Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension: the Yi Migrant Study.

Rural-urban migration provides an ideal opportunity to examine the effects of environment and genes on blood pressure. The effect of migration on the Yi people of China was studied. The Yi people live in a remote mountain area in southwestern China. In 1989, blood pressure was measured in 14,505 persons (8,241 Yi farmers, 2,575 urban Yi migrants, and 3,689 Han urban residents) aged 15-89 years. Different patterns were seen for men and women. Among the men, Yi farmers had the lowest mean blood pressure, the least rise in blood pressure with age (systolic blood pressure, 0.13 mmHg/year; diastolic blood pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year), and the lowest prevalence of hypertension (0.66%). In contrast, both Yi migrant men and Han men had higher levels of mean blood pressure, rise in blood pressure with age (Yi migrants: systolic pressure, 0.33 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.33 mmHg/year; Han: systolic pressure, 0.36 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year), and prevalence of hypertension (Yi migrants, 4.25%; Han, 4.91%). Among the women, however, mean systolic pressure was higher in Yi farmers than in Yi migrants or in Han. Diastolic pressure was similar among the three groups. However, the Yi farmer women's age-related rise in blood pressure (systolic pressure, 0.06 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.14 mmHg/year) and their prevalence of hypertension (0.33%) were lower than those in the other two groups. Yi migrant women had an intermediate rise in blood pressure with age (systolic pressure, 0.37 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.23 mmHg/year) and prevalence of hypertension (2.40%). Han women had the greatest rise in blood pressure with age (systolic pressure, 0.56 mmHg/year; diastolic pressure, 0.36 mmHg/year) and the highest prevalence of hypertension (4.76%). For both men and women, the above differences were only partially explained by age, body mass index, heart rate, smoking, and alcohol use. This study, using standardized methods, demonstrates an important effect of migration on rise in blood pressure with age and on the prevalence of hypertension.     

Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration: the Tokelau Island Migrant Study

The Pacific atoll population of Tokelau has been followed since 1968 to assess the health consequences of migration to a western society. The blood pressure of a cohort of 532 adults who were still living in Tokelau in 1976 (nonmigrants) are compared with those of a cohort of 280 adults who had migrated to New Zealand (migrants). Significant differences between migrants and nonmigrants were detected in the rates of change of both systolic and diastolic pressures in men, and in the rates of change of diastolic pressures in women. The age-, body mass, and blood pressure-corrected rates of change were greater in migrants than in nonmigrants, and greater in men than in women. Blood pressures tend to rise 1 mmHg/year faster among male migrants than among male nonmigrants, and about 0.4 mmHg/year faster among female migrants than among female nonmigrants. These findings have clear implications for the health of migrants.     

四川凉山州彝族学生肱动脉血压长期变化趋势分析

目的了解四川省凉山彝族学生肱动脉血压变化趋势,为当地青少年高血压等慢性非传染性疾病的预防控制政策、策略和措施的制定提供可靠依据。方法课题采用体格检查的方法对当地彝族学生健康状况进行动态观察,通过分层随机抽样的方法收集调查样本,采用体格检查法获取肱动脉血压监测结果。结果 1985年、2010年和2015年凉山彝族男生肱动脉收缩压均值分别为101.66mmHg、106.38mmHg和102.20mmHg,女生为102.43mmHg、104.17mmHg和101.45mmHg;1985年、2010年和2015年凉山彝族男生肱动脉舒张压均值分别为66.56mmHg、68.71mmHg和67.88mmHg,女生为67.12mmHg、67.09mmHg和67.88mmHg。结论凉山彝族学生肱动脉血压均值逐年上升趋势明显,今后当地学生常见病防治工作应重视慢性非传染性疾病的早期预防。     

Relation of serum zinc and copper to lipids and lipoproteins: the Yi People Study.

The relations of serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) to serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C) and triglycerides were investigated in a population-based sample of 399 men in Southern China. Serum Cu was inversely related to HDL-C (r = #0.21), while Zn/Cu ratio showed a positive association (r = 0.19). These relationships remained significant after adjusting for age, body mass index (kg/m2), physical activity, tobacco smoking and dietary cholesterol, fat, and fiber. While no significant association was observed between serum Cu and serum TC in univariate analysis, a significant negative association was observed in multivariate analysis, after adjustment for the above mentioned independent variables. No significant association between serum Cu and LDL-C was found. These observations, as well as those reported in other studies reviewed herein, suggest that Cu is implicated in the metabolism of HDL-C, although the mechanism involved is not fully understood. No significant associations were found between serum Zn and the lipid variables.     

Relation of serum zinc and copper to lipids and lipoproteins: the Yi People Study.

