杨浦区2014年青少年脊柱侧凸的发病率研究

目的：回顾性分析2014年上海市杨浦区初中毕业生脊柱侧凸的发生率及特点。方法：分析2014年杨浦区初中毕业生的胸部前后位X线片,发现脊柱侧凸病例,加摄腰椎前后位片位,并分析图像结果。结果：2014年杨浦区初中毕业生摄片体检4 173例,年龄15~16岁,其中男2 101例,女2 072例;诊断脊柱侧凸327例,总发病率7.836%,其中女263例,发病率12.693%,男性发病率3.046%,女性发病率高于男性（P<0.001）。胸主凸是最常见的侧凸类型,占所有侧凸的41.284%,且大部分为右凸。结论：2014年杨浦区初中毕业生脊柱侧凸发病率较高,女生发病率显著高于男生,胸主凸是最常见的侧凸类型。     

EOS~(TM)在青少年脊柱侧凸中的应用

脊柱侧凸是青少年常见的脊柱畸形。传统的X线摄影只能从二维平面评估侧凸畸形,且辐射剂量高。近年来新出现的EOS影像采集系统采用低于传统X线及CT的辐射剂量即可同步获得人体站立位正侧位全脊柱影像,并能通过三维重建获得多种测量参数,从而量化评估脊柱轴面旋转,有助于脊柱侧凸的诊断、分级、手术方案制定及术后随访,尤其适用于青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病人。就EOS的原理、优势及在青少年脊柱侧凸中的应用予以综述。     

用中轴线距离法测量脊柱侧凸的研究

目的 探讨一种测量脊柱侧凸的新方法(即中轴线距离法,简称中线法)的临床应用价值.方法 选择30例特发性脊柱侧弯患者,由6名医师分别独立运用Cobb法和中线测量法在医学影像存档和通讯系统(PACS)工作站上对脊柱侧凸程度进行测量,并间隔3周后,每名观测者再对30例患者重复测量1次,对所得测量结果进行配对t检验.结果 (1)6名医师自身2次测量结果比较:Cobb法和中线法测量产生的最小差值均是0,最大差值分别是24.00°和12.00 mm,平均差值分别是5.71°±1.54°和(1.95±0.58)mm.采用Cobb法测量时,除2名主治医师重复测量结果(36.63°±10.3°与37.13°±10.22°、33.27°±10.09°与35.27°±9.71°)差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)外,其余4名医师重复测量结果分别为39.00°±10.69°与36.50°±10.63°、31.73°±10.96°与37.30°±9.65°、32.03°±7.49°与27.86°±9.00°、29.77°±8.87°与34.20°±7.26°,差异均存在统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).采用中线法测量时,6名医师重复测量结果[(51.03±15.85)mm与(50.73±15.50)mm、(52.40±14.88)mm与(52.70±14.74)mm、(53.77±16.14)mm与(53.60±15.33)mm、(54.07±15.36)mm与(54.40±15.07)mm、(51.87±14.67)mm与(51.77±14.46)mm、(52.93±13.88)mm与(53.27±15.00)mm]差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).(2)6名医师相互间比较:Cobb法和中线法平均差值分别是5.07°±0.35°和(2.32±0.26)mm.采用Cobb法测量时,相同年资医师间(36.63°±10.30°与33.27°±10.10°、39.00°±10.69°与31.73°±10.96°、32.03°±7.49°与29.78°±8.87°)及不同年资医师间(36.63°±10.30°分别与39.00°±10.69°、32.03°±7.49°比较,39.00°±10.69°与32.03°±7.49°比较)测量结果差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05).而采用中线测量法测量,医师1分别与医师2、3[(51.03±15.85)mm分别与(52.40±14.88)mm、(53.77±16.33)mm]及医师3与医师5[(53.77±16.14)mm与(51.87±14.67)mm]间比较,差异均存在统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),医师5分别与医师1、6[(51.87±14.67)mm分别与(51.03±15.85)mm、(52.93±13.88)mm]及医师3与医师4[(53.77±16.14)mm与(54.00±15.36)mm]间比较,差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).差异与测量者经验无直接相关.结论 与Cobb法相比,中线法具有测量点明确、操作方便、测量结果误差小、重复性好等优点,值得临床试用和推广.     

