Artificial neural network for predicting pathological stage of clinically localized prostate cancer in a Taiwanese population

BackgroundWe developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict prostate cancer pathological staging in patients prior to when they received radical prostatectomy as this is more effective than logistic regression (LR), or combined use of age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), body mass index (BMI), digital rectal examination (DRE), trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS), biopsy Gleason sum, and primary biopsy Gleason grade.MethodsOur study evaluated 299 patients undergoing retro-pubic radical prostatectomy or robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy surgical procedures with pelvic lymph node dissection. The results were intended to predict the pathological stage of prostate cancer (T2 or T3) after radical surgery. The predictive ability of ANN was compared with LR and validation of the 2007 Partin Tables was estimated by the areas under the receiving operating characteristic curve (AUCs).ResultsOf the 299 patients we evaluated, 109 (36.45%) displayed prostate cancer with extra-capsular extension (ECE), and 190 (63.55%) displayed organ-confined disease (OCD). LR analysis showed that only PSA and BMI were statistically significant predictors of prostate cancer with capsule invasion. Overall, ANN outperformed LR significantly (0.795 ± 0.023 versus 0.746 ± 0.025, p = 0.016). Validation using the current Partin Tables for the participants of our study was assessed, and the predictive capacity of AUC for OCD was 0.695.ConclusionANN was superior to LR at predicting OCD in prostate cancer. Compared with the validation of current Partin Tables for the Taiwanese population, the ANN model resulted in larger AUCs and more accurate prediction of the pathologic stage of prostate cancer.     

前列腺特异性抗原同源异构体2及其衍生指标在预测前列腺癌病理分级中的价值

目的 探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原同源异构体2(isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen,p2PSA)及经计算得到的%p2PSA和前列腺健康指数(prostate health index,PHI)等指标预测前列腺癌(prostate cancer, PCa)病理分级的价值.方法: 回顾性入组了322例来自北京大学第一医院在2015年8月至2018年5月期间就诊的PCa患者,其中143例为进行经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检证实的PCa患者,179例为进行PCa根治术的患者.采用全自动免疫分析仪DxI800检测患者的术前预留血清中前列腺特异性抗原(total prostate-specific antigen,tPSA),游离前列腺抗原(free prostate antigen,fPSA),fPSA/tPSA比值(f/t),p2PSA水平,并计算得到%p2PSA 和PHI,以术后病理结果确定Gleason评分,采用受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)比较p2PSA,%p2PSA及PHI与传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t预测高级别前列腺癌(Gleason评分≥7)的价值.结果: Gleason评分≥7患者的p2PSA,%p2PSA和 PHI的中位数水平均高于Gleason评分<7患者(p2PSA: 30.22 ng/L vs. 18.33 ng/L; %p2PSA: 2.50 vs. 1.27; PHI: 91.81 vs. 35.44; P值均<0.01).%p2PSA和PHI预测高级别PCa的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.770和0.760,高于传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t(AUC分别为0.648,0.536和 0.693).进行前列腺穿刺术证实为PCa的患者中,PHI和%p2PSA预测高级别PCa的价值(AUC分别为0.801和0.808)明显高于tPSA,fPSA和f/t(AUC分别为0.729,0.655和0.665).进行PCa根治术后的患者中,PHI 和%p2PSA预测高级别PCa的价值(AUC分别为 0.798和0.744)也有高于其他传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t (AUC分别为0.625, 0.507和0.697)的趋势.结论: 与传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t相比,p2PSA的衍生指标%p2PSA和PHI对于高级别PCa具有更高的预测价值,可以帮助临床评估PCa治疗方案,为患者及时制定更合适的诊疗策略.     

