Calcium phosphate ceramics in bone tissue engineering: A review of properties and their influence on cell behavior

Calcium phosphate ceramics (CPCs) have been widely used as biomaterials for the regeneration of bone tissue because of their ability to induce osteoblastic differentiation in progenitor cells. Despite the progress made towards fabricating CPCs possessing a range of surface features and chemistries, the influence of material properties in orchestrating cellular events such as adhesion and differentiation is still poorly understood. Specifically, questions such as why certain CPCs may be more osteoinductive than others, and how material properties contribute to osteoinductivity/osteoconductivity remain unanswered. Therefore, this review article systematically discusses the effects of the physical (e.g. surface roughness) and chemical properties (e.g. solubility) of CPCs on protein adsorption, cell adhesion and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro. The review also provides a summary of possible signaling pathways involved in osteoblastic differentiation in the presence of CPCs. In summary, these insights on the contribution of material properties towards osteoinductivity and the role of signaling molecules involved in osteoblastic differentiation can potentially aid the design of CPC-based biomaterials that support bone regeneration without the need for additional biochemical supplements.     

Poor osteoinductive potential of subcutaneous bone cement-induced membranes for tissue engineered bone

Abstract

Background: Large segmental bone defects remain a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. A two-stage repair strategy may offer a potential solution. Here, we sought to evaluate the osteoinductive potential of bone cement-induced membranes in an ectopic site. Methods: First, bone cements were inserted into the subcutaneous tissues of 16 rabbits to induce membrane formation. After 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, the induced membranes were harvested to assess their vascularization and osteoinductive potential. Next, bone cements were subcutaneously inserted into 12 rabbits for 4 weeks. These bone cements were then harvested from the newly formed membranes and replaced with granular porous β-TCP, with or without bone mesenchymal stem cells. New bone formation was then evaluated after 3, 6 and 9 weeks. Results: The highest level of blood vessel formation and bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression in the membranes were found at 4 weeks (p?<?0.05). In addition, vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was highest after 2 weeks (p?<?0.001), persisting until 8 weeks. However, the results showed little ectopic bone formation at these time points. Conclusion: While bone cement-induced membranes appear to provide a suitable environment for bone formation, they fail to drive osteoinduction in non-osseous sites for the purposes of bone tissue engineering.     

RhBMP-2-loaded calcium silicate/calcium phosphate cement scaffold with hierarchically porous structure for enhanced bone tissue regeneration

Calcium phosphate cement scaffold (CPC) has been widely used as bone graft substitutes, but undesirable osteoinductivity and slow degradability greatly hamper their clinic application. To address these problems, a recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)-loaded calcium silicate/calcium phosphate cement scaffold (CSPC) with hierarchical pores was developed in this study. The CSPC scaffold with both interconnected macropores on the order of 200–500 μm and micropores of 2–5 μm was synthesized from CPC and calcium silicate (CS) by a NaCl particulate-leaching method. In vitro cell culture with C2C12 model cells, in vivo ectopic bone formation and rabbit femur cavity defect repair were performed to evaluate the osteogeneic capacity of the CSPC/rhBMP-2 scaffold. CPC, CSPC and CPC/rhBMP-2 scaffolds were parallelly investigated for comparison. The results demonstrated that the hierarchical macro/microporous structure, whether in presence of CS or rhBMP-2, highly favored the adhesion of C2C12 cells and bone in-growth into the CPC-based scaffolds. But, in comparison to the CPC-based scaffolds with CS or rhBMP-2 alone, the CSPC/rhBMP-2 scaffold strongly promoted osteogenic differentiation in vitro and osteogenetic efficacy in vivo. Further studies demonstrated that Si ions derived from CSPC contributed mainly to maintain the conformation of rhBMP-2 and thus stimulate the synergistic action of CS and rhBMP-2 in osteogenic differentiation and osteoinductivity. Additionally, the incorporation of CS was also beneficial for the dissolution of the scaffold. Those results suggest that the CSPC has superior properties for incorporation of rhBMP-2 and our developed CSPC/rhBMP-2 scaffold have great potential for future use in bone tissue regeneration.     