脊柱侧凸的X线诊断与评估(一)

脊柱侧凸是青少年常见病,X线是诊断和评估脊柱侧凸的主要手段。X线对侧凸程度、侧凸类型、躯干平衡、进展风险等方面的评估为临床诊断和治疗方案的选择提供了重要依据。     

脊柱侧凸支点X线投照和预测

目的配合临床评价支点弯曲位X线片在预测特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱矫形融合术效果价值。方法对40例特发性脊柱侧凸患者的45个结构性弯曲行术前站立位,仰卧正侧位,仰卧正屈位和支点弯曲位X线摄片。结果术前对胸弯和腰弯仰侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为43°和22°,支点弯曲X线片测量平均Cobb角分别为38°和19,°术后Cobb角分别为37°和19°。严重侧弯组和中度侧弯组仰卧侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为52°和22°,支点弯曲位平均为49°和19°,术后Cobb角分别为45°和22°。结论支点弯曲位X线片比传统摄片更好地为临床提供更多信息。     

青少年重度脊柱侧凸的影像学评价

目的:探讨青少年重度脊柱侧凸的影像学诊断价值。材料和方法:65例重度脊柱侧凸患者行X线平片、CT、MR I检查。结果:65例脊柱侧凸,X线平片显示主弯术前平均Cobb角102.3,°术后平均Cobb角48.4;°CT测量椎弓根平均深度47mm、椎弓根横径平均6.6m,椎管内纵行骨嵴10例。MR I检查发现脊髓异常26例。结论:青少年重度脊柱侧凸需要进行手术治疗,综合影像学检查可以提供全面的影像资料,为术前诊断提供有用的信息;术后复查根据需要选择X线平片、CT。     

特发性脊柱侧凸不同固定术式疗效分析

目的分析治疗特发性脊柱侧凸的不同手术方法和效果。方法对1989年一2005年收治的34例特发性脊柱侧凸术前、术后临床资料进行分析，总结所采用不同术式的治疗效果。结果34例分另U采用了Harrington术式、联合Harrington-Luque（H-L）术式、Cotrel-Dubousset（C-D）双棍法及Texas Scottish-Rite Hospital（TSRH）三维矫正，平均矫正率分别为36．42％、45．18％、55．68％、63．28％，采用H-L、C-D和TSRH手术方法的矫正度均高于Harrington方法，其中以TSRH、C-D三维矫正系统效果最好。结论手术矫正特发性脊柱侧凸效果是明显的，尤以近年运用的三维矫正系统效果更为优良。     

小儿脊柱侧凸成像

近年来随着影像技术的飞速发展,人们对小儿脊柱侧凸时脊柱的复杂性有了更好的认识.目前,普通X线片仍然是脊柱侧凸时首选和最常用的检查手段,但MRI在病因诊断和鉴别诊断等方面有着非常重要的价值,CT也有一定的作用.     

小儿脊柱侧凸成像

近年来随着影像技术的飞速发展,人们对小儿脊柱侧凸时脊柱的复杂性有了更好的认识,目前,普通X线片仍然是脊柱侧凸时首选和最常用的检查手段。但MRI在病因诊断和鉴别诊断等方面有着非常重要的价值。CT也有一定的作用。     

先天性脊柱侧凸的护理

目的:总结15例年幼儿先天性脊柱侧凸Ⅰ期前后路半椎体切除术护理。方法:15例患者均进行CT及MRI检查,术前肺功能训练,术后轴向翻身技术及体位护理、病情观察、饮食指导、和功能锻炼等综合护理。结果:15例均顺利完成手术,手术疗效显著,未出现严重护理并发症。结论:重视年幼儿先天性脊柱侧凸Ⅰ期前后路半椎体切除术围手术期的每一项综合护理,是手术顺利及术后早日康复的重要保证。     

Correlation between spinal coronal balance and static baropodometry in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundScoliosis is accepted as a 3-dimensional deformity involving axial, sagittal and frontal planes.Research questionTo evaluate the correlation between baropodometric parameters and coronal balance status for idiopathic scoliosis.Methods44 patients (7 males and 37 females) of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) were recruited. All participants should have scoliosis confirmed by a spine X-ray performed less than one month ahead of the baropodometric study. Radiographic studies including Cobb angle, offset between Central Sacral Vertical Line (CSVL) and C7 Vertebra Plumb Line (C7PL) (considered as global coronal balance, GCB), Apical Translation of the major curve (AT, considered as regional coronal balance) as well as Lateral Pelvic Tilt (LPT) were examined. A static baropodometry was performed for each patient. The contact surface and load ratio (to the entire load of both feet) were measured.ResultsOn both sides, the surface of the forefoot was significantly larger than that of the rearfoot (P < 0.001) and the load ratio of the forefoot was significantly smaller than that of the rearfoot (P < 0.001). On the major curve side, GCB showed a positive correlation with the contact surface of the forefoot (r = 0.36, P = 0.019), as well as the load ratio (r = 0.40, P = 0.008). AT also showed a positive correlation with the load ratio of the forefoot (r = 0.331, P = 0.03) but no correlation with contact surface.SignificanceIn scoliosis, coronal balance is correlated to plantar pressure distribution. Apical translation of the major curve and offset between CSVL and C7PL are the best describers of coronal balance.     