前列腺特异性抗原同源异构体2及其衍生指标在预测前列腺癌病理分级中的价值

目的 探讨血清前列腺特异性抗原同源异构体2(isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen,p2PSA)及经计算得到的%p2PSA和前列腺健康指数(prostate health index,PHI)等指标预测前列腺癌(prostate cancer, PCa)病理分级的价值.方法: 回顾性入组了322例来自北京大学第一医院在2015年8月至2018年5月期间就诊的PCa患者,其中143例为进行经直肠超声引导的前列腺穿刺活检证实的PCa患者,179例为进行PCa根治术的患者.采用全自动免疫分析仪DxI800检测患者的术前预留血清中前列腺特异性抗原(total prostate-specific antigen,tPSA),游离前列腺抗原(free prostate antigen,fPSA),fPSA/tPSA比值(f/t),p2PSA水平,并计算得到%p2PSA 和PHI,以术后病理结果确定Gleason评分,采用受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)比较p2PSA,%p2PSA及PHI与传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t预测高级别前列腺癌(Gleason评分≥7)的价值.结果: Gleason评分≥7患者的p2PSA,%p2PSA和 PHI的中位数水平均高于Gleason评分<7患者(p2PSA: 30.22 ng/L vs. 18.33 ng/L; %p2PSA: 2.50 vs. 1.27; PHI: 91.81 vs. 35.44; P值均<0.01).%p2PSA和PHI预测高级别PCa的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.770和0.760,高于传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t(AUC分别为0.648,0.536和 0.693).进行前列腺穿刺术证实为PCa的患者中,PHI和%p2PSA预测高级别PCa的价值(AUC分别为0.801和0.808)明显高于tPSA,fPSA和f/t(AUC分别为0.729,0.655和0.665).进行PCa根治术后的患者中,PHI 和%p2PSA预测高级别PCa的价值(AUC分别为 0.798和0.744)也有高于其他传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t (AUC分别为0.625, 0.507和0.697)的趋势.结论: 与传统指标tPSA,fPSA和f/t相比,p2PSA的衍生指标%p2PSA和PHI对于高级别PCa具有更高的预测价值,可以帮助临床评估PCa治疗方案,为患者及时制定更合适的诊疗策略.     

前列腺癌根治术后病理分期、Gleason评分与术前血清PSA的相关性分析

目的探讨前列腺癌患者根治术后病理分期、Gleason评分与术前血清PSA的相关性。方法收集香港中文大学附属威尔斯亲王医院泌尿外科2008年1月至2010年9月采用4-臂daVinci S-HD机器人外科手术系统施行前列腺根治性切除术的100例前列腺癌患者的临床资料数据,采用Spearman等级相关分析探讨根治术后病理分期、Gleason评分与术前血清PSA的相关性。结果患者PSA值与Gleason评分呈正相关(r=0.382,P<0.01),PSA值越高,Gleason评分值越高。PSA值与病理分期无明确的相关性(r=-0.073,P>0.05)。结论前列腺癌患者术前血清PSA与根治术后Gleason评分有关,与病理分期无明确的相关性。     

80岁及以上前列腺癌患者行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术围手术期参数及预后

目的：分析北京大学第三医院泌尿外科收治的超高龄（≥80岁）前列腺癌患者的围手术期参数、术后控尿功能恢复及肿瘤学预后,探讨中国人群超高龄前列腺癌患者接受腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术治疗的安全性和有效性。方法：选择2007年1月至2016年12月于北京大学第三医院因前列腺腺癌行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术的超高龄（≥80岁）患者进行回顾性分析,纳入标准为患者年龄≥80岁,经组织病理学检查确诊为前列腺腺癌,临床资料齐备。所有患者均经腹膜外途径行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术,收集患者临床资料、围手术期参数、术后病理资料等。术后3个月、6个月和1年对患者控尿功能恢复情况进行随访,定期检测血清前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigen, PSA）水平,将生化复发定义为连续两次血清PSA水平大于0.2 μg/L者,应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析患者无生化复发生存率和总生存率,多因素COX回归分析影响超高龄前列腺癌患者术后生化复发的危险因素。结果：所有51例患者年龄（81.6±1.6）岁,穿刺前PSA (15.19±13.68) μg/L,穿刺Gleason评分为6分、7分和≥8分者分别为14例（27.5%）、19例（37.3%）和18例（35.3%）,临床分期为T1、T2和T3期者分别为6例（11.8%）、31例（60.8%）和14例（27.5%）,ASA分级Ⅰ级者6例,Ⅱ级者45例。所有患者均完成手术,手术时间（189.6±69.1） min,手术出血量（169.9±163.5） mL,11例（21.6%）患者发生围手术期并发症。通过超高龄前列腺癌患者腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术(laparoscopic radical prostatectomy,LRP)术后的大体标本病理进行分析,术后病理分期T2期者29例（56.9%）,T3期22例者（43.1%）,其中包膜侵犯者18例（35.3%）,精囊侵犯者4例（7.8%）;大体病理Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为8例（15.7%）、21例（41.1%）和22例（43.1%）,术后病理切缘阳性者14例（27.5%）。截止2017年10月术后随访10~118个月,中位随访时间42个月,术后3个月、6个月和1年超高龄前列腺癌患者行LRP术后的尿控率分别为64.7%(33/51)、82.4%(42/51)和 92.2%(47/51)。在随访过程中,12例（23.5%）超高龄前列腺癌患者LRP术后出现生化复发,平均生化复发时间为40.9个月;4例（7.8%）患者在随访过程中死亡,其中1例（2.0%）患者因前列腺癌进展死亡,3例（5.9%）患者因其他疾病死亡。经多因素COX回归分析,影响超高龄前列腺癌患者术后生化复发的危险因素主要为高PSA水平（P=0.019）、病理分期≥T3期（P =0.017）和切缘阳性（P =0.020）。结论：对选择恰当的超高龄前列腺癌患者施行腹腔镜前列腺根治性切除术是可行的,并且远期肿瘤控制情况良好,高PSA水平、病理分期≥T3期和切缘阳性可能是超高龄前列腺癌患者术后生化复发的独立危险因素,但此结论尚需大样本量的前瞻性临床研究证实。     

