特异性NF-κB抑制剂对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化的治疗作用

目的探讨特异性NF-κB抑制剂对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化的治疗作用及其可能机制。方法应用特异性NF-κB抑制剂PDTC治疗单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠模型,常规HE、PASM染色观察肾间质病理变化,电泳迁移率变动分析法检测肾组织中NF-κB的活性,免疫组化法检测TGF-β1、MCP-1的表达,并采用图像分析系统进行半定量分析。结果治疗组较模型组大鼠梗阻侧肾脏病理变化明显减轻,肾皮质NF-κB活性及小管间质TGF-β1、MCP-1表达明显降低(P<0·01)。结论特异性NF-κB抑制剂通过抑制NF-κB激活并进一步减少下游炎症和致纤维化细胞因子的表达以达到治疗肾间质纤维化的作用。     

Proteasome inhibitor MG-132 induces C6 glioma cell apoptosis via oxidative stress

Aim:

Proteasome inhibitors have been found to suppress glioma cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, but the mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the apoptosis induced by the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 in glioma cells.

Methods:

C6 glioma cells were used. MTT assay was used to analyze cell proliferation. Proteasome activity was assayed using Succinyl-LLVY-AMC, and intracellular ROS level was evaluated with the redox-sensitive dye DCFH-DA. Apoptosis was detected using fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins was investigated using Western blot analysis.

Results:

MG-132 inhibited C6 glioma cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner (the IC₅₀ value at 24 h was 18.5 μmol/L). MG-132 (18.5 μmol/L) suppressed the proteasome activity by about 70% at 3 h. It induced apoptosis via down-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and XIAP, up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3, and production of cleaved C-terminal 85 kDa PARP). It also caused a more than 5-fold increase of reactive oxygen species. Tiron (1 mmol/L) effectively blocked oxidative stress induced by MG-132 (18.5 μmol/L), attenuated proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in C6 glioma cells, and reversed the expression pattern of apoptosis-related proteins.

Conclusion:

MG-132 induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells via the oxidative stress.     

Study on lead-induced activation of rat renal interstitial fibroblasts and the related mechanisms

Context: Lead is a common industrial toxicant and has been proved to be associated with the kidney damage.

Objective: To investigate the effect and mechanism of lead on expression of rat renal interstitial fibroblast activation related protein.

Materials and methods: The expression of activation related protein mRNA was measured by real-time PCR in the NRK/49F treated by lead acetate with different concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 and 2?µmol/L). The effects of lead acetate on the level of fibronectin (FN) and signal transduction factors (Smads protein) expression were observed by Western blot.

Results: The mRNA expression of activation-related protein increased significantly after the cells were stimulated by lead acetate for 24?h. The lead acetate-treated group could upregulate the p-Smad2, p-Smad3 and FN protein expression compared with the control group. The level of Smad2/3 protein expression did not change in all groups, the expression of SnoN decreased significantly compared with the control group.

Discussion and conclusion: Lead acetate could increase the mRNA expression of activation-related factors. It could promote inflammatory reaction induced by TGF-β via Smad signaling pathway. Lead acetate has the effect on inducing the renal fibrosis.     

系膜增生性肾小球肾炎患儿肾组织TGF-β1的表达与临床病理意义

目的探讨转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)蛋白在系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(MsPGN)肾组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法应用即用型免疫组化方法(Elivision二步法)检测MsPGN25例、微小病变(MCNS)10例、局灶性节段肾小球硬化(FSGS)8例、对照组5例,观察TGF-β1蛋白在系膜增生性肾小球肾炎患儿肾组织中的表达情况。结果 (1)在不同病理类型患儿肾小球上皮细胞及肾小管间质细胞均有不同程度的TGF-β1蛋白的阳性表达,TGF-β1的表达以FSGS为最强,其次为MsPGN、MCNS。与正常肾组织比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);(2)MsPGN组TGF-β1蛋白表达随着系膜增生程度明显增加(P<0.01);(3)MsPGN组随肾小管间质损伤和炎症细胞浸润程度及纤维化程度加重,TGF-β1蛋白表达明显增加(P<0.01);(4)MsPGN肾组织TGF-β1表达水平与蛋白尿严重程度相关。结论 MsPGN肾组织内TGF-β1的表达增强,并与肾脏病理损伤程度密切相关。     

