狭窄和阻塞,显著提高了TIPS治疗门静脉高压症的远期疗效[1].我们采用覆膜支架建立肝内门体分流道,并对100例门静脉高压症患者实施治疗,通过超声、CT血管成像(CTA)和直接门静脉造影研究了覆膜支架对肝内分流道通畅的影响.     

10 肝硬化门静脉高压症术后的糖代谢变化

目的:探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症合并肝源性糖尿病的治疗方法。方法:回顾分析10年间收治的46例肝硬化门静脉高压症合并肝源性糖尿病患者的临床资料。结果:全部患者在营养支持和胰岛素辅助治疗的基础上，以外科手术治疗为主。行断流术39例；断流联合脾肾分流7例。结果显示术后糖代谢改善39例（84.8%）。结论:肝硬化合并肝源性糖尿病的治疗宜针对原发病，以积极改善肝功能为主，辅以糖代谢异常的治疗原则。     

门静脉高压症患者门脉系血流动力学变化的研究

目的：研究肝硬化门静脉高压症患者门静脉系血流动力学变化。方法：应用多普勒超声检测了２０例健康成人和３４例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者门静脉系血流量参数。结果：门同压组肠系膜上静脉血流量与脾静脉血流量之和大于正常对照组的门静脉血流量：在门脉高压组，门静脉血流量约减少４２．８％，冠状静脉分流约５８．５％。结论：肝硬化门静脉高压症中存在内脏高血流动力学。此外，经胃冠状静脉分流量的大小可大致判断门静脉高压的程度     

覆膜支架和裸支架行TIPS治疗门静脉高压症的对比研究

目的 比较研究覆膜支架移植物和裸支架在经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)治疗门静脉高压症中的临床疗效.方法 2007年4月至2009年4月,采用覆膜支架移植物行rIPs治疗门静脉高压症患者30例(A组),同期采用裸支架行TIPS治疗30例(B组),观察两组患者的肝功能、门静脉血流变化及l临床疗效.结果 住院期间两组均未出现出血和肝性脑病,各出现分流道急性阻塞1例.A组术后随访(6.2±3.9)个月,B组术后随访(8.3±4.4)个月,A组和B组的再出血率、分流道阻塞率、肝性脑病发生率和病死率分别为3.3%和20.0%、0和30.0%、16.7%和20.0%、0和13.3%,A组再出血率、分流道阻塞率和病死率低于B组(P<0.05),肝性脑病发生率无差异(P>0.05).A组门静脉压力、门体压力梯度下降程度、门静脉血流增快程度、分流道血流速率高于B组(P<0.05),两组肝功能、血氨及MELD评分无差异(P>0.05).结论 覆膜支架移植物能显著提高分流道通畅率,降低出血复发率,提高TIPS治疗门静脉高压症的疗效.     

肝前型门静脉高压症的诊治

目的探讨肝前型门静脉高压症的临床特点、诊断、治疗方法的选择及疗效。方法回顾性分析第二炮兵总医院及北京协和医院2000年1月至2009年5月期间收治的46例肝前型门静脉高压症（包括2例Abern-ethy畸形）患者的临床资料。全部患者均根据间接门静脉造影、CT血管造影和（或）彩超检查结果确诊为肝前型门静脉高压症。行肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉分流术23例;脾切除、脾静脉-肾静脉分流术8例;门静脉-下腔静脉分流术1例;附脐静脉-颈内静脉分流术2例;门奇静脉断流术3例;脾切除、门奇静脉断流术1例;乙状结肠暂时性造瘘,6个月后闭瘘1例;大部分小肠切除术1例;经股动脉插管溶栓4例;未行手术2例,仅给予护肝及对症治疗。结果44例患者随访2个月～5年,平均23.4个月,1例未手术者失访。34例行分流手术治疗的患者术后脾功能亢进症状消失,未再发生上消化道出血;行断流术者术后13个月及2年因再次出血行肠系膜上静脉-下腔静脉分流术2例;断流术后8个月因再次出血死亡1例;溶栓治疗后40d因肠坏死死亡1例,1例未手术的患儿出院4个月后再次出现黑便经保守治疗好转。结论肝前型门静脉高压症的治疗以降低门静脉压力为主,各种分流手术及肠系膜上动脉和（或）脾动脉置管溶栓安全有效,但需根据个体情况施行。     