MIF-173位点单核苷酸多态性与影响前列腺癌预后因素关系的研究

目的:研究巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(macrophage migralion inhibitory factor,MIF)-173位点单核苷酸多态性与影响前列腺癌预后因素的关系。方法:应用聚合酶链反应限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)分析259例前列腺癌患者MIF基因-173位点的多态性,比较不同基因型与前列腺癌患者的前列腺癌特异性抗原(PSA)、Gleason评分、临床分期的关系、结果:MIF-173 *C等位基因与PSA、Gleason评分、临床分期具有显著相关性(adjusted OR=4.39,10.73,15.68;95%CI:2.43～7.93,5.36～21.50,7.40～33.23)。结论:MIF-173*C等位基因可能与前列腺癌的预后有关,携带MIF-173*C等位基因的前列腺癌患者可能预后较差。     

机器人辅助与开放前列腺癌根治术切缘阳性情况比较

目的 比较单术者应用机器人辅助与开放前列腺癌根治术两种手术方式进行前列腺癌切除时肿瘤切缘阳性情况.方法 2009年1月至2017年5月期间,我院单术者分别应用开放前列腺癌根治术治疗的81例前列腺癌患者及机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术治疗的306例前列腺癌患者入组本研究.术后病理切缘阳性定义为前列腺癌根治标本切缘墨染标记处可见肿瘤细胞.通过我科前列腺癌随访数据库提取所有患者的年龄、术前前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平、术后病理Gleason评分、病理T分期、上下切缘阳性情况等资料,使用倾向评分匹配法对两种术式的数据进行配对以保证其一致性,比较两种术式切缘阳性情况的差异.采用多因素logistic回归分析明确切缘阳性的独立影响因素.结果 将两组患者的年龄、术前PSA水平、术后病理Gleason评分、病理T分期作为预测变量进行倾向评分匹配后成功配对81对病例,开放前列腺癌根治术组和机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术组上切缘阳性率分别为22.2％ (1S/81)、18.5％(15/81),下切缘阳性率分别为29.6％(24/81)、30.9％ (25/81),总切缘阳性率分别为38.3％(31/81)、38.3％(31/81),两组间差异均无统计学意义.多因素logistic回归分析术前PSA水平及病理T分期是切缘阳性的独立影响因素(P=0.011,P=0.000).结论 机器人辅助前列腺癌根治术能够提供不亚于开放手术的肿瘤切除的完整性.     

前列腺癌临床各因素与预后的关系分析

目的探讨前列腺癌(PCa)患者年龄、前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)、Gleason评分、临床分期、骨转移等临床因素与其预后的关系。方法回顾分析2005年6月至2009年1月病检确诊为前列腺癌,有完整前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及发射单电子计算机断层扫描(ECT)、CT/MRI、X线和B超检查资料,能够准确进行TNM分期及计算PSAD的57例患者。结果年龄与临床分期(T)呈正相关(r=0.287,P<0.01),PSAD与T呈正相关(r=0.321,P<0.01),并与Gleason评分也呈正相关(r=0.327,P<0.01),T与Gleason评分呈正相关(r=0.250,P<0.01)。而年龄与Gleason评分间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。死亡组与非死亡组比较,骨转移、T、PSAD及Gleason评分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Gleason评分大于7分组与小于或等于7分组病死率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PSAD≤3 ng.mL-1.(cm3)-1组与大于3 ng.mL-1.(cm3)-1组累积生存率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。随访1、2、3、4年患者的累积生存率分别为86%、64%、54%、33%。中位生存时间为43.36个月。结论骨转移、临床分期、PSAD及Gleason评分与预后存在一定关联;骨转移、PSAD及临床分期是预后的危险因素。以PSAD=3 ng.mL-1.(cm3)-1为分界点,>3 ng.mL-1.(cm3)-1组累积生存率比小于或等于3 ng.mL-1.(cm3)-1组明显降低(P<0.05),PSAD对判断PCa患者预后可能具有一定作用。     