Calcium phosphate cements for bone substitution: Chemistry,handling and mechanical properties

Since their initial formulation in the 1980s, calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have been increasingly used as bone substitutes. This article provides an overview on the chemistry, kinetics of setting and handling properties (setting time, cohesion and injectability) of CPCs for bone substitution, with a focus on their mechanical properties. Many processing parameters, such as particle size, composition of cement reactants and additives, can be adjusted to control the setting process of CPCs, concomitantly influencing their handling and mechanical performance. Moreover, this review shows that, although the mechanical strength of CPCs is generally low, it is not a critical issue for their application for bone repair – an observation not often realized by researchers and clinicians. CPCs with compressive strengths comparable to those of cortical bones can be produced through densification and/or homogenization of the cement matrix. The real limitation for CPCs appears to be their low fracture toughness and poor mechanical reliability (Weibull modulus), which have so far been only rarely studied.     

A novel injectable,cohesive and toughened Si-HPMC (silanized-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) composite calcium phosphate cement for bone substitution

This study reports on the incorporation of the self-setting polysaccharide derivative hydrogel (silanized-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Si-HPMC) into the formulation of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) to develop a novel injectable material for bone substitution. The effects of Si-HPMC on the handling properties (injectability, cohesion and setting time) and mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, fracture toughness, flexural and compressive strength) of CPCs were systematically studied. It was found that Si-HPMC could endow composite CPC pastes with an appealing rheological behavior at the early stage of setting, promoting its application in open bone cavities. Moreover, Si-HPMC gave the composite CPC good injectability and cohesion, and reduced the setting time. Si-HPMC increased the porosity of CPCs after hardening, especially the macroporosity as a result of entrapped air bubbles; however, it improved, rather than compromised, the mechanical properties of composite CPCs, which demonstrates a strong toughening and strengthening effect. In view of the above, the Si-HPMC composite CPC may be particularly promising as bone substitute material for clinic application.     

超高分子量聚乙烯在人工关节假体中的应用及评价方法

本文通过查阅人工关节领域的相关文献、技术标准、产品指导原则等对超高分子量聚乙烯在人工关节中的应用及评价方法进行了总结。在假体设计开发时,需综合考虑假体设计和影响产品临床使用的风险因素,全面评价产品的材料性能、锁定强度、疲劳性能、体外磨损、生物相容性等,以确保产品的安全有效性。     

Bioinspired structure of bioceramics for bone regeneration in load-bearing sites

The major problem with the use of porous bioceramics as bone regeneration grafts is their weak mechanical strength, which has not been overcome to date. Here we described a novel way to solve this problem. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramics with a bioinspired structure were designed and prepared with a porous cancellous core (porosity: 70–90%) inside and a dense compact shell (porosity: 5–10%) outside that mimics the characteristics of natural bone. They showed excellent mechanical properties, with a compressive strength of 10–80 MPa and an elastic modulus of 180 MPa–1.0 GPa, which could be tailored by the dense/porous cross-sectional area ratio obeying the rule of exponential growth. The in vitro degradation of the bioinspired bioceramics was faster than that of dense bioceramics but slower than that of porous counterparts. The changes in mechanical properties of the bioinspired ceramics during in vitro degradation were also investigated. A concept of the bioinspired macrostructure design of natural bone was proposed which provided a simple but effective way to increase the mechanical properties of porous bioceramics for load-bearing bone regeneration applications. It should be readily applicable to other porous materials.     

多糖分子质量与配基连接臂长度对改性普鲁兰药物载体的性质影响

目的 研究普鲁兰分子质量和胆固醇配基连接臂长度对胆固醇改性普鲁兰自组装、载药及体外释放等性质的影响.方法 将胆固醇通过2种长度的连接臂共价修饰到2种分子质量的普鲁兰多糖上,合成不同取代度的胆固醇改性普鲁兰(共8种),使其在水中组装成纳米粒,并考察多糖分子质量及连接臂长度对纳米粒形态、粒径的影响.同时,以阿霉素、米托蒽醌为模型药物,考察其在改性普鲁兰多糖纳米粒中的包封及释放行为特征.结果 所有改性普鲁兰多糖均可形成纳米粒,包封药物后可形成载药纳米粒;多糖分子质量和连接臂长度对其性质具有一定的影响.结论 载药前,分子质量较大、连接臂较短的改性多糖具有更好的稳定性;载药后,其对药物的包封、粒径、体外释放行为的影响规律与药物种类相关.     