The relations of serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) to serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density-lipoprotein and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C) and triglycerides were investigated in a population-based sample of 399 men in Southern China. Serum Cu was inversely related to HDL-C (r = -0.21), while Zn/Cu ratio showed a positive association (r = 0.19). These relationships remained significant after adjusting for age, body mass index (kg/m2), physical activity, tobacco smoking and dietary cholesterol, fat, and fiber. While no significant association was observed between serum Cu and serum TC in univariate analysis, a significant negative association was observed in multivariate analysis, after adjustment for the above mentioned independent variables. No significant association between serum Cu and LDL-C was found. These observations, as well as those reported in other studies reviewed herein, suggest that Cu is implicated in the metabolism of HDL-C, although the mechanism involved is not fully understood. No significant associations were found between serum Zn and the lipid variables.     

Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis

To date, there has been inconclusive evidence regarding the effect of magnesium supplements on blood pressure (BP). This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of magnesium supplementation on BP and to establish the characteristics of trials showing the largest effect size. Primary outcome measures were systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at the end of the follow-up period. One hundred and forty-one papers were identified, of which 22 trials with 23 sets of data (n=1173), with 3 to 24 weeks of follow-up met the inclusion criteria, with a supplemented elemental magnesium range of 120-973?mg (mean dose 410?mg). 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using DerSimonian and Laird's random-effects model, with effect size calculated using Hedges G. Combining all data, an overall effect of 0.36 and 0.32 for DBP and SBP, respectively, was observed (95% CI 0.27-0.44 for DBP and 0.23-0.41 for SBP), with a greater effect being seen for the intervention in crossover trials (DBP 0.47, SBP 0.51). Effect size increased in line with increased dosage. Although not all individual trials showed significance in BP reduction, combining all trials did show a decrease in SBP of 3-4?mm?Hg and DBP of 2-3?mm?Hg, which further increased with crossover designed trials and intake >370?mg/day. To conclude, magnesium supplementation appears to achieve a small but clinically significant reduction in BP, an effect worthy of future prospective large randomised trials using solid methodology.     

血压测量次数对藏族青少年血压偏高检出率的影响分析

目的 分析血压测量次数对藏族青少年血压偏高检出率的影响,为规范血压测量次数,准确诊断青少年血压偏高提供科学依据。方法 数据来源于2018年8－9月在西藏自治区日喀则地区开展的“藏族青少年血压偏高影响因素调查”项目。采用方便分层整群抽样的方法,共纳入2 822名12~17岁藏族青少年,其中男生1 275人（占45.2%）。对所有研究对象进行连续3次血压测量,依据我国卫生行业标准——WS/T 610－2018《7岁~18岁儿童青少年血压偏高筛查界值》进行青少年血压偏高的诊断。采用方差分析和χ²检验分别探讨不同的测量次数及其组合对血压均值和血压偏高检出率的影响。结果 第1、2、3次的平均SBP和DBP值分别逐渐下降［SBP依次为（112.7±9.7）、（110.7±9.7）、（110.2±9.5）mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）;DBP依次为（62.7±8.2）、（61.1±8.5）、（60.6±8.5）mmHg;趋势检验P<0.001］。基于第1、2、3次血压值诊断的血压偏高检出率依次为12.8%、8.7%和7.9%（趋势检验P<0.001）。基于第2次血压值、基于第2、3次血压均值诊断的血压偏高检出率,差异无统计学意义（分别为8.7%和7.2%,P=0.039）。结论 随着血压测量次数的增加,青少年平均血压水平和血压偏高检出率逐渐下降。基于第2次血压测量值,足以用于筛查青少年血压偏高。     

妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退对血压的影响

目的 比较妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退孕妇及甲状腺功能正常孕妇的血压变化,探讨妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退对血压的影响.方法 收集2008年1月～2010年12月妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退及甲状腺功能正常孕妇各80例,监测妊娠期血压变化情况,并计算高血压的患病率.结果 妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退组收缩压及舒张压均高于甲状腺功能正常组(t收缩压=2.73,P＜0.01;t舒张压=4.42,P＜0.01),前者的高血压患病率也明显高于后者(x2=4.25,P＜ 0.05).结论 妊娠期亚临床甲状腺功能减退可能是妊娠期高血压的独立危险因素.     

Effect of climate on the blood pressure in acclimatized subjects

In sailing from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, there is a sudden fall in temperature and humidity. Observations were made on the effect of this change in climate on the blood pressure. Forty-five subjects of varying ages and three patients with hypertension were studied under resting conditions. There was no significant change in the blood pressure when the relative humidity diminished by about 20 per cent.     

