间充质干细胞鼻内递送治疗中枢神经系统疾病的研究进展

中枢神经系统疾病严重影响着患者的生活质量。间充质干细胞以其免疫调节、促进细胞再生和促进血管新生等生物学特性,成为目前治疗神经系统疾病的理想种子细胞。鼻内递送干细胞是新近出现的给药途径,具有非侵入性、简便安全、特异性作用于病变部位等特点,并可减轻全身给药的副作用,有希望成为中枢神经系统疾病治疗的常用方法之一。     

Controlled delivery of mesenchymal stem cells and growth factors using a nanofiber scaffold for tendon repair

Outcomes after tendon repair are often unsatisfactory, despite improvements in surgical techniques and rehabilitation methods. Recent studies aimed at enhancing repair have targeted the paucicellular nature of tendon for enhancing repair; however, most approaches for delivering growth factors and cells have not been designed for dense connective tissues such as tendon. Therefore, we developed a scaffold capable of delivering growth factors and cells in a surgically manageable form for tendon repair. Platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), along with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs), were incorporated into a heparin/fibrin-based delivery system (HBDS). This hydrogel was then layered with an electrospun nanofiber poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) backbone. The HBDS allowed for the concurrent delivery of PDGF-BB and ASCs in a controlled manner, while the PLGA backbone provided structural integrity for surgical handling and tendon implantation. In vitro studies verified that the cells remained viable, and that sustained growth factor release was achieved. In vivo studies in a large animal tendon model verified that the approach was clinically relevant, and that the cells remained viable in the tendon repair environment. Only a mild immunoresponse was seen at dissection, histologically, and at the mRNA level; fluorescently labeled ASCs and the scaffold were found at the repair site 9 days post-operatively; and increased total DNA was observed in ASC-treated tendons. The novel layered scaffold has the potential for improving tendon healing due to its ability to deliver both cells and growth factors simultaneously in a surgically convenient manner.     

Spatiotemporal recapitulation of central nervous system development by murine embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells

Neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) can generate a wide variety of neural cells. However, their fates are generally restricted, depending on the time and location of NS/PC origin. Here we demonstrate that we can recapitulate the spatiotemporal regulation of central nervous system (CNS) development in vitro by using a neurosphere-based culture system of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived NS/PCs. This ES cell-derived neurosphere system enables the efficient derivation of highly neurogenic fibroblast growth factor-responsive NS/PCs with early temporal identities and high cell-fate plasticity. Over repeated passages, these NS/PCs exhibit temporal progression, becoming epidermal growth factor-responsive gliogenic NS/PCs with late temporal identities; this change is accompanied by an alteration in the epigenetic status of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter, similar to that observed in the developing brain. Moreover, the rostrocaudal and dorsoventral spatial identities of the NS/PCs can be successfully regulated by sequential administration of several morphogens. These NS/PCs can differentiate into early-born projection neurons, including cholinergic, catecholaminergic, serotonergic, and motor neurons, that exhibit action potentials in vitro. Finally, these NS/PCs differentiate into neurons that form synaptic contacts with host neurons after their transplantation into wild-type and disease model animals. Thus, this culture system can be used to obtain specific neurons from ES cells, is a simple and powerful tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of CNS development, and is applicable to regenerative treatment for neurological disorders.     

3D bioprinting of neural stem cell-laden thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and potential in central nervous system repair

The 3D bioprinting technology serves as a powerful tool for building tissue in the field of tissue engineering. Traditional 3D printing methods involve the use of heat, toxic organic solvents, or toxic photoinitiators for fabrication of synthetic scaffolds. In this study, two thermoresponsive water-based biodegradable polyurethane dispersions (PU1 and PU2) were synthesized which may form gel near 37 °C without any crosslinker. The stiffness of the hydrogel could be easily fine-tuned by the solid content of the dispersion. Neural stem cells (NSCs) were embedded into the polyurethane dispersions before gelation. The dispersions containing NSCs were subsequently printed and maintained at 37 °C. The NSCs in 25–30% PU2 hydrogels (∼680–2400 Pa) had excellent proliferation and differentiation but not in 25–30% PU1 hydrogels. Moreover, NSC-laden 25–30% PU2 hydrogels injected into the zebrafish embryo neural injury model could rescue the function of impaired nervous system. However, NSC-laden 25–30% PU1 hydrogels only showed a minor repair effect in the zebrafish model. In addition, the function of adult zebrafish with traumatic brain injury was rescued after implantation of the 3D-printed NSC-laden 25% PU2 constructs. Therefore, the newly developed 3D bioprinting technique involving NSCs embedded in the thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane ink offers new possibilities for future applications of 3D bioprinting in neural tissue engineering.     