Early weight bearing of porous HA/TCP (60/40) ceramics in vivo: a longitudinal study in a segmental bone defect model of rabbit

Porous interconnected hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) (60/40) ceramics are promising materials for hard tissue repair. However, the mechanical properties of these materials have not been accurately determined under weight-bearing conditions. In this study, newly developed HA and HA/TCP (60/40) ceramics were used with intramedullary fixation in segmental bone defects of rabbits. Early radiological, histological, densitometric and biomechanical changes were evaluated. The mean radiological grade of healing and bonding to bone was higher in HA/TCP (60/40) ceramics than that of pure HA ceramics but the difference was not statistically significant. The densities of both implanted ceramics improved with time, supported by the histological evaluation of bone matrix ingrowth into ceramic pores, whereas the densities at the bone–ceramic interface decreased gradually. Flexural resonant frequencies and three-point bending strength increased, revealing an increase in mechanical stability during this early critical time interval where implant and/or bone–implant interface failures occur frequently. It can be concluded that both HA and HA/TCP (60/40) ceramics have a limited application in the treatment of load-bearing segmental bone defects but did not fail at the early stages of implantation.     

Mechanical properties and thermal behaviour of PEGDMA hydrogels for potential bone regeneration application

Poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels are currently under investigation as possible scaffold materials for bone regeneration. The main purpose of this research was to analyse the mechanical properties and thermal behaviour of novel photopolymerised poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) based hydrogels. The effect of varying macromolecular monomer concentration, molecular weight and water content on the properties of the resultant hydrogel was apparent. For example, rheological findings showed that storage modulus (G′) of the hydrogels could be tailored to a range between approximately 14,000 and 70,000 Pa by manipulating both of the aforementioned criteria. Equally striking variations in mechanical performance were observed using uniaxial tensile testing where reduction in PEGDMA content in the hydrogels resulted in decrease in both tensile strength and Young’s modulus values. Conversely, increases in the elongation at break values were observed as would be expected. Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that there was an increase in Tg with an increase in the molecular weight of PEGDMA. The relationship between the initial feed ratio, molecular weight of the macromolecular monomer and the subsequent mechanical properties of the hydrogels are further elucidated throughout this study.     

3D printing of composite calcium phosphate and collagen scaffolds for bone regeneration

Low temperature 3D printing of calcium phosphate scaffolds holds great promise for fabricating synthetic bone graft substitutes with enhanced performance over traditional techniques. Many design parameters, such as the binder solution properties, have yet to be optimized to ensure maximal biocompatibility and osteoconductivity with sufficient mechanical properties. This study tailored the phosphoric acid-based binder solution concentration to 8.75 wt% to maximize cytocompatibility and mechanical strength, with a supplementation of Tween 80 to improve printing. To further enhance the formulation, collagen was dissolved into the binder solution to fabricate collagen-calcium phosphate composites. Reducing the viscosity and surface tension through a physiologic heat treatment and Tween 80, respectively, enabled reliable thermal inkjet printing of the collagen solutions. Supplementing the binder solution with 1–2 wt% collagen significantly improved maximum flexural strength and cell viability. To assess the bone healing performance, we implanted 3D printed scaffolds into a critically sized murine femoral defect for 9 weeks. The implants were confirmed to be osteoconductive, with new bone growth incorporating the degrading scaffold materials. In conclusion, this study demonstrates optimization of material parameters for 3D printed calcium phosphate scaffolds and enhancement of material properties by volumetric collagen incorporation via inkjet printing.     

Microfluidic 3D bone tissue model for high-throughput evaluation of wound-healing and infection-preventing biomaterials

We report the use of a microfluidic 3D bone tissue model, as a high-throughput means of evaluating the efficacy of biomaterials aimed at accelerating orthopaedic implant-related wound-healing while preventing bacterial infection. As an example of such biomaterials, inkjet-printed micropatterns were prepared to contain antibiotic and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) nanoparticles dispersed in a poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic) acid matrix. The micropatterns were integrated with a microfluidic device consisting of eight culture chambers. The micropatterns immediately and completely killed Staphylococcus epidermidis upon inoculation, and enhanced the calcified extracellular matrix production of osteoblasts. Without antibiotic elution, bacteria rapidly proliferated to result in an acidic microenvironment which was detrimental to osteoblasts. These results were used to demonstrate the tissue model’s potential in: (i) significantly reducing the number of biomaterial samples and culture experiments required to assess in vitro efficacy for wound-healing and infection prevention and (ii) in situ monitoring of dynamic interactions of biomaterials with bacteria as wells as with tissue cells simultaneously.     