经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术的疗效观察及对门静脉血流动力学的影响

作者研究了经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术（ＴＩＰＳＳ）治疗门静脉高压症的临床疗效及对门静脉血流动力学的影响。对１４０例门静脉高压症患者实施ＴＩＰＳＳ治疗，采用超声多普勒、门静脉造影和测压观察了１００例患者门静脉血流动力学的改变。ＴＩＰＳＳ技术成功率９４．６２％，操作并发症发生率４．６２％，轻度肝性脑病９．０３％，术后死亡率３．０８％；术后１～２４个月随访，分流道狭窄或阻塞率１２％，症状复发率９．０％，死亡率６．０％。肝内分流道建立后门静脉压力和肝外门体分流量显著下降，门静脉流速增加，分流道通畅者分流道和门静脉流速分别下降１１．９３％和２０．１４％，分流道狭窄者流速进一步下降。ＴＩＰＳＳ治疗门静脉高压症疗效显著，动态观察血流变化有助于早期诊断和治疗分流道狭窄或阻塞。     

Portal vein arterialization for liver transplantation with extensive portomesenteric vein thrombosis: a case report

We report herein a case of extensive thrombosis of portal venous system including mesenteric vein in a 70-year-old man who suffered from end-stage post-hepatitis C cirrhosis and who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. There was no way to divert portal blood flow to the new liver because such an extensive thrombosis of portomesenteric venous system. There are some case reports of portocaval hemitransposition with some success but high mortality. We decided to arterialize the portal vein of the liver allograft with the recipient hepatic artery and the donor hepatic artery was anastomosed to the supraceliac aorta. He recovered slowly from the operation. At 1 year after the transplantation, he is doing well with perfect liver function tests. This case challenges our belief that portal blood flow is essential for the liver because of hepatotrophic factors.     

Outcome and Hepatic Hemodynamics in Liver Transplant Patients with Portal Vein Arterialization

Few cases of successful portal vein arterialization in orthotopic and auxiliary liver transplantation have been reported. AIM: To evaluate the effect of portal vein arterialization on hepatic hemodynamics and long-term clinical outcome in three patients undergoing liver transplantation. METHODS: Two patients with extensive splanchnic venous thrombosis received an orthotopic liver transplant and one with fulminant hepatic failure received an auxiliary heterotopic graft. Portal vein arterialization was performed in all cases. RESULTS: One patient died 4 months after transplant and two are still alive. Auxiliary liver graft was removed 3 months post-transplant when complete native liver regeneration was achieved. Immediate post-transplant liver function was excellent in all cases. Only one patient developed encephalopathy and variceal bleeding owing to prehepatic portal hypertension secondary to arterioportal fistula 14 months after transplant. He was successfully treated by embolization of the hepatic artery. Hepatic hemodynamic measurements demonstrated a normal pressure gradient between wedged and free hepatic venous pressures in all cases. Liver biopsy showed acceptable graft architecture in two cases and microsteatosis in one. CONCLUSIONS: Liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization is an acceptable salvage alternative when insufficient portal venous flow to the graft is present. The double arterial supply does not imply changes in hepatic hemodynamics, at least in the early months post-transplant.     

The measurement of hepatic circulation before and after orthotopic liver transplantation in dog--by using transit-time blood flow meter and H2 clearance method