新生大鼠神经干细胞的分离培养与观察

目的 建立神经干细胞的分离，培养及分化鉴定技术；观察神经干细胞生长，增殖及分化的特点，方法 分离新生SD大鼠脑室下区的组织，经消化及机械吹打后，采用原代贴壁及传代悬浮的方法，培养获得细胞克隆。应用免疫细胞化学方法及透射电镜检测技术，鉴定神经干细胞和分化的神经细胞，结果 从新生SD大鼠脑室下区分离的组织，经原代和传代培养均可形成细胞克隆，并具增殖的能力，原代和传代细胞抗原-nestin呈阳性，分化后的细胞可表达神经元，星形角质细胞和少突角质细胞的特异性抗原。结论 用此方法分离的细胞具有自我更新和分化潜能，有很强的增殖能力，是属于中枢神经系统的干细胞。     

内源性神经干细胞修复中枢神经系统损伤的策略

神经干细胞（NSCs）具有增殖、迁移及分化的特性。动员内源性NSCs已成为修复中枢神经系统（CNS）损伤的一条新策略。近年来不少研究表明,营养因子、细胞因子、高压氧、中医药、丰富环境和康复训练等措施可以促进内源性NSCs动员,而且利用具有NSCs特性的神经细胞同样有利于促进CNS损伤的修复。     

神经营养因子和生长因子在神经干细胞中的研究进展

神经营养因子(neurotrophic factors,NF)包括神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neural neurotrophic factor,BDNF)等.生长因子(growth factors,GF)家族成员有酸性成纤维细胞生长因子(acidic fibroblast growth factor,aFGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)等,两大家族均对神经系统的发育以及维持神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)的存活、促进其增殖、分化并诱导其定向迁移等众多方面发挥着重要作用.本文简要概括介绍NF中的重要成员之一脑源性神经营养因子,GF家族中的重要成员VEGF和bFGF对NSCs的影响.     

Differentiation of neural stem cells in three-dimensional growth factor-immobilized chitosan hydrogel scaffolds

The adult central nervous system (CNS) contains adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that possess the ability to differentiate into the primary cell types found in the CNS and to regenerate lost or damaged tissue. The ability to specifically and spatially control differentiation is vital to enable cell-based CNS regenerative strategies. Here we describe the development of a protein-biomaterial system that allows rapid, stable and homogenous linking of a growth factor to a photocrosslinkable material. A bioactive recombinant fusion protein incorporating pro-neural rat interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) and the AviTag for biotinylation was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The photocrosslinkable biopolymer, methacrylamide chitosan (MAC), was thiolated, allowing conjugation of maleimide-strepatavidin via Michael-type addition. We demonstrated that biotin-rIFN-γ binds specifically to MAC-streptavidin in stoichiometric yields at 100 and 200 ng/mL in photocrosslinked hydrogels. For cell studies, NSPCs were photo-encapsulated in 100 ng/mL biotin-rIFN-γ immobilized MAC based scaffolds and compared to similar NSPC-seeded scaffolds combining 100 ng/mL soluble biotin-rIFN-γ vs. no growth factor. Cells were cultured for 8 days after which differentiation was assayed using immunohistochemistry for lineage specific markers. Quantification showed that immobilized biotin-rIFN-γ promoted neuronal differentiation (72.8 ± 16.0%) similar to soluble biotin-rIFN-γ (71.8 ± 13.2%). The percentage of nestin-positive (stem/progenitor) cells as well as RIP-positive (oligodendrocyte) cells were significantly higher in scaffolds with soluble vs. immobilized biotin-rIFN-γ suggesting that 3-D immobilization results in a more committed lineage specification.     

