梗阻性黄疸大鼠胆道引流时机对肝细胞凋亡的影响

目的 探讨不同引流时机对梗阻性黄疸大鼠肝细胞凋亡的影响.方法用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导生物素标记(TUNEL)技术和免疫组织化学方法检测阻塞性黄疸大鼠胆道不同时机引流时肝脏组织细胞增殖、凋亡状态及凋亡相关基因bcl-2和bax蛋白的表达.结果 胆总管结扎后,随结扎时间的延长TBIL、ALP、ALT及细胞凋亡增加,结扎7d后肝细胞凋亡达高峰,14 d、21 d有_卜降趋势,胆道引流后,TBIL、ALP、ALT、凋亡指数(AI)迅速下降,早期引流(3天以前)下降程度明显高于晚期(7天以后),差异有显著性(P＜0.05).在阻塞性黄疽过程中,bax蛋白表达越强,bcl-2蛋白表达越弱,AI亦越高.结论 早期引流有利于改善肝功能、降低肝细胞凋亡率,bcl-2和bax蛋白均参与了阻塞性黄疸肝细胞凋亡的凋节.     

重组人红细胞生成素对大鼠心肌梗死的治疗作用

目的　观察重组人红细胞生成素 (rHu EPO)治疗心肌梗死大鼠心功能和心肌细胞凋亡情况 ,探讨其机制。方法　 3 2只SD大鼠分空白组 (Sham )、心肌梗死组 (MI)和治疗组 (MI EPO) ,结扎左冠前降支制备心肌梗死的模型 ,治疗组每天腹腔注射 5 0 0 0IU /kg体重rHu EPO共 7d ,14d后所有大鼠检测血流动力学指标 ,心脏切片原位末端标记 (TUNEL)检测凋亡 ,免疫组织化学检测bcl 2、bax表达。结果　心肌梗死组凋亡指数 (AI)为 1.65 % ,bcl 2及bax蛋白阳性表达指数 (PEI)分别为 0 .96%和 1.3 4% ,均明显高于空白组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;治疗组心功能保存较好 ,AI与bax蛋白PEI分别为 0 .84%和 0 .68% ,均下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而bcl 2蛋白PEI增高 (P <0 .0 5 )为 1.43 %。结论　rHu EPO可抑制心肌细胞凋亡 ,保存心功能。可能是通过下调bax表达和上调bcl 表达实现的。     

诱生型一氧化氮合酶在阻塞性黄疸肝损害中的调控作用

目的：通过体内、外实验，探讨诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）在阻塞性黄疸肝损害中的调控作用。方法：（1）　体外实验：采用胶原酶原位肝灌注法分离大鼠肝细胞，行原代培养后，用iNOS抑制剂SMT作用于肝细胞，50μmol/L 甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸钠(GCDC) 作用后用流式细胞术（FCM）及原位末端标记法（TUNEL）检测肝细胞凋亡情况。（2）体内实验：结扎大鼠胆总管, 结扎后3，7，14，21d, 分别用TUNEL法及免疫组化SABC法检测大鼠肝组织细胞凋亡状态及iNOS蛋白的表达。结果：（1） 随SMT浓度的增加，肝细胞的凋亡明显减少。（2）大鼠胆总管结扎后随结扎时间的延长细胞凋亡指数(AI)升高，结扎14d后AI达高峰。iNOS蛋白表达越强, 则AI越高。结论：iNOS参与阻塞性黄疸肝细胞凋亡的调节，并在阻塞性黄疸肝损害的发生和发展中起重要作用。     

5-氟尿嘧啶诱导直肠癌HR8348细胞凋亡作用的研究

目的　探讨 5 氟尿嘧啶 (5 fluorouracil ,5 FU )体外诱导直肠癌HR83 48细胞凋亡的作用及细胞凋亡与bcl 2、bcl xl、bax及 p5 3表达的关系。 方法　经 5 FU处理HR83 48细胞 2 4h后 ,用甲基绿 派若宁染色法和TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡情况 ,并用SP免疫组织化学法检测HR83 48细胞中bcl 2、bcl xl、bax和 p5 3的表达。 结果　HR83 48细胞经 5 FU作用 2 4h后 ,细胞凋亡指数 (AI)明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P<0 .0 1)。 5 FU作用不同时相bcl 2的表达评分结果与对照组比较差异均无显著性意义 ;不同时相bcl xl的表达评分结果与对照组比较稍降低 ;而bax的表达评分结果随时间延长明显增加 ,2 4h、3 6h的表达评分结果明显高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ,而 p5 3在 5 FU组和对照组各时相均未见表达。结论　 5 FU具有诱导HR83 48细胞凋亡的作用 ;5 FU可能通过上调bax的表达并改变bax/bcl xl的比值而诱导HR83 48细胞凋亡。     