Orthotopic liver transplantation was successfully carried out in 40 mongrel dogs, in which hepatic circulation was investigated before and after grafting. Blood flows in hepatic artery, portal vein and intrahepatic inferior vena cava were measured by using transit-time ultrasonic blood flow meter and regional tissue blood flow was determined by hydrogen gas clearance method. Before transplantation the mean blood flows were 234 +/- 95mg/min in portal vein, 118 +/- 76ml/min in hepatic artery and 291 +/- 103ml/min in inferior vena cava in 40 recipients. The blood flow ratio of portal vein and hepatic artery was 2.9 +/- 2.2. The mean regional blood flow of the liver was 63 +/- 24ml/min/100g. After transplantation, the mean blood flows decreased to 189 +/- 86ml/min in portal vein, 77 +/- 51ml/min in hepatic artery and 179 +/- 111ml/min in inferior vena cava and the regional tissue blood flow was 57 +/- 25ml/min/100g. Hepatic arterial flow decreased by 37 percent after transplantation, however, portal venous flow decreased by 24 percent and the regional blood flow decreased by 9 percent after transplantation of the liver. These data suggested that the microcirculation of the liver was slightly disturbed after liver transplantation in dog, which was in part due to the decreased blood flows of the hepatic artery and portal vein.     

Recovery of graft circulation following percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for stenotic venous complications in pediatric liver transplantation: assessment with Doppler ultrasound

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed for venous stenosis after living related liver transplantation in three children. Two of them had hepatic vein stenosis and one had stenosis of both the hepatic and portal veins. Progressive development of ascites and deterioration of liver function were found in all cases. Serial Doppler ultrasound studies showed that the flow velocity in the hepatic vein gradually decreased with a flattened velocity waveform, followed by a decrease in portal blood flow. After a successful hepatic vein angioplasty, the velocity in the hepatic and portal veins increased and the Doppler waveform in the hepatic vein became pulsatile in two cases. In the remaining case, a remarkable recovery of both graft perfusion and clinical findings was achieved via combined hepatic vein and portal vein angioplasty. We conclude that balloon angioplasty is an effective alternative to surgery for post-transplant vascular stenosis and that Doppler ultrasound is useful in monitoring graft circulation.     

Attenuation of acute phase shear stress by somatostatin improves small-for-size liver graft survival.

The major concern of living donor liver transplantation is small-for-size graft injury at the early phase after transplantation. Novel therapeutic strategies should be developed. To investigate the protective effect of somatostatin related to hemodynamic stress on small-for-size liver graft injury, we applied a treatment regimen of low-dose somatostatin in a rat orthotopic liver transplantation model using small-for-size grafts (median, 38.7%; range, 35-42%). Somatostatin was given at 5 minutes before total hepatectomy and immediately after reperfusion in the recipient (20 microg/kg). Graft survival, portal hemodynamics, intragraft gene expression and hepatic ultrastructural changes were compared between the rats with or without somatostatin treatment. Seven-day graft survival rates in the somatostatin treatment group were significantly improved compared to the control group (66.7% vs. 16.7%, P = 0.036). In the treatment group, portal pressure and hepatic surface blood flow were significantly decreased within the first 30 minutes after reperfusion, whereas in the control group, transient portal hypertension and excessive hepatic blood flow were observed. Intragraft expression (both messenger RNA and protein) of endothelin-1 was significantly downregulated accompanied with upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and A20. Better preservation of liver function was found in the treatment group. Hepatic ultrastructure, especially the integrity of sinusoids, was well protected in the treatment group. In conclusion, low-dose somatostatin rescues small-for-size grafts from acute phase injury in liver transplantation by attenuation of acute-phase shear stress that resulted from transient portal hypertension.     

Portal flow augmentation for liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: Portal hypertension due to chronic liver disease is a major cause of death worldwide. Orthotopic liver transplantation offers the best therapeutic option but is available to only a minority of patients. In the past few years mechanically pumping portal venous inflow has been reported to reduce portal hypertension and improve liver function. METHODS: A review of the published data on augmented portal perfusion for the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis was carried out by searching Medline and other online databases. From each published study portal pressure and blood flow data before and after augmented portal perfusion were used to calculate the change in mean intrahepatic portal vascular resistance (IHPR). The standardized data were then combined to allow meta-analysis. RESULTS: Seven papers were identified on normal and cirrhotic animal and human livers with augmented flow (50% to fourfold over baseline) for 30-180 min. Meta-analysis revealed that the increased portal venous inflow was associated with a significant rise in portal venous pressure on the hepatic side (P < 0.001), a significant reduction on the mesenteric side (P < 0.001) and a significant reduction in IHPR (P = 0.013). Limited data were available to support improved liver function. CONCLUSION: Detailed in vivo cirrhotic liver studies on augmented portal flow in experimental models assessing haemodynamic and functional changes are required before clinical evaluation.     