NG2 and Olig2 expression provides evidence for phenotypic deregulation of cultured central nervous system and peripheral nervous system neural precursor cells

Neural stem cells cultured with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/epidermal growth factor (EGF) generate clonal expansions called neurospheres (NS), which are widely used for therapy in animal models. However, their cellular composition is still poorly defined. Here, we report that NS derived from several embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS) regions are composed mainly of remarkable cells coexpressing radial glia markers (BLBP, RC2, GLAST), oligodendrogenic/neurogenic factors (Mash1, Olig2, Nkx2.2), and markers that in vivo are typical of the oligodendrocyte lineage (NG2, A2B5, PDGFR-alpha). On NS differentiation, the latter remain mostly expressed in neurons, together with Olig2 and Mash1. Using cytometry, we show that in growing NS the small population of multipotential self-renewing NS-forming cells are A2B5(+) and NG2(+). Additionally, we demonstrate that these NS-forming cells in the embryonic spinal cord were initially NG2(-) and rapidly acquired NG2 in vitro. NG2 and Olig2 were found to be rapidly induced by cell culture conditions in spinal cord neural precursor cells. Olig2 expression was also induced in astrocytes and embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells in culture after EGF/FGF treatment. These data provide new evidence for profound phenotypic modifications in CNS and PNS neural precursor cells induced by culture conditions.     

髓鞘相关抑制因子与中枢神经系统损伤

轴突生长的抑制因素是中枢神经系统受损后再生困难的主要原因之一。髓鞘相关糖蛋白(MAG),Nogo蛋白和少突胶质细胞-髓鞘糖蛋白(OMgp)是3种主要的髓鞘相关抑制因子（MAIFs）。Ephrin-B3是另外一种髓鞘相关抑制因子。Nogo受体,p75受体和LINGO-1组成Nogo受体复合体。Rho-A和蛋白激酶C是MAIFs发挥轴突生长抑制作用的重要胞内分子。拮抗MAIFs或是阻断MAIFs的信号通路,可促进中枢神经损伤后的轴突再生。     

Micro-stamped surfaces for the patterned growth of neural stem cells

We present a method for patterning neural stem cells based on pre-patterning polypeptides on a cell-repellent surface (poly(ethylene) oxide-like, PEO-like, plasma-deposited films). The method ensures cell attachment and stability for several weeks, as well as it allows cell migration and differentiation. Various patterns of approximately 1 nm thick cell adhesive poly-L-lysine (PLL) have been created on a cell-repellent PEO-like matrix by microcontact printing using different array configurations and printing conditions. The cell-repellent property of PEO-like film determined the confinement of the cells on the printed patterns. Optimization of the printing method showed that the most homogeneous patterns over large areas were obtained using PLL diluted in carbonate buffer (100mM) at pH 8.4. Neural stem cells cultured on the PLL patterns in low serum and in differentiating medium over 20 days exhibited a good confinement to the polypeptide domains. The number of cells attached increased linearly with the micro-stamped PLL area. The cells were able to extend random axon-like projections to the outside of the patterns and presented high amount of ramifications when cultured in differentiating medium. Migration and axon-like outgrowth have been successfully guided by means of an interconnected squares configuration. The surfaces are suitable for controlling the patterning of stem cells and provide a platform for the assessment of the way how different cell arrangements and culture conditions influence cell interactions and cell developmental processes.     

神经干细胞培养及其影响因素

背景：神经干细胞移植治疗是中枢神经系统损伤性、难治性疾病研究的热点。如何有效提高神经干细胞存活率、克隆形成率将是其应用的重要基础和前提。 目的：探讨影响神经干细胞培养质量的可能因素,为神经干细胞的基础和临床应用研究提供参考。 方法：①神经干细胞分离和培养：分离出生24 h内SD大鼠的大脑,剪碎离心后以1×10⁸ L^-1的浓度接种,经含体积分数为10%胎牛血清的DMEM/F12培养基预培养4 h后改用无血清条件培养基(DMEM/F12,碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子、B27)培养,2 d或3 d换液1次,6 d时传代。②神经干细胞鉴定：倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态及生物学特性;免疫组化检测第3代细胞神经巢蛋白表达和诱导分化后神经元特异性烯醇化酶和神经胶质酸性蛋白的表达。 结果与结论：出生24 h的新生大鼠可获得足量的神经干细胞;血清预培养可提高神经干细胞的增殖和存活率;免疫组化结合血清诱导分化可对培养的神经干细胞进行定性鉴定。取材时间、细胞接种密度、传代时间、细胞因子、血清等多种因素都将影响神经干细胞的培养质量。     

IFN-beta gene transfer into the central nervous system using bone marrow cells as a delivery system.