来氟米特抑制大鼠肾间质纤维化的研究

目的观察来氟米特对单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠肾间质纤维化指标转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)及胶原(Col)Ⅰ、ColⅢ的表达程度的影响及相互关系,从而探讨其作用机制。方法将36只健康、雄性SD大鼠中的24只行左输尿管结扎术,另外12只行假手术。术后第2天开始给药,结扎后的大鼠分为单侧输尿管结扎(UUO)组和治疗组各12只。术后第7、14天分别处死各组中的6只大鼠,用免疫组织化学方法测定TGF-β1、ColⅠ、ColⅢ的表达情况。行苏木素-伊红(HE)和Masson染色,动态观察肾间质病理学改变。结果来氟米特能显著减少UUO大鼠肾小管间质TGF-β1的表达,减轻ColⅠ和ColⅢ在肾小管间质的沉积。结论来氟米特抑制受伤的肾小管间质TGF-β1的表达,减少基质的聚集从而减轻肾间质纤维化。提示来氟米特有潜在的延缓慢性肾功能衰竭进程的作用。     

丹酚酸B对转化生长因子β1诱导人肺成纤维细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的：观察丹酚酸B（Sal B）对转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）诱导的人肺成纤维细胞增殖及分化的影响。方法：将人胚肺成纤维细胞（MRC-5）随机分为6组：对照组（未加入TGF-β1或Sal B）;1μmol/L Sal B组;10μmol/L Sal B组;10ng/mL TGF-β1组;TGF-β1（10ng/mL）＋1μmol/L Sal B组;TGF-β1（10ng/mL）＋10μmol/L Sal B组。采用MTT法观察各组细胞增殖情况;RT-PCR和Western blot方法分别检测各组细胞α-SMA mRNA和蛋白的表达情况;免疫荧光方法检测细胞内纤维形肌动蛋白（Factin,Fibrous Actin）重组及观察细胞形态变化。结果：与对照组比较,TGF-β1组细胞增殖率、α-SMA mRNA和蛋白的表达水平均明显增加,细胞形态发生明显改变,胞内可见大量F-actin聚合形成的应力纤维（stress fiber）（P〈0.01）;与对照组比较,单纯加入Sal B对细胞增殖、α-SMA表达、细胞形态和F-actin重组均未产生影响（P〉0.05）;与单纯TGF-β1组比较,TGF-β1＋Sal B两组细胞增殖率、α-SMA mRNA和蛋白表达水平均下降,发生形态改变的细胞减少,胞内F-actin聚合形成的stress fibers减少（P〈0.05）,且10μmol/L Sal B对TGF-β1抑制效应优于1μmol/L Sal B,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：Sal B体外能够抑制TGF-β1诱导的人肺成纤维细胞增殖和向肌纤维母细胞分化。     

5-Azacytidine inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effect of 5-azacytidine on proliferation and apoptosis of bmMSCs. After exposure to different concentrations of 5-azacytindine, bmMSC proliferation and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay, Caspase-3 staining and western blotting. Our results show that 1?μM 5-azacytidine has no significant effect on viability of bmMSCs; however, 5–20?μM 5-azacytindine significantly inhibits bmMSC proliferation and expression of phospho-Akt; 10 and 20?μM 5-azacytidine markedly increases bmMSC apoptosis and expression of Caspase-3, Annexin V and Bax, and decreases expression of Bcl2. Our findings indicate that 5-azacytidine at the commonly used doses has toxicity to bmMSCs.     