职业应激与动态血压参数的关系

目的 探讨职业应激与动态血压参数的关系.方法 从填写了有效问卷的电冰箱厂装配线生产工人中随机选择30名无高血压等疾病史的健康男性作为研究对象,使用付出-回报失衡模式、工作内容问卷和职业应激测量工具等问卷进行职业应激测评,使用便携式动态血压监测仪进行动态血压测定.使用t检验和多元逐步回归分析职业应激相关因素对动态血压参数的影响.结果 (1)职业应激因素中,角色冲突评分高者收缩压变异性、平均动脉压变异性和班后30min心率均高于评分低者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).技术利用评分高者班后30min收缩压均值高于评分低者,决定自由度评分高者舒张压变异性和心率变异性均值高于评分低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).心理性工作需求评分高者收缩压变异性、舒张压变异性和平均动脉压变异性均高于评分低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).外在付出评分高者心率血压乘积和收缩压变异性均值均高于评分低者.回报评分低者心率均值和班后30 min心率均值均高于评分低者.ERI高者班后30 min舒张压和心率均值均高于ERI低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).其余不同职业应激因素评分组间动态血压参数的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(2)个性特征中,外控性评分高者舒张压均值和平均动脉压均值均低于评分低者.忍耐性评分高者班后30 min收缩压均值低于评分低者,组织归属感评分高者班后30 min心率均值低于评分低者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05).其余不同个性特征评分组间动态血压参数的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).(3)应激缓解因素中,控制策略评分高者心率变异性均值低于评分低者,上级支持评分低者心率血压乘积和平均动脉压变异性均高于评分高者,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).其余不同缓解因素评分组间动态血压参数的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).(4)多元逐步同归分析结果表明,部分职业应激因素和每日紧张感、抑郁症状、心理卫生、负性情感对动态血压部分参数有较大预测力(R~2>0.05).结论 职业应激因素、个性特征、缓解因素和应激反应对动态血压存在影响;动态血压参数可用于现场研究中职业应激评价.     

Effect of environmental stress on blood pressure during the work shift

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) behavior in individuals during the working journey in two environments with different work stressors. METHODS: The study comprised 46 male individuals working in a wood processing factory in Botucatu, Brazil. Twenty seven (27.4+/-5.4 yrs, mean+/-SD) worked in the production line performing intense physical activity (G1) at high room temperatures and noise levels. Nineteen (33.2+/-7.6 yrs old) performed managerial tasks mostly comfortably seated at low noise, air-conditioned offices (G2). After anthropometric measurements (obesity, total and local adiposity) and blood biochemistry analyses (glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol), their BP and HR were registered during three consecutive days at 3 different time of the day: in the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the working journey. RESULTS: There were similar BP and HR changes during the journey for G1 and G2, but G1 showed higher rates. Due to the wide variability of BP responses within each group, participants were divided in two subgroups: responders (GR1 and GR2) with BP increase >10%, and non-responders (GN1 and GN2). Both subgroups showed similar anthropometric and biochemical patterns differing only in their BP response and, in the case of GR1,family history for hypertension. GR1 showed higher BP and HR than GR2. CONCLUSIONS: Individual changes of BP and HR responses to environmental stressors during the working journey indicates that these factors should be considered while evaluating BP measurements and might be considered as potential factors for hypertension.     

Effect of calcium phosphate supplementation on blood pressure in the wistar rat

Normal rats reared on a Chow^® diet supplemented with high levels of Ca generally have lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) at maturity. In order to determine the minimum level of dietary Ca required for this effect, we evaluated the results on SBP in the Wistar rat of supplementing the AIN-76 diet with various amounts of CaHPO₄. Four groups of nine five-week old male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks the AIN-76 semi-purified diet either unsupplemented (0.5% Ca, control diet) or supplemented to 1.0% (Diet A), 1.4% (Diet B), or 2.2% Ca (Diet C) with CaHPO₄. A similar group of five rats was fed Rat Chow^® ad libitum. Food consumption and growth rates were similar in all groups consuming the defined diets. SBP was measured indirectly by the tail cuff method biweekly for nine weeks and weekly thereafter. Analysis of variance by repeated measures indicated a significant effect of CaHPO₄ supplementation upon SBP. The weekly mean SBP differed only at the 12th week. Pooled SBP data from groups eating Diets B and C were significantly lower than those of other groups on four of the seven occasions on which blood pressure measurements were taken after the rats had attained their adult SBP levels. The data indicate that Ca supplementation exerts a hypotensive effect at relatively low levels and that this effect is not dependent upon depletion of body PO₄     

A longitudinal view of blood pressure during childhood: the Muscatine Study

Four thousand three hundred and thirteen children beginning at five to fourteen years of age have been examined on three to six occasions in Muscatine, Iowa, on alternate years. To compare blood pressures throughout the period of observation each value was expressed as a percentile rank. For each subject the average percentile rank (level), the trend in rank and the variability over time were calculated. Values for height, weight, relative weight and triceps skinfold thickness measurements were expressed in the same fashion. There is a relationship between average rank of blood pressure and average rank of body size as well as between trend of blood pressure and trend of body size percentiles. These observations indicate the importance of relative rate of growth in the establishment of the rank order of blood pressure during childhood.