医用植入材料PMMA骨水泥改性的研究进展

由于传统聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA）骨水泥材料的临床效果明显,其在骨科手术的应用已有60余年的历史,帮助骨科医师成功开展人工关节置换、脊柱经皮穿刺椎体成形术（percutaneous vertebroplasty,PVP）、球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术（percutaneous kyphoplasty,PKP）等多种手术。但在临床应用中,人们发现PMMA反应温度高、单体具有细胞毒性、与骨组织结合性差、力学强度过大、缺乏生物活性等缺点,在一定程度上影响了临床医师的选择。因此,科研工作者通过对PMMA骨水泥进行改性,加入其他材料,改善了PMMA的力学性能和赋予其生物活性,此方法为目前骨组织生物材料的研究热点方向。本文将对PMMA改性方面的研究现况及进展进行综述。     

Umbilical cord and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell seeding on macroporous calcium phosphate for bone regeneration in rat cranial defects

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) are inexhaustible and can be harvested at a low cost without an invasive procedure. However, there has been no report on comparing hUCMSCs with human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSCs) for bone regeneration in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate hUCMSC and hBMSC seeding on macroporous calcium phosphate cement (CPC), and to compare their bone regeneration in critical-sized cranial defects in rats. Cell attachment, osteogenic differentiation and mineral synthesis on RGD-modified macroporous CPC were investigated in vitro. Scaffolds with cells were implanted in 8-mm defects of athymic rats. Bone regeneration was investigated via micro-CT and histological analysis at 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Three groups were tested: CPC with hUCMSCs, CPC with hBMSCs, and CPC control without cells. Percentage of live cells and cell density on CPC in vitro were similarly good for hUCMSCs and hBMSCs. Both cells had high osteogenic expressions of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, collagen I, and Runx2. Bone mineral density and trabecular thickness in hUCMSC and hBMSC groups in vivo were greater than those of CPC control group. New bone amount for hUCMSC-CPC and hBMSC-CPC constructs was increased by 57% and 88%, respectively, while blood vessel density was increased by 15% and 20%, than CPC control group at 24 weeks. hUCMSC-CPC and hBMSC-CPC groups generally had statistically similar bone mineral density, new bone amount and vessel density. In conclusion, hUCMSCs seeded on CPC were shown to match the bone regeneration efficacy of hBMSCs in vivo for the first time. Both hUCMSC-CPC and hBMSC-CPC constructs generated much more new bone and blood vessels than CPC without cells. Macroporous RGD-grafted CPC with stem cell seeding is promising for craniofacial and orthopedic repairs.     

Human embryonic stem cells and macroporous calcium phosphate construct for bone regeneration in cranial defects in rats

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are an exciting cell source as they offer an unlimited supply of cells that can differentiate into all cell types for regenerative medicine applications. To date, there has been no report on hESCs with calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffolds for bone regeneration in vivo. The objectives of this study were to: (i) investigate hESCs for bone regeneration in vivo in critical-sized cranial defects in rats; and (ii) determine the effects of cell seeding and platelets in macroporous CPC on new bone and blood vessel formation. hESCs were cultured to yield mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which underwent osteogenic differentiation. Four groups were tested in rats: (i) CPC control without cells; (ii) CPC with hESC-derived MSCs (CPC + hESC-MSC); (iii) CPC with hESC-MSCs and 30% human platelet concentrate (hPC) (CPC + hESC-MSC + 30% hPC); and (iv) CPC + hESC-MSC + 50% hPC. In vitro, MSCs were derived from embryoid bodies of hESCs. Cells on CPC were differentiated into the osteogenic lineage, with highly elevated alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expressions, as well as mineralization. At 12 weeks in vivo, the groups with hESC-MSCs and hPC had three times as much new bone as, and twice the blood vessel density of, the CPC control. The new bone in the defects contained osteocytes and blood vessels, and the new bone front was lined with osteoblasts. The group with 30% hPC and hESC-MSCs had a blood vessel density that was 49% greater than the hESC-MSC group without hPC, likely due to the various growth factors in the platelets enhancing both new bone and blood vessel formation. In conclusion, hESCs are promising for bone tissue engineering, and hPC can enhance new bone and blood vessel formation. Macroporous CPC with hESC-MSCs and hPC may be useful for bone regeneration in craniofacial and orthopedic applications.     