红花对肾小管间质纤维化大鼠TGF-β_1、TGF-β_1 mRNA及c-fos表达的影响

我们前期实验研究表明,单味红花能够保护肾功能,减轻肾小管-间质纤维化病变[1],为了进一步探讨其作用机制,本研究观察了红花对转化生长因子-β1(transforminggrowth factor-β1,TGF-β1)、TGF-β1mRNA及原癌基因c-fos表达的影响.     

阿司匹林对TGF-β1诱导的心肌成纤维细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的：研究阿司匹林（ASA）对转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）诱导心肌成纤维细胞（CFs）异常增殖的干预作用并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法：通过组织块法以及差速贴壁法获得并培养CFs,免疫细胞化学法检测波形蛋白的表达用于鉴定CFs,建立TGF-β1诱导CFs增殖模型,实验分为对照组（无血清DMEM）、TGF-β1组（TGF-β1,20 ng·mL^-1）、TGF-β1+ASA组（ASA,0.5、1、2 μmol·L^-1）。MTT法检测ASA对TGF-β1诱导CFs增殖的影响,羟脯氨酸含量试剂盒检测细胞内以及培养液上清中羟脯氨酸的含量,蛋白质免疫印迹法（Western blot）分析Smad2、Smad3蛋白表达的变化。结果：MTT结果显示,与对照组比较,TGF-β1显著诱导CFs增殖,与TGF-β1组相比,ASA可显著抑制TGF-β1诱导的CFs增殖;羟脯氨酸含量检测显示,与对照组比较,TGF-β1组羟脯氨酸含量明显升高,与TGF-β1组相比,ASA可降低其含量;Western blot结果显示,与对照组比较,TGF-β1显著诱导Smad2、Smad3蛋白水平表达升高,与TGF-β1组相比,ASA可显著降低Smad2、Smad3蛋白水平的表达。结论：ASA对TGF-β1诱导的CFs增殖具有显著的抑制作用,其作用机制可能与抑制TGF-β1/Smads信号通路下游蛋白Smad2、Smad3的表达相关。     

Octreotide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

AIM: To study the effect of octreotide on cell proliferation and apoptosis in different hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and hepatocytes. METHODS: The proliferation of HCC cells (HepG2, SMMC-7721) and hepatocytes (L-02) was determined by MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected either by fluorescent staining, transmission electron microscopy or flow cytometry. The content of AFP in the supernatant of cultured HCC cells was determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The expression of SSTR subtypes was identified by RT-PCR. RESULTS: The proliferation of HCC cells and L-02 cells was inhibited significantly by octreotide (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/L). However, the apoptosis of HCC cells markedly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Both the apoptosis index and the percentage of apoptotic cells in L-02 cells were significantly lower than those of HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. The content of AFP in the supernatant of cultured HepG2 cells treated with octreotide was also statistically reduced.     

红花对大鼠肾间质纤维化和肾功能的影响

目的：探讨红花对左肾静脉结扎大鼠动物模型中肾功能及肾脏病理的影响，旨在了解红花在延缓肾间质纤维化中的作用。方法：48只大鼠随机分为6组，正常对照、假手术组、手术对照、手术未治疗组、红花提取液治疗组、依那普利治疗组。以菊粉清除率检测肾小球滤过率（GFR）。常规病理染色及免疫组织化学染色后，采用Motic医学图象分析系统分析肾脏病理改变。结果：红花提取液治疗组、依那普利治疗组经治疗，GFR有所恢复，与手术未治疗组组比较，P〈0．05；病理结果显示，手术未治疗组和手术治疗组均可见灶性肾小管萎缩，间质纤维组织增生，但前两者较重。CK-18免疫组化染色显示，手术治疗组阳性染色的比值较对照组及手术治疗组高（P〈0．05）；测肾小管直径结果显示，红花及依那普利治疗组与手术治疗组组相比，P〈0.05。FN表达分析结果显示，红花提取液治疗组、依那普利治疗组较手术对照组和手术非治疗组低（P〈0．05）。结论：红花通过阻止肾间质纤维化，可延缓慢性肾脏疾病的进程。     