Postural adjustments in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis during walking

IntroductionAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of three-dimensional spinal deformity. Identifying the postural adjustments or changes for different phases and events is needed for developing programs to improve the AIS gait, but such information has been limited. The current study aimed to fill the gap via three-dimensional motion analysis of quiet standing and level walking in patients with severe thoracic AIS.Materials and MethodsSixteen female adolescents with AIS (Lenke 1 or 2, age: 14.9 ± 1.7 years, height: 154.7 ± 5.0 cm, mass: 41.7 ± 7.2 kg) and sixteen sex-, age- and BMI-matched healthy controls (age: 14.8 ± 2.7 years, height: 154.9 ± 5.6 cm, mass: 44.7 ± 6.3 kg) participated in the current study with informed written consent. The kinematic and kinetic changes between the trunk, pelvis, and lower limb segments, and at the lumbosacral level at different gait events were measured during quiet standing and level walking.ResultsThe homogeneity of the current patient group helped reduce the effects of the level and severity of spinal deformity on inter-subject variability that has been associated with controversies over reported gait variables in AIS. The current results support the hypothesis that postural adjustments involving the trunk, pelvis and lower limb segments were needed in severe thoracic AIS during both quiet standing and level walking, and differed between concave and convex sides at different key gait events during level walking.ConclusionsAlthough scoliotic spinal deformity occurred mainly in the frontal plane, postural adjustments in all three planes were present at key events during level walking with associated joint loading changes in patients with severe thoracic AIS. Monitoring of such adjustments and the associated joint kinetic changes will be helpful for assessing the disease and treatment outcomes.     

MSCT后处理技术诊断特发性脊柱侧凸畸形的临床价值

目的：探讨MSCT后处理技术在特发性青少年脊柱侧凸畸形中的临床价值。方法：搜集2008年～2009年我院特发性青少年脊柱侧凸畸形病例25例,均行脊柱X线正、侧位片,MSCT检查及三维重建。在经验丰富的外科医生指导下进行Lenke分型、腰椎侧凸修正分型、胸椎矢状面后凸分型,并结合MSCT后处理技术影像学资料及术中数据进行综合评价,评估MSCT后处理技术在外科学脊柱侧凸分型中的应用价值。结果：Lenke Ⅰ型11例,最为多见;Lenke Ⅲ型5例,Lenke Ⅴ型7例,Lenke Ⅵ型2例。腰椎侧凸进一步分型中,A型6例,B型5例,C型14例。胸椎侧凸矢状面进一步分型,正常20例,后凸角度增大2例,后凸角度减小3例。结论：MSCT后处理技术是Lenke分型的补充,也是Lenke分型弯曲类型、腰弯修正型、胸椎矢状面修正型三种基本类型有机、立体、直观的结合在一起的桥梁。     

Lumbopelvic postural differences in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A pilot study

BackgroundA primary etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is currently unknown, but poor postural control of the spinal extensor musculature has been identified as an AIS risk factor. Identifiable postural differences would aid in advancing the precise postural behaviors that should be modified during Physiotherapy Scoliosis Specific Exercise (PSSE) to help limit the progression of AIS.Research questionAre there any determinable differences in lumbopelvic posture or range of motion between subjects with AIS and controls?MethodsThis prospective cohort pilot study consisted of 53 subjects (27 AIS and 26 control) aged 11–17 years. Subjects had their lumbopelvic posture assessed and monitored using the ViMove DorsaVi sensor package. All subjects underwent a live assessment to obtain initial lumbopelvic (LP) range of motion (ROM) measurements. Subjects were then monitored while continuing with normal activities of daily living (ADLs) for 12 h. With an alpha level of 0.05, nonparametric analyses were performed for each variable via a Mann-Whitney U-test.ResultsDuring the live assessment, controls exhibited a significantly greater anterior pelvic tilt ROM in the sitting position than the AIS group (p = 0.0433). When compared to female controls, females with AIS had a sitting pelvic tilt ROM that was significantly more retroverted (p = 0.0232) and less anteverted (p = 0.0010). During ADLs, female controls exhibited a higher total number of extension events than their female with AIS (p = 0.0263). These associations did not strengthen with greater spinal deformity.SignificanceThis work demonstrates postural differences between patients with AIS and controls. Further study is necessary to determine why patients with AIS adopt these postures, and if PSSEs can be utilized to limit the progression of AIS.     