The peripheral delivery of interferon-beta (IFN-beta) for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is only partially effective because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To circumvent this problem, we evaluated the feasibility of genetically altering bone marrow cells ex vivo and using them as vehicles to transfer the IFN-beta cDNA into the mouse CNS. An IFN-beta retroviral expression vector (pLXSN-IFNbeta) was used to stably transfect PA317 cells. The supernatant from these producer cells, which expressed IFN-beta mRNA and protein, were used to infect bone marrow cells. When transplanted into irradiated mice, IFN-beta-engineered marrow cells accessed the CNS and expressed IFN-beta mRNA and protein. Marrow cells transduced with a control neomycin vector entered the brain and expressed the neomycin but not the IFN-beta gene. In the CNS, IFN-beta delivered by marrow cells induced the mRNA expression of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-OAS), indicating biologic activity. Our findings demonstrating that bone marrow cells can serve as a delivery system for IFN-beta cDNA into the CNS could have implications for the treatment of neurologic disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), viral encephalitis, and brain tumors.     

Delivering neuroactive molecules from biodegradable microspheres for application in central nervous system disorders

Nerve growth factor (NGF) may enhance axonal regeneration following injury to the central nervous system (CNS), such as after spinal cord injury. The release profile of NGF, co-encapsulated with ovalbumin, was tailored from biodegradable polymeric microspheres using both polymer degradation and protein loading. Biodegradable polymeric microspheres were prepared from PLGA 50/50, PLGA 85/15, PCL and a blend of PCL/PLGA 50/50 (1:1, w/w), where the latter was used to further tailor the degradation rate. The amount of protein loaded in the microspheres was varied, with PCL encapsulating the greatest amount of protein and PLGA 50/50 encapsulating the least. A two-phase release profile was observed for all polymers where the first phase resulted from release of surface proteins and the second phase resulted predominantly from polymer degradation. Polymer degradation influenced the release profile most notably from PLGA 50/50 and PLGA 85/15 microspheres. The amount and bioactivity of released NGF was followed over a 91 d period using a NGF-ELISA and PC12 cells, respectively. NGF was found to be bioactive for 91 d, which is longer than previously reported.     

Neural stem cells -- a versatile tool for cell replacement and gene therapy in the central nervous system

In recent years, it has become evident that the developing and even the adult mammalian central nervous system contains a population of undifferentiated, multipotent cell precursors, neural stem cells, the plastic properties of which might be of advantage for the design of more effective therapies for many neurological diseases. This article reviews the recent progress in establishing rodent and human clonal neural stem cell lines, their biological properties, and how these cells can be utilized to a correct variety of defects, with prospects for the near future to harness their behaviour for neural stem cell-based treatment of diseases in humans.     

神经营养因子在中枢神经系统的作用

神经营养因子是一类对神经元有特异性的蛋白质。具有促进和维持神经细胞生长、存活和分化的作用。它是由靶细胞产生的天然蛋白质，经轴突摄取逆行运输至胞体，对神经元的存活和轴突的生长有重要作用，并具有调节突触可塑性和神经递质传递等功能。     

Regulatory T cells in the central nervous system

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical to the human immune system, providing appropriately scaled immune responses and mediating peripheral tolerance. A central role for forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) Tregs has been shown in the pathogenesis of mechanistically diverse central nervous system (CNS) diseases from autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis to glioblastomas. Understanding how tumors induce Treg function to escape immune surveillance in marked contrast to autoimmune diseases, where there is loss of Treg function, will provide valuable lessons regarding Treg biology and potential therapeutic targets for CNS diseases.