3D生物描绘孔结构可控钙磷硅基骨修复支架的生物力学性能

目的设计和制备新型钙磷硅基骨修复支架,研究其在不同外力作用下体外生物力学性能。方法以自固化磷酸钙骨水泥(calcium phosphate cement,CPC)、介孔硅酸钙(mesporous calcium silicate,MCS)为原料,通过3D生物描绘技术构建孔径分别为350、500μm的MCS/CPC复合支架。采用扫描电镜观察支架表面形貌;分别通过万能力学试验机和动态力学分析仪,考察具有不同孔道结构MCS/CPC支架的抗压力学性能和不同频率动态周期性载荷作用下的力学性能。结果通过3D生物描绘技术能够实现对钙磷硅基骨修复支架内部孔道结构的可控制备。孔径为350μm的MCS/CPC支架具有较高的抗压力学强度[(9.80±0.39)MPa]和抗压模量[(132.50±4.30)MPa];此外,载荷频率在1~100 Hz范围内,孔径为350μm的支架具有较高的储能模量。结论通过3D生物描绘技术制备的孔径为350μm的MCS/CPC复合支架不仅具有规则的连通孔道,还具有较高的抗压力学性能,能在动态载荷作用下保持结构稳定,适合作为一种新型的骨缺损修复材料。     

Improvement of dual-leached polycaprolactone porous scaffolds by incorporating with hydroxyapatite for bone tissue regeneration

Polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffolds were prepared by combining solvent casting and salt particulate leaching with a polymer leaching technique. The hydrophilicity of the dual-leached scaffold was improved by alkaline (NaOH) treatment. Well-defined interconnected pores were detected by scanning electron microscopy. The water absorption capacity of the NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffold increased greatly, confirming that the hydrophilicity of the scaffold was improved by NaOH treatment. The compressive modulus of the PCL/HA dual-leached scaffold was greatly increased by the addition of HA particles. An indirect evaluation of the cytotoxicity of all PCL dual-leached scaffolds with mouse fibroblastic cells (L929) and mouse calvaria-derived pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1) indicated that the PCL dual-leached scaffolds are non-toxic to cells. The ability of the scaffolds to support mouse calvaria-derived pre-osteoblastic cell (MC3T3-E1) attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization was also evaluated. Although the viability of cells was lower on the PCL/HA dual-leached scaffold than on the tissue-culture polystyrene plates (TCPS) and on the other substrates at early time points, both the PCL and NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffolds supported the attachment of MC3T3-E1 at significantly higher levels than TCPS. During the proliferation period (days 1–3), all of the PCL dual-leached scaffolds were able to support the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 at higher levels than the TCPS; in addition, the cells grown on NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffolds proliferated more rapidly. The cells cultured on the surfaces of NaOH-treated PCL/HA dual-leached scaffolds had the highest rate of mineral deposition.     

基于有限元的骨组织工程支架结构力学性能优化分析

目的 分析骨组织工程支架微孔参数对支架力学性能的影响,为支架微孔结构的优化设计提供参考依据。方法 利用ANYSY软件建立支架微孔结构有限元模型,计算最大等效应力、最大总变形与孔隙率的关系,并分析比较不同孔径、孔间距结构对支架最大等效应力、最大总变形、内部应变的影响。结果 x、y轴方向孔间距的影响规律一致,随着孔间距从0.6 mm增加到2.0 mm,最大等效应力从63.1 MPa减小到46.3 MPa,最大总变形从23.8 μm减小到21.8 μm,最佳应变比从80%增大到84%;但随着z轴方向孔间距的增大,最大等效应力从38.3 MPa增大到47.8 MPa,最大总变形从20.8 μm增大到22.8 μm,最佳应变比在82%~85%波动。x,y轴方向孔径从0.1 mm增加到1.0 mm时,最大等效应力从32.4 MPa增大到78.4 MPa,最大总变形从19.9 μm增大到38.2 μm,最佳应变比从90%减小到53%;z轴方向孔径的增大会引起支架的最大等效应力从58.8 MPa减小到37.9 MPa,而最大总变形从23.3 μm增大到25.9 μm,最佳应变比从82%增大到87%。结论 支架孔隙率和最佳应变比越大,最大等效应力、最大总变形越小,支架生物性能和力学性能越好。研究结果对支架的结构设计和优化具有参考价值。     