5-α还原酶的表达与前列腺癌生物学行为相关性研究

目的 探讨两型5-α还原酶表达情况与前列腺癌Gleason分级、血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)浓度、TNM分期的相关性。方法 选取2013至2014年间首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院病理科前列腺癌的石蜡包埋组织40例,并收集患者基本信息、前列腺体积,术前PSA浓度,术后病理TNM分期,Gleason分级等。采用χ²检验和Spearman相关分析对2种5-α还原酶表达与病理分期、Gleason分级、PSA浓度及年龄等参数的关系进行分析。 结果 Ⅰ型5-α还原酶在前列腺癌组织中的表达明显高于癌旁组织(P <0.001),相反Ⅱ型5-α还原酶在癌旁组织的表达强于癌组织(P=0.002),Ⅰ型5-α还原酶在癌细胞中的表达与肿瘤的恶性程度呈正相关,Gleason分级越高,病理分期越高,Ⅰ型5-α还原酶的表达越强;Ⅰ型5-α还原酶表达和血PSA浓度及年龄呈正相关。结论 5-α还原酶在前列腺癌组织中呈现差异性表达的特点,前列腺癌组织内I型酶升高,II型酶降低;I型酶的表达与年龄、PSA浓度、病理分期及Gleason分级呈正相关,在老年人群前列腺癌的发生发展中可能具有重要的作用,I型酶对判断前列腺癌的生物学行为及预后可能具有一定意义。     

穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌手术策略选择及经验总结

目的: 分析穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌患者行前列腺癌根治性切除术后的临床病理特征,以协助选择手术策略。方法: 回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年12月北京大学第三医院泌尿外科收治的经直肠前列腺系统穿刺活检单针阳性并且接受前列腺癌根治术的患者共计53例,患者年龄(69.7±6.9)岁(54~81岁)。穿刺前前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为(9.70±5.24) μg/L(1.69~25.69 μg/L),前列腺体积为(50.70±28.39) mL(12.41~171.92 mL),穿刺Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为39例(73.6%)、11例(20.8%)和3例(5.7%),临床分期T1期、T2期和T3期者分别为6例(11.3%)、44例(83.0%)和3例(5.7%)。按年龄、术前PSA水平、穿刺Gleason评分、单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比和临床分期等因素进行分组,比较各组患者的临床病理特征差异。结果: 术后Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为 20例(37.7%)、21例(39.6%)和10例(18.9%),另有2例(3.8%)为pT0;病理分期T0期、T2a期、T2b期、T2c期和T3期者分别为2例(3.8%)、9例(17.0%)、2例(3.8%)、29例(54.7%)和11例(20.8%);11例(20.8%)手术切缘阳性,10例前列腺包膜外侵犯(18.9%),1例(1.9%)精囊侵犯。术后肿瘤呈多灶状分布42例(79.2%),双侧分布37例(69.8%)。与术前穿刺Gleason评分比较,术后Gleason评分下降3例(5.7%), 不变28例(52.8%),升级20例(37.7%),其中有2例(3.8%)为pT0;与临床分期比较,术后病理分期下降2例(3.8%),不变10例(18.9%),升级41例(77.4%)。根据术后病理分为微灶癌组(n=8)和非微灶癌组(n=45), 经比较,两组单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比(≤5%)差异有统计学意义(P=0.014),而年龄、前列腺体积、术前前列腺特异抗原密度(prostate special antigen density,PSAD)和术前穿刺Gleason评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);通过穿刺活检判断癌灶位于尖部的方法,假阴性率41.4%(12/29),假阳性率 50.0%(12/24)。实际清扫淋巴结和保留性神经的病例,与根据术后病理再次判断方案选择时存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论: 单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比≤5%是前列腺微灶癌的预测因素。37.7%病例发生病理分级升级和77.4%病例发生病理分期升级,选择手术方案(如性神经保护、淋巴结清扫、尖部的处理等)时,需要综合分析肿瘤危险度分层、列线图预测因素、多参数磁共振成像以及术中情况等多因素。     

穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌手术策略选择及经验总结

目的: 分析穿刺活检单针阳性的前列腺癌患者行前列腺癌根治性切除术后的临床病理特征,以协助选择手术策略。方法: 回顾性分析2010年1月至2018年12月北京大学第三医院泌尿外科收治的经直肠前列腺系统穿刺活检单针阳性并且接受前列腺癌根治术的患者共计53例,患者年龄(69.7±6.9)岁(54~81岁)。穿刺前前列腺特异抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)为(9.70±5.24) μg/L(1.69~25.69 μg/L),前列腺体积为(50.70±28.39) mL(12.41~171.92 mL),穿刺Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为39例(73.6%)、11例(20.8%)和3例(5.7%),临床分期T1期、T2期和T3期者分别为6例(11.3%)、44例(83.0%)和3例(5.7%)。按年龄、术前PSA水平、穿刺Gleason评分、单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比和临床分期等因素进行分组,比较各组患者的临床病理特征差异。结果: 术后Gleason评分6分、7分和≥8分者分别为 20例(37.7%)、21例(39.6%)和10例(18.9%),另有2例(3.8%)为pT0;病理分期T0期、T2a期、T2b期、T2c期和T3期者分别为2例(3.8%)、9例(17.0%)、2例(3.8%)、29例(54.7%)和11例(20.8%);11例(20.8%)手术切缘阳性,10例前列腺包膜外侵犯(18.9%),1例(1.9%)精囊侵犯。术后肿瘤呈多灶状分布42例(79.2%),双侧分布37例(69.8%)。与术前穿刺Gleason评分比较,术后Gleason评分下降3例(5.7%), 不变28例(52.8%),升级20例(37.7%),其中有2例(3.8%)为pT0;与临床分期比较,术后病理分期下降2例(3.8%),不变10例(18.9%),升级41例(77.4%)。根据术后病理分为微灶癌组(n=8)和非微灶癌组(n=45), 经比较,两组单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比(≤5%)差异有统计学意义(P=0.014),而年龄、前列腺体积、术前前列腺特异抗原密度(prostate special antigen density,PSAD)和术前穿刺Gleason评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);通过穿刺活检判断癌灶位于尖部的方法,假阴性率41.4%(12/29),假阳性率 50.0%(12/24)。实际清扫淋巴结和保留性神经的病例,与根据术后病理再次判断方案选择时存在统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论: 单针肿瘤占穿刺组织百分比≤5%是前列腺微灶癌的预测因素。37.7%病例发生病理分级升级和77.4%病例发生病理分期升级,选择手术方案(如性神经保护、淋巴结清扫、尖部的处理等)时,需要综合分析肿瘤危险度分层、列线图预测因素、多参数磁共振成像以及术中情况等多因素。     

Risk factors of positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence of patients treated with radical prostatectomy: a single-center 10-year report

Background  Many studies have shown that positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence could impact the life of patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. With more and more patients with prostate cancer appeared in recent 20 years in China, it is necessary to investigate the risk of positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence, and their possible impact on the prognosis of patients treated with radical prostatectomy. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of patients with prostate cancer who had undergone radical prostatectomy in Macau area and tried to find any risk factor of positive surgical margin and biochemical recurrence and their relationship with the prognosis of these patients.

Methods  From 2000 to 2009, 149 patients with prostate cancer received radical prostatectomy and were followed up. Among these patients, 111 received retropubic radical prostatectomies, 38 received laparoscopic radical prostatectomies. All patients were followed-up on in the 3rd month, 6th month and from that point on every 6 months after operation. At each follow-up a detailed record of any complaint, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), full biochemical test and uroflowmetry was acquired.

Results  The average age was (69.0±6.1) years, preoperative average serum PSA was (10.1±12.1) ng/ml and average Gleason score was 6.4±1.3. The incidence of total complications was about 47.7%, the incidence of the most common complication, bladder outlet obstruction, was about 26.8%, and that of the second most common complication, urinary stress incontinence, was about 16.1% (mild 9.4% and severe 6.7%). The incidence of positive surgical margin was about 38.3%. The preoperative serum PSA ((13.4±17.6) ng/ml), average Gleason score (7.1±1.3) and pathological T stage score (7.0±1.4) were higher in patients with positive surgical margins than those with negative margins ((8.0±5.8) ng/ml, 6.0±1.2 and 5.4±1.4, respectively) (P=0.004, P=0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). A univariate analysis showed that positive surgical margin had a positive statistical association with serum PSA (P=0.007), Gleason score (P <0.001), pathological T stage score (P <0.001) and biochemical recurrence (BCR) (P=0.035). The most common location of a positive surgical margin was in the apex of the prostate, which was about 63% (36/57). Sixty-four percent (23/36) of patients with positive surgical margin in apex were also involved in prostate lobe; other locations were prostate lobe (23%, 13/57), seminal vesicle (9%, 5/57). The multivariate analysis showed that positive surgical margin had a positive statistical association with Gleason score (P=0.03) and pathological T stage score (P=0.02). Neither univariate analysis or multivariate analysis showed any statistical relationship between BCR and any other risk factors covered in this study.