AICAR inhibits proliferation and induced S-phase arrest, and promotes apoptosis in CaSki cells

Aim： The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 5-aminoimidazole- 4-carboxamide-ribonucleoside （A/CAR） on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in the human epithelial cervical cancer cell line CaSki cells. Methods： Cell count and 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay were used to determine cell proliferation and viability. Hoechst 33258 staining was con- ducted to distinguish the apoptotic cells. Cell cycle and Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting （FACS）. A Western blot assay was used to evaluate the expression of AKT （also known as protein kinase B）, mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）, p53, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase （ERK）. Results： A/CAR （500 pmol/L） significantly inhibi- ted the proliferation of CaSki cells treated for 24, 48, and 72 h as determined by cell count. The cells at the Gl and G2 phases were dramatically decreased while cells at the S phase were increased in response to A/CAR treatment for 24, 48, and 72 h, The MTF assay showed less viable cells and Hoechst fluorescent staining showed more apoptotic cells upon AICAR stimulation. The results of the Annexin-V staining demonstrated a time-dependent increase of apoptosis in cells treated with A/CAR for 24, 36, and 48 h. Furthermore, AICAR activated caspase-3 in a time-dependent manner. It was also found that AICAR inhibited the phosphory- lation of AKT and mTOR, which are important kinases regulating cell growth and survival. AICAR stimulation obviously increased the expression of the tumor suppressor p53 and the phosphorylation of ERK. Conclusion： A/CAR inhibited proliferation and induced S phase arrest and promoted apoptosis in CaSki cells, which might be mediated by the dowrtregulation of the AKT/mTOR pathway and the upregulation of the p53/ERK pathway.     

吡格列酮抑制人胶质瘤SNB19细胞生长及诱导其凋亡

目的 探讨吡格列酮(PGZ)对人神经胶质瘤细胞株SNB19增殖和凋亡的影响及其机制。方法 用MTT、流式细胞仪、Tunel和Western blot分析技术。结果 吡格列酮能够抑制SNB19细胞增殖和诱导其凋亡,同时伴有Bax表达的增高和pRb、Bcl-2表达的降低。结论 PGZ能够在体外抑制胶质瘤SNB19细胞的生长并诱导其凋亡,提示PGZ有可能成为一种新的治疗胶质瘤药物。     

吡格列酮对HepG2细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及机制研究

目的观察吡格列酮对体外培养的HepG2细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,并探讨其是否通过PPARγ依赖途径发挥上述药理作用。方法将不同浓度的吡格列酮作用于体外培养HepG2细胞,以MTT比色法检测HepG2细胞增殖情况,以3H-TdR参入实验检测细胞DNA合成速率,采用RT-PCR和Western blot检测PPARγmRNA和蛋白的表达,以流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期;同时观察PPARγ特异性拮抗剂GW9662和(或)瞬时转染pSG5-PPARγ真核表达质粒对吡格列酮细胞增殖作用的影响;并将PPARγ小干扰RNA(pGCsi-PPARγ)表达质粒稳定转染HepG2细胞,观察PPARγ沉默后吡格列酮对HepG2细胞增殖作用的影响。结果吡格列酮作用于HepG2细胞后,导致HepG2细胞的增殖受到抑制、DNA合成速率减慢,并诱导细胞凋亡,呈一定的剂量依赖关系;在此过程中,G0/G1期细胞比例明显增加,S期细胞比例明显减少,但PPARγmRNA和蛋白的表达没有变化;GW9662部分拮抗吡格列酮的增殖抑制作用,但转染pSG5-PPARγ真核表达质粒可以逆转GW9662的作用;吡格列酮在高浓度(20μmol.L-1)时对pGCsi-PPARγ表达质粒稳定转染的HepG2细胞仍表现出增殖抑制作用。结论吡格列酮能够抑制HepG2细胞的增殖并诱导凋亡,具有潜在的抗瘤作用,这种作用与其诱导细胞G0/G1期的停滞有关,PPARγ依赖和非依赖途径参与上述过程。     