生物硬组织材料力学研究方法进展

研究生物硬组织材料的力学性质对于预防和治疗骨科和口腔疾病具有重要意义。同时,经过长期的进化,生物材料具有独特的力学性质,研究这些材料的结构与力学性质可以为工程材料的设计提供解决方案。与工程材料不同,生物材料的力学研究需要采用特殊的方法来准确描述其力学性质。本文针对生物硬组织材料力学性质的研究方法进行综述,包括生物硬组织材料的常规力学实验方法、断裂力学和压痕测试技术,以及微观和宏观力学数值模拟技术。     

新型可吸收骨水泥的制备及其应用于小牛椎体标本压缩性骨折椎体成形术的生物力学研究

目的 探讨聚富马酸丙二醇酯（PPF）/β-磷酸三钙（β-TCP）制备新型可吸收骨水泥的配方及其应用于小牛椎体标本压缩性骨折椎体成形术的生物力学性能研究。方法 采用两步法制备PPF,使用凝胶渗透色谱仪测量PPF的数均分子量、重均分子量及聚合度分布指数,使用MR氢谱对PPF进行结构分析。将制备好的PPF与β-TCP按照10∶1、5∶1、3∶1、2∶1配制不同热交联反应体系,制备4种不同配方的PPF/β-TCP可吸收骨水泥,选择抗压强度和压缩模量均较高的骨水泥进行后续实验。选取2~3岁健康小牛腰椎L₁~L₄节段标本4具,分离出16个椎体,使用牙托粉填平每个椎体的椎板凹陷部位,测量每个椎体的受力面积。选择椎体受力面积相近的10个椎体,按数字表法随机分为PPF/β-TCP组和甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）组,每组5个。PMMA组和PPF/β-TCP组椎体使用MTS-858力学机器制备压缩性骨折模型,对比2组完成模型制备时的椎体高度、抗压强度和刚度。PPF/β-TCP组和PMMA组分别使用PPF/β-TCP骨水泥和标准PMMA骨水泥对压缩骨折模型行椎体成形术,对比2组骨水泥注入量,术后椎体高度、椎体恢复百分比,椎体抗压强度、刚度。结果 PPF数均分子量为1 637±55,重均分子量为1 741±68,聚合分布指数为1.06。MR氢谱结构分析提示反应产物为PPF。配方1~4 PPF/β-TCP可吸收骨水泥抗压强度分别为（53.5±1.5）、（63.2±0.4）、（97.9±5.5）、（100.8±3.2）MPa,压缩模量分别为（0.97±0.04）、（1.05±0.05）、（1.10±0.10）、（0.45±0.18）GPa。选取压缩模量与抗压强度均高的配方3 PPF/β-TCP可吸收骨水泥用于椎体成形术。PPF/β-TCP组和PMMA组小牛椎体标本的椎体体积、高度、受力面积差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。PPF/β-TCP组和PMMA组的椎体压缩性骨折后高度、椎体成形术后椎体高度以及椎体高度恢复百分比差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）。组内比较：PPF/β-TCP组椎体压缩性骨折椎体成形手术前后椎体抗压强度分别为（2 282±341）N和（1 848±219）N,椎体刚度分别为（215±27）N/mm和（182±15）N/mm,差异均无统计学意义（t=2.14、2.13,P值均>0.05）;PMMA组压缩性骨折椎体成形手术前后抗压强度分别为（2 350±289）N和（3 105±452）N,椎体刚度分别为（221±26）N/mm和（296±37）N/mm,差异均有统计学意义（t=2.81、3.21,P值均<0.05）。组间比较：PPF/β-TCP组与PMMA组术中骨水泥注入量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;PPF/β-TCP组与PMMA组发生压缩性骨折时椎体抗压强度和刚度差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0.05）,椎体成形术后椎体抗压强度和刚度PMMA组均大于PPF/β-TCP组,差异均有统计学意义（t=4.99、5.61,P值均<0.05）。结论 PPF与β-TCP按照3∶1配制的可吸收骨水泥具有与人椎体力学性能相近、交联温度低等特点。在治疗小牛椎体压缩性骨折模型时,PPF/β-TCP可吸收骨水泥与PMMA骨水泥术中注入量相近,两者恢复椎体高度的效果相当;且PPF/β-TCP可吸收骨水泥注入后椎体力学性能优于注入PMMA骨水泥者,具有替代PMMA骨水泥治疗椎体压缩性骨折的潜力。