Conclusions  Positive surgical margin is associated with pre-operative PSA, Gleason score, pathological T stage and biochemical recurrence. Earlier diagnosis and improved techniques of dissection of prostate apex could decrease the incidence of positive surgical margins.

     

Should patients with a pre-operative prostatespecific antigen greater than 15ng/ml be offered radical prostatectomy?

Background Patients with prostate cancer with a pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) τ;15ng/ml who undergo radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) generally do not have a good outcome, yet may have organ-confined cancer and should be offered the option of surgery. Aim To assess the outcome of patients who underwent RRP with a pre-operative PSA ≥ 15ng/ml. Methods Thirty-four patients, mean pre-operative PSA: 25.46ng/ml (15.03–76.6) and mean Gleason score: 6.4 (5–9) were assessed. Results Two groups were identified. Group I: 41% (14/34) have no biochemical recurrence to mean follow up of 58 months (30–106). Mean PSA: 18.8ng/ml (15.03–25.84). Mean Gleason score: 6.1 (5–7). Clinical stage: T1c in 80%. No patient had seminal vesicle or lymph node involvement. Group II: 59% (20/34) have biochemical recurrence or died (3) from their disease to mean follow up of 66 months (36–98). Mean PSA: 28.9ng/ml (15.28–76.6). Mean Gleason score: 6.7 (5–9). Clinical stage: T1c in 25%. Eleven patients had seminal vesicle (8) involvement or positive lymph nodes (3) or both (2). Conclusion RRP seems feasible in patients whose pre-operative PSA is between 15 and 25ng/ml with stage T1c, Gleason score ≤ 7 and negative lymph node frozen section.     

前列腺癌根治术后病理升级的临床危险因素分析

目的：探讨前列腺癌根治术后病理升级的临床危险因素。方法： 回顾性分析2011年7月至2014年10月160例经前列腺穿刺活检确诊为前列腺腺癌行根治性手术患者的临床资料。患者年龄57~82岁（平均71.6岁）,前列腺特异性抗原（prostate specific antigen,PSA）0.31~40.32 μg/L（平均11.29 μg/L）,体重指数（body mass index,BMI）16.41~32.04 kg/m2（平均23.63 kg/m2）。前列腺体积（prostate volume,PV）9.52~148.46 mL（平均40.19 mL）,其中PV<30 mL者60例（37.5%）、30~50 mL者48例（30.0%）、≥50 mL者52例（32.5%）。临床分期≤T2a、T2b和≥T2c者分别为91例（56.9%）、49例（30.6%）和20例（12.5%）,穿刺Gleason评分为6、7和≥8者分别为69例（43.1%）、67例（41.9%）和24例（15.0%）。收集患者确诊时年龄、BMI、PSA、PV、穿刺针数、穿刺阳性百分数、临床分期、穿刺Gleason评分等,比较术前穿刺病理Gleason评分与术后大体病理Gleason评分,使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析评估引起前列腺癌根治术后病理升级的危险因素。结果： 大体病理与术前穿刺病理Gleason评分一致者82例（51.3%）,较术前穿刺病理升级者49例（30.6%）,较术前穿刺病理降级者29例（18.1%）。术后病理升级的单因素分析中,患者年龄、BMI、穿刺前PSA、临床分期、穿刺针数均无统计学意义（P>0.05）,前列腺体积（P=0.035）和穿刺病理Gleason评分（P=0.043）具有统计学意义,进入多因素分析。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,穿刺Gleason评分低（P=0.035）和前列腺体积小（P=0.013）是前列腺癌根治术后大体病理升级的独立危险因素。结论： 前列腺癌根治术后病理Gleason评分较术前穿刺病理存在升级现象,前列腺体积小和穿刺Gleason评分低是其独立危险因素。     

3.0 T MRI表观扩散系数值对前列腺癌的诊断价值及与预后因素相关性分析

目的:探讨3.0T MRI表观扩散系数(ADC)值在前列腺癌中诊断的价值,及其与病理Gleason评分和前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的相关性.方法:回顾性分析2015年8月至2017年3月经病理证实的52例前列腺疾病病人的临床资料,其中前列腺癌(PCa)22例、前列腺增生(BPH)30例.所有病人均行常规MRI扫描,以b=0、800 s/mm2建立ADC图及测量病灶ADC值,根据ADC值来鉴别诊断PCa和BPH.并评估其与病理Gleason评分及PSA的相关性.结果:52例前列腺疾病病人ADC平均值为(1.028±0.310)×10-3 mm2/s,PCa病人ADC平均值为(0.788±0.204)×10-3 mm2,低于BPH的(1.204±0.251)×10-3 mm2/s(P<0.01).ADC值的ROC曲线下面积为0.903,具有较好的诊断价值.根据ROC曲线确定的ADC值最佳诊断界值点为0.831,灵敏度为72.7%,特异度为100.0%.ADC值与PSA之间呈负相关(r=-0.519,P<0.01),ADC值与Gleason评分之间呈负相关(r=-0.508,P<0.01).结论:ADC值定量评估对前列腺良恶性病变的鉴别具有一定的价值,ADC值高低可初步判定前列腺良恶性病变,进而指导临床选择合适的治疗方案.     