Silencing of astrocyte elevated gene‐1 inhibits proliferation and migration of melanoma cells and induces apoptosis

Melanoma is an aggressive skin malignancy with a high mortality. Astrocyte elevated gene‐1 (AEG‐1), a downstream target of Ras and c‐Myc, has been implicated in the development of multiple tumours, but its role in melanoma remains unclear. In the present study, the role of AEG‐1 in melanoma was explored through AEG‐1 silencing. Our results showed that silencing AEG‐1 inhibited the proliferation of melanoma cells, induced cell cycle arrest, and reduced levels of cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and cyclin‐dependent kinase 2. AEG‐1silencing also induced apoptosis in melanoma cells and altered the levels of cleaved caspase‐3, B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) and Bcl‐2 associated X protein. Moreover, silencing AEG‐1 suppressed the migration and invasion of melanoma cells, reduced the expressions and activities of matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9, and inhibited the activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway in melanoma cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that AEG‐1 silencing inhibited the growth of melanoma xenografts in nude mice. In summary, our study demonstrates an oncogenic role of AEG‐1 in melanoma and suggests that AEG‐1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of melanoma.     

Gentamicin-induced apoptosis in renal cell lines and embryonic rat fibroblasts.

Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, induces apoptosis in the proximal tubule epithelium of rats treated at low, therapeutically relevant doses (El Mouedden et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 665-675, 2000). Renal cell lines (LLC-PK(1) and MDCK-cells) have been used to further characterize and quantitate this process (electron microscopy; terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling of fragmented DNA [TUNEL]; and DNA size analysis [oligonucleosomal laddering]). Cells were exposed for up to 4 days to gentamicin concentrations of up to 3 mM. Apoptosis developed, almost linearly, with time and drug concentration, and was (i) preventable within the time-frame of the experiments by overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and by co-incubation with cycloheximide (MDKC but not LLC-PK(1) cells); (ii) associated with an increased activity of caspases (MDCK cells; bcl-2 transfectants showed no increase of caspase activities and Z-VAD.fmk afforded full protection). Gentamicin-induced apoptosis also developed to a similar extent in embryonic fibroblasts cultured under the same conditions. In the 3 cell types, apoptosis (measured after 4 days) was directly correlated with cell gentamicin content (apoptotic index [approximately 10 to 18% of TUNEL (+) cells for a content of 20 microg of gentamicin/mg protein; kidney cortex of rats showing apoptosis in proximal tubule epithelium typically contains approximately 10 microg of gentamicin/mg protein). Thus, gentamicin has an intrinsic capability of inducing apoptosis in eucaryotic cells. Development of apoptosis in proximal tubules of kidney cortex in vivo after gentamicin systemic administration is therefore probably related to its capacity to concentrate in this epithelium after systemic administration.     

不同ACEI类药物对糖尿病大鼠心肌间质纤维化的影响

目的通过研究卡托普利、贝那普利、福辛普利对糖尿病大鼠心肌转化生长因子β1（TGF—β1）及基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）的影响,探讨这3种药物对糖尿病大鼠心肌的抗纤维化作用。方法50只SD大鼠分为10只正常组,40只糖尿病组,糖尿病组链脲佐菌素注射建模。建模成功后将成功的糖尿病鼠（37只,未成功2只,死亡1只）随机分糖尿病组（n=9）、卡托普利治疗组（n=9）、贝拉普利治疗组（n=9）、福辛普利治疗组（n=10）,免疫组化法测Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的表达,TGF-β1、基质金属蛋白酶特异性抑制物（TIMP—1）和MMP-1蛋白的表达。RT—PCR法测TIMP-1和MMP-1 mRNA的表达。结果糖尿病组心脏指数心室指数显著大于正常组（P〈0．05）,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原的表达也增加（P〈0．05）,存在着心肌间质纤维化,胶原Ⅰ、胶原Ⅲ、TGF—β1、TIMP-1蛋白及TIMP-1 mRNA的表达增高（P〈0．05）,MMP—1蛋白及mRNA的表达减少（P〈0．05）。经过卡托普利、福辛普利、贝那普利后,上述各异常指标均有所改善。结论3组药物通过对TGF-β1和MMPs的影响可明显改善糖尿病心肌间质纤维化。卡托普利的疗效比贝那普利与福辛普利稍差,贝那普利与福辛普利之间无差异。     