阻塞性黄疸大鼠肝细胞凋亡及蛋白激酶C信号通道的调控作用

目的探讨阻塞性黄疸肝损害的调控机制。方法采用胶原酶原位肝灌注法获取大鼠肝细胞，行原代培养，用蛋白激酶(PK)C激动剂帕斯酶埃(PMA)、拮抗剂切勒斯埃作用于肝细胞，再用50μmol／L甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸钠(GCDC)作用后行流式细胞术(FCM)及用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶(TdT)介导的脱氧核苷酸(duTP)缺口末端标记技术(TUNEL)检测肝细胞凋亡情况。结扎大鼠胆总管后3、7、14、21d处死大鼠，用TUNEL技术及免疫组织化学方法检测阻塞性黄疸大鼠肝脏组织细胞凋亡状态及PKC蛋白的表达。结果随PMA浓度的增加，肝细胞的凋亡明显增加。随Chelerythrine的增加，肝细胞的凋亡明显减少。大鼠胆总管结扎后随结扎时间的延长细胞凋亡指数(AI)增加，结扎14d后AI达高峰。PKC表达越强，AI就越高。结论PKC信号通道参与了阻塞性黄疸肝细胞凋亡的调节，并在阻塞性黄疸肝损害的发生和发展中起重要作用。     

蛋白激酶 C信号通道在阻塞性黄疸肝损害发生发展中的作用

目的 探讨阻塞性黄疸肝损害的调控机理。方法（1）采用胶原酶原位肝灌注法获取大鼠肝细胞，行原代培养，用蛋白激酶C（PKC）激动剂帕斯酶埃（PMA）、拮抗剂切勒埃（cheleryhrine)作用于肝细胞，再用50μmol/L甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸钠（GCDC）作用后行流行细胞术（FCM）及用末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶（TdT)介导的脱氧核苷酸（dUTP)缺口末端标记技术（TUNEL）检测肝细胞凋亡情况。（2）分别于结扎大鼠胆总管后3d、7d、14d及21d处死大鼠，用TUNEL技术及免疫组织化学方法检测阻塞性黄疸大鼠肝脏组织细胞凋亡状态及PKC蛋白的表达。结果（1）随PMA浓度的增加，肝细胞的凋亡明显增加，随Chelerythrine的增加，肝细胞的凋亡明显减少。（2）大鼠胆总管结扎后随结扎时间的延长细胞凋亡指数（AI）增加，结扎14d后AI达高峰。PKC蛋白表达越强，AI就越高。结论 蛋白激酶C信号通道参与了阻塞性黄疸肝细胞凋亡的调节，并在阻塞性黄疸肝损害的发生和发展中起重要作用。     

骨关节炎软骨细胞凋亡调控基因的研究

目的　比较分析正常人及老年性骨关节炎患者软骨细胞bax和bcl 2的表达及细胞凋亡状况。　方法　取 9例骨关节炎患者的关节软骨做实验标本 ,以 6例无骨关节炎病史的意外死亡者关节软骨作为正常对照 ;采用逆转录 /聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)方法检测bax和bcl 2mRNA表达 ,免疫组化检测bax和bcl 2蛋白 ;应用TUNEL方法进行凋亡细胞原位检测。　结果　骨关节炎患者和正常对照软骨细胞都能表达bax和bcl 2mRNA ;骨关节炎关节软骨细胞baxmRNA表达量较正常对照显著增高 (P <0 0 1) ,bcl 2mRNA表达量也高于正常对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,两组间bax/bcl 2表达量的比值差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 ) ;免疫组化可检测到相应表达水平的蛋白 ;骨关节炎软骨细胞凋亡 (4%～ 14% )多于正常对照 (0～ 2 % )。　结论　软骨细胞凋亡受bax和bcl 2共同调节 ;bax和bcl 2的共同调节结果可能是OA患者软骨细胞凋亡增加 ,但凋亡率不高、病理过程进展缓慢的一个重要的原因     