原位肝移植后门脉高压和脾功能亢进的恢复过程

采用全血细胞计数监测和彩色多普勒超声断层的方法对两例因肝硬化合并门脉高压脾功能亢进而行同种异体原位肝移植术的患者进行了临床观察。全血细胞计数监测显示；与术前相比，红细胞计数在术后一个月之内未见明显改善，一个月之后逐渐恢复近于正常。术后１３天白细胞计数和血小板计数恢复至正常范围。     

Effects of nonshunting operations on portal venous pressure and hepatic blood flow

A comparative analysis has been presented of the effect of the nonshunting operation on portal venous pressure and effective hepatic blood flow in patients with liver cirrhosis and idiopathic portal hypertension. A reduction of portal pressure after splenectomy with esophagogastric devascularization in 17 patients with idiopathic portal hypertension was significantly greater than that in 79 patients with liver cirrhosis (-21 +/- 4.1 percent versus -8.9 +/- 1.6 percent, p less than 0.01). Clearance of galactose from the blood, which approximates effective hepatic blood flow, was decreased after the nonshunting operation by 6.7 percent in five patients with liver cirrhosis (p value not significant). On the other hand, there was a 19.4 percent reduction (statistically significant) in galactose clearance in four patients with idiopathic portal hypertension (p less than 0.05). Based on these data, we suggest that in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension, the splenic circuit largely contributes to the portal hypertension, the effective hepatic blood flow, or both. We recommend a nonshunting operation for the treatment of esophageal varices from the hemodynamic viewpoint in cirrhotic patients.     

Hepatic arterial buffer response after pediatric living donor liver transplantation: report of a case

Background

Excessive portal pressure at an early stage after living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) can damage sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes through shear stress leading to graft failure, or hepatic arterial complications due to low hepatic artery flow from a hepatic arterial buffer response. We encountered a case in which excessive portal vein flow was observed from an early stage after pediatric LDLT. The hepatic artery flow decreased due to a hepatic arterial buffer response.

Case report

A 6-month-old boy with biliary atresia showed excessive portal vein flow early after LDLT with a decreasing hepatic artery flow without anastomotic stenosis from postoperative day 3. The PV flow gradually exhibited a decrease at approximately postoperative day 8 and, similtaneously, hepatic artery flow exhibited improvement.

Conclusion

Because excessive portal pressure after LDLT is reversible, it has been suggested that it may be possible to prevent the progress of hepatic arterial complications if temporary portal pressure modulation can be performed for cases among the high-risk group for hepatic arterial complications.     

Hemodynamic changes with initiation of veno-venous bypass in orthotopic liver transplant patients

Removal of the liver to start the anhepatic stage of liver transplantation requires cross-clamping of the portal vein, inferior vena cava, and hepatic artery. Adverse effects occur from engorged splanchnic beds and decreased venous return. A veno-venous bypass from the inferior vena cava and portal vein to the axillary vein is used in an attempt to ameliorate these changes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of institution of veno-venous bypass on hemodynamics. Eight randomly selected adult patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation had general anesthesia induced with thiamylal and maintained with nitrous oxide and isoflurane. Cardiopulmonary data and arterial and mixed venous blood gases were measured prospectively using radial artery and pulmonary artery catheters. Measurements were taken under four conditions: (1) 10 minutes before bypass; (2) after partial bypass (vena cava to the axillary vein); (3) after partial bypass with portal vein clamping; and (4) after full bypass (vena cava and portal vein to the axillary vein). Statistically significant changes seen were a 22% decrease in cardiac output and a 47% increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Bypass flow was lower than predicted. Venovenous bypass ameliorates, but does not fully prevent, the reduction of cardiac output and rise in SVR seen with initiation of the anhepatic stage. However, bypass does prevent the hypotension experienced during cross-clamping and for these reasons should be used routinely.