Prognostic value of Her-2/neu and clinicopathologic factors for evaluating progression and disease-specific death in Chinese men with prostate cancer

Background  Her-2/neu gene overexpression has been found in several malignancies, and is associated with poor prognosis; while its role in the tumorigenesis and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) is still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of Her-2/neu protein expression and clinicopathologic factors in antiandrogen-treated Chinese men with PCa for disease progression and PCa-specific death.

Methods  Her-2/neu protein expression was determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) in specimens collected from 124 prostate biopsies and transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) from seven prostate cancer patients.

Results  Her-2/neu protein expression was 0, 1+, 2+, and 3+ in 40 (30.5%), 8 (6.1%), 67 (51.1%), and 16 (12.2%) cases, respectively. Her-2/neu protein expression showed significant correlation as judged by Gleason score (P=0.049), clinical tumor-node-metastases (cTNM) stage (P=0.018) and disease progression (P=0.001), but did not correlate with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (P=0.126) or PCa-specific death (P=0.585). PSA (P=0.001), Gleason score (P=0.017), cTNM (P=0.000) and Her-2/neu protein expression (P=0.001) had prognostic value for evaluating the progression of PCa in univariate analysis. In Kaplan-Meier plots, both Gleason score (P=0.035) and cTNM (P=0.013) correlated with PCa-specific death. In multivariate analysis, only cTNM was significant for both disease progression (P=0.001) and PCa-specific death (P=0.031).

Conclusions  Her-2/neu protein expression is significantly correlated with Gleason score, cTNM and disease progression, although it is not an independent predictor of disease progression and PCa-specific death. cTNM staging serves as an independent prognostic factor for disease progression and PCa-specific death.

     

保留Retzius间隙机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术：经膀胱入路与后入路的技术比较和临床效果

目的 比较经膀胱入路与后入路保留Retzius间隙机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性前列腺切除术（RARP）两种手术方法的技术特点及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年12月至2018年12月收治的35例分别行后入路保留Retzius间隙RARP或经膀胱入路保留Retzius间隙RARP的前列腺癌患者临床资料。后入路RARP组22例,术前总前列腺特异抗原（tPSA）（16.9±7.5）ng/mL,Gleason评分7分（5~8分）,前列腺体积（42.3±11.2）mL,国际勃起功能指数-5（IIEF-5）评分14分（9~20分）,临床分期cT1c期9例、cT2a期4例、cT2b期3例、cT2c期6例;经膀胱入路RARP组13例,术前tPSA（18.6±8.7）ng/mL,Gleason评分6分（5~7分）,前列腺体积（35.4±9.6）mL,IIEF-5评分15分（10~21分）,临床分期cT1c期8例、cT2a期2例、cT2b期2例、cT2c期1例。所有患者术前尿控均正常。两组患者均采用经腹腔途径完成手术。分析比较两种手术方法的手术时间、术中出血量、术后病理分期、术后Gleason评分、尿控恢复时间、术后IIEF-5评分的差异。结果 35例手术均顺利完成,无术中转开放手术者,无输血病例,无严重术中、术后并发症发生。后入路RARP组手术时间（123.4±31.7）min、术中出血量（48.2±12.8）mL,经膀胱入路RARP组手术时间（135.3±25.6）min、术中出血量（65.2±19.8）mL,两组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。术后病理结果提示后入路RARP组病理分期pT2a期6例、pT2b期6例、pT2c期8例、pT3a期2例,术后Gleason评分7分（5~8分）,经膀胱入路RARP组病理分期pT2a期8例、pT2b期3例、pT2c期2例,术后Gleason评分6分（5~7分）,两组间差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。后入路RARP组切缘阳性5例（22.7%）,经膀胱入路组RARP切缘阳性3例（23.1%）,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组患者均于术后7 d拔除导尿管,后入路RARP组18例即刻实现尿控（无需使用尿垫）,4例术后2周实现尿控;经膀胱入路RARP组患者12例即刻实现尿控,1例术后2周实现尿控,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。术后2个月,后入路RARP组IIEF-5评分为11分（4~13分）,经膀胱入路RARP组为12分（5~14分）,两组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;两组IIEF-5评分与术前比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。两组患者随访3~24个月,均未见肿瘤生化复发表现（tPSA均<0.2 ng/mL）。结论 经膀胱入路保留Retzius间隙RARP治疗体积较小的局限性前列腺癌手术效果与后入路保留Retzius间隙RARP技术相当,具有较好的术后即刻尿控效果,但性功能恢复需要进一步随访。经膀胱入路保留Retzius间隙RARP技术可行,未来有望成为治疗局限性低风险前列腺癌手术方式之一。     