全反式维甲酸对高糖诱导肾小管上皮细胞增殖及凋亡的影响

摘要： 目的 探讨全反式维甲酸 （ATRA） 对高糖诱导人 HK-2 细胞增殖及凋亡的影响, 以期延缓糖尿病肾病（DN）。方法 体外培养 HK-2 细胞, 随机分为 6 组： 空白组 （未加任何刺激物）、 高糖组 （加 D-葡萄糖 30 mmol/L）、 高渗组 （加入甘露醇 24.5 mmol/L）、 低浓度 ATRA 组 （加入 ATRA 1×10-7 mol/L+D-葡萄糖 30 mmol/L）、 中浓度 ATRA 组（加入 ATRA 1×10-6 mol/L+D-葡萄糖 30 mmol/L）、 高浓度 ATRA 组 （加入 ATRA 1×10-5 mol/L+D-葡萄糖 30 mmol/L）。各组细胞培养 48 h。MTT 法检测各组细胞增殖情况, 流式细胞术检测各组细胞凋亡情况。结果 空白组与高渗组细胞光密度 （OD） 值和凋亡率差异无统计学意义。高糖组较空白组、 高渗组细胞增殖减少, 凋亡率增加; 低浓度、 中浓度、 高浓度 ATRA 组细胞增殖均较高糖组增加, 且低、 中及高浓度 ATRA 组依次增加, 凋亡率较高糖组减少, 且低、 中及高浓度 ATRA 组依次减少 （均 P＜0.05）。结论 ATRA 可促进高糖诱导的 HK-2 细胞增殖, 抑制其凋亡, 并与 ATRA 浓度可能具有一定的依赖性。     

YC-1 induces apoptosis of human renal carcinoma A498 cells in vitro and in vivo through activation of the JNK pathway

Background and purpose:

The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of YC-1{3-(5′-hydroxy methyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole}-induced human renal carcinoma cells apoptosis and to evaluate the potency of YC-1 in models of tumour growth in mice.

Experimental approach:

YC-1-mediated apoptosis was assessed by analysis of MTT, SRB, DAPI staining and flow cytometry analysis. Knockdown of JNK protein was achieved by transient transfection using siRNA. The mechanisms of action of YC-1 on different signalling pathways involved were studied using western blot. Fas clustering was analysed by confocal microscopy and in vivo efficacy was examined in a A498 xenograft model.

Key results:

YC-1 displayed cytotoxicity in renal carcinoma cells at 10⁻⁷–10⁻⁸ M. Increased condensation of chromatin was observed and an increase in the cell population in subG1 phase. Moreover, YC-1 triggered mitochondria-mediated and caspase-dependent pathways. YC-1 significantly induced Fas ligand expression, but did not modify either the protein levels of death receptors or ligands. In addition, Fas clustering in cells responsive to YC-1 was observed, suggesting involvement of a Fas-mediated pathway. Furthermore, YC-1 markedly induced phosphorylation of JNK and a JNK inhibitor, SP600125, and siRNA JNK1/2 significantly reversed YC-1-induced cytotoxicity and protein expression. We suggest that YC-1 induced JNK phosphorylation, the upregulation of FasL and Fas receptor clustering to promote the activation of caspases 8 and 3, resulting in apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrated the antitumour effect of YC-1 in vivo.

Conclusions and implications:

These data suggest that YC-1 is a good candidate for development as an anticancer drug.