蛋白激酶C在阻塞性黄疸肝损伤中的作用及果糖防治机制的研究

目的探讨阻塞性黄疸肝损害的调控机制。方法采用胶原酶原位肝灌注法获取大鼠肝细胞，行原代培养。(1)用蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C，PKC)激动剂PMA、拮抗剂Chelerythrine作用于肝细胞，再用50μmol／L甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸钠(glycochenodeoxycholate，GCDC)作用后行FCM及TUNEL检测肝细胞凋亡情况；(2)使用不同浓度果糖(Fructose)作用于肝细胞，100μmol／L的GCDC作用后行FCM及TUNEL检测；(3)结扎大鼠胆总管，有和无果糖喂养后3d、7d、14d、21d处死大鼠，分别用TUNEL技术及SAN2法检测阻塞性黄疸大鼠肝脏组织细胞凋亡状态及PKC蛋白的表达。结果(1)随PMA浓度的增加，肝细胞的凋亡明显增加，随Chelerythrine的增加，肝细胞的凋亡明显减少；(2)经果糖作用后，100μmol／L的GCDC致肝细胞的凋亡率明显减少，且随果糖作用浓度的增加肝细胞凋亡率减少；(3)大鼠胆总管结扎后，无果糖作用时，随结扎时间的延长，细胞凋亡指数(AI)增加，结扎14d后AI达高峰，PKC蛋白表达越强，AI就越高。有果糖作用时，PKC蛋白在14d、21d表达较无果糖作用时明显减少，凋亡指数较无果糖作用时均明显减少。结论蛋白激酶C信号通道参与了阻塞性黄疸肝细胞凋亡的调节，并在阻塞性黄疸肝损害的发生和发展中起重要作用。果糖通过抑制PKC的表达在阻塞性黄疸肝损伤中起保护作用。     

生长抑素类似物诱导胆管癌细胞凋亡和bcl-2/bax表达的研究

目的探讨生长抑素类似物SMS2 0 1 995 (SMS)对人胆管癌SK ChA 1细胞凋亡和凋亡调控基因bcl 2和bax的影响。方法用DNA凝胶电泳、流式细胞仪检测AnnexinV标记凋亡细胞、免疫组化和原位杂交方法研究SMS(10 0ng/ml)处理 6、12和 2 4h后人胆管癌SK ChA 1细胞凋亡和bcl 2 /bax表达的变化。结果SMS作用SK ChA 1细胞 6h对DNA无明显影响 ,作用 12和 2 4h后DNA凝胶电泳出现呈典型梯状条带。SMS作用 6、12和 2 4h后 ,AnnexinV标记的凋亡细胞分别为 (2 2±5 ) % ,(39± 7) %和 (5 8± 10 ) %。同时 ,SMS可使细胞bcl 2蛋白表达下降 ,使bax蛋白和mRNA表达升高。结论SMS能诱导SK ChA 1细胞发生凋亡 ,bax和bcl 2凋亡基因介导了SMS对SK ChA 1细胞凋亡的发生     

半乳糖化磁性阿霉素白蛋白纳米粒对大鼠移植性肝癌模型bcl-2/bax蛋白表达的研究

目的　半乳糖化白蛋白磁性阿霉素纳米粒 (Gal MADM NP)治疗大鼠移植性肝癌对肿瘤细胞凋亡bcl 2及bax蛋白表达的影响。方法　采用SABC法进行免疫组织化学染色观察bcl 2及bax蛋白的表达。结果　注射Gal MADM NP(肿瘤区加磁场 )组免疫组织化学显示bcl 2蛋白表达阳性率 2 3 .5 3 % ,低于ADM组 5 4.5 5 %及NS组 71.43 % (P <0 .0 1) ,bax蛋白表达阳性率88.2 4% ,高于ADM组 45 .45 %及NS组 2 8.5 7%。结论　Gal MADM NP组在适当外加磁场的作用下 ,能够降低bcl 2蛋白表达 ,增加bax蛋白表达 ,促进移植肝癌肿瘤细胞凋亡。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.