Survival after incidental prostate cancer diagnosis at transurethral resection of prostate: 10-year outcomes

Background

The most appropriate management of incidental prostate cancers diagnosed at transurethral resection of prostate has been debated. It is important to determine the long-term outcomes to establish an appropriate management in patients with incidental prostate cancer.

Aims

We aim to determine 10-year survival and to identify the factors of worse prognosis of incidental prostate cancers diagnosed at transurethral resection of prostate.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients with pT1a?CpT1b prostate cancers diagnosed between 1998 and 2003. Medical notes, PSA and pathology results were reviewed. Overall and cancer specific survival was calculated at mean 10-year follow-up.

Results

Sixty patients with incidental prostate cancer were identified (pT1a?=?18, pT1b?=?42). Fifty-one percents of the patients were managed on a watchful waiting strategy with overall 84% survival and 9.7% cancer specific mortality. Twenty patients (all with pT1b) received hormone therapy. Overall survival in this cohort was 50% with 20% cancer specific mortality. Nine patients received curative therapy (Radical prostatectomy?=?4, Radiotherapy?=?5). In this group, overall survival was 88% with no cancer specific mortality.

Conclusions

Stage pT1a disease and preoperative low PSA were associated with favourable survival. However, for pT1b and/or high Gleason score (??7), mortality was comparatively higher. Hence, patients with high Gleason score and/or pT1b disease should be considered for curative therapy. Additionally, active surveillance may have a role in selected men with incidental prostate cancer.     

Well-differentiated prostate cancer in core biopsy specimens may be associated with extraprostatic disease.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Accurate determination of the Gleason score in prostate core biopsy specimens is crucial in selecting the type of prostate cancer treatment, especially for patients with well-differentiated tumors (Gleason score 2 to 4). For such patients, an inaccurate biopsy score may result in a therapeutic intervention that is too conservative. We evaluate the role of Gleason score 2-4 in prostate core-needle biopsies for predicting the final pathological staging following radical prostatectomy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S?o Paulo. METHODS: We analyzed the medical records of 120 consecutive patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy to treat clinical localized prostate cancer at our institution between December 2001 and July 2006. Thirty-two of these patients presented well-differentiated tumors (Gleason score 2 to 4) in biopsy specimens and were included in the study. The Gleason scores of the core-needle biopsies were compared with the pathological staging of the surgical specimens. RESULTS: Sixteen of the 32 patients (50%) presented moderately differentiated tumors (Gleason score 5 to 7) in surgical specimens. Eighteen patients (56%) had tumors with involvement of the prostate capsule and ten (31%) had involvement of adjacent organs. Evaluating the 16 patients that maintained Gleason scores of 2 to 4 in the pathological staging of the surgical specimens, 11 (68.7%) had focal invasion of the prostate capsule and five (31.25%) had organ-confined disease. CONCLUSION: Well-differentiated tumors (Gleason score 2 to 4) seen in biopsies are not predictive of organ-confined disease.     

PCDH10基因在前列腺癌组织中的甲基化测定及临床意义

目的检测PCDH10基因在前列腺癌组织中的甲基化状态,并分析其临床意义。方法应用甲基化特异性PCR（methy—lation—specificPCR,MSP）技术检测PCDH10基因在3株前列腺癌细胞系、1株前列腺上皮细胞、13例前列腺增生组织和40例前列腺癌组织样本中的甲基化情况,同时分析40例前列腺癌患者的临床资料。结果3株前列腺癌细胞系中有2株检出PCDH10基因甲基化;40例前列腺癌样本中24例（60％）检出PCDH10基因甲基化,13例前列腺增生组织中未检出PCDH10基因甲基化。PCDH10基因出现甲基化患者与未出现甲基化患者相比,在年龄、前列腺特异性抗原（prostatespecificantigen,PSA）和临床分期等指标的差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,但在Gleason评分的差异存在统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论PCDH10基因在前列腺癌组织中甲基化程度较高,高Gleason评分的前列腺癌可能具有更高的PCDHl0基因甲基化率,提示PCDH10基因甲基化可能与前列腺癌的发生发展有关。