Time-to-contact and multiscale entropy identify differences in postural control in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Previous reports on changes in postural control in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) compared to healthy controls have been inconsistent. This may suggest center of pressure (COP) sway parameters are not sufficient for determining the ability to maintain quiet upright stance indicating more complex measures may be needed to examine postural control in AIS. The purpose of this investigation was to compare postural control between AIS of different severity levels and healthy controls using time-to-contact (TtC), the complexity index of multiscale entropy (C_r), and COP sway parameters. Thirty-six AIS patients were classified as pre-bracing or pre-operative and compared to 10 healthy control subjects. Overall, the AIS patients showed significantly greater COP sway in mediolateral direction, but deficits with respect to the anteroposterior direction were only systematically identified with the time-to-contact and entropy measures. The multiscale entropy (C_r) results indicate that those with AIS utilize a different control strategy from healthy controls in the mediolateral direction that is more constrained, less complex and less adaptable. AIS severity further reduced this adaptability in the anteroposterior direction. These results indicate it is necessary to examine both planes of motion when investigating postural control in AIS. Additionally, the application of the measures used to assess the nature of the postural control changes in AIS should also be considered.     

特发性脊柱侧弯后路矫形植骨融合内固定围术期护理

目的 探讨脊柱侧弯后路矫形植骨融合内固定术围术期的护理方法.方法 对31例特发性脊柱侧弯患者采用后路矫形钉、钩棒系统内固定选择性脊柱融合术,对于重度患者采用广泛后路松解或前路松解后矫形融合治疗;术前给予心理护理、肺功能训练、自我伸长训练、唤醒试验训练、自我形象鉴定、床上生活能力训练;术后密切观察神经系统变化,正确搬运和翻身,给予最佳卧位,加强引流管护理、呼吸道护理、功能锻炼指导和出院指导.结果 31例患者均顺利完成手术.术后身高增加2～15 cm.本组未发生螺钉及棒的松动、断裂及神经系统损伤、切口感染,压疮等.结论 术前充分的准备,术后精细的护理是手术成功及患者尽早康复的重要保证.

Abstract：

Objective To probe into the perioperative nursing method during osterior fusion and fmation for idiopathic scoliosis. Methods The study involved 31 patients with idiopathic scoliosis treated with posterior correction nails and selective spinal fusion with hook-rod system fixation.The severe patients were treated with extensive posterior release or anterior correction and fusion posterior to release.Before the operation,the patients were administrated with mental nursing,lung function exercise,self-elongation exercise,wake-up pilot training,self-image appraisement and bed and life skills exercise.After the operation,an observation was done on the change of nervous system,propor turning the body over best clinostatism,drainage tube care,respiratory passage care,functional exercise instruction and discharge instruction. Results The operation was accomplished successfully in all the patients,which showed that the body height was increased 2-15 cm.There found no complications including loosening or breakage of the nails or sticks,nervous system injury,incisional wound infection or press~e sore. Conclusion Preoperative sufficient preparation and fine postoperative nursing are important guarantee to successful operation and fast rehabilitation.     

Bilateral asymmetry in kinematic strategies for obstacle-crossing in adolescents with severe idiopathic thoracic scoliosis

IntroductionAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common three-dimensional spinal deformity pathology during adolescence, often accompanied with sensory integration and proprioception problems, which may lead to abnormal postural control and altered end-point control during functional activities. This paper identifies the effects of AIS on the end-point control and on angular kinematics of the trunk and pelvis-leg apparatus during obstacle-crossing for both the concave- and convex-side limb leading.Materials and MethodsSixteen adolescents with severe Lenke 1 AIS (age: 14.9 ± 1.7 years, height: 154.7 ± 5.0 cm) and sixteen healthy controls (age: 14.8 ± 2.7 years, height: 154.9 ± 5.6 cm) each walked and crossed obstacles of 3 heights with either the concave- (AIS-A) or convex-side (AIS-V) limb leading. Angular motions of the trunk, pelvis and lower limbs, and toe-obstacle clearances were measured. Two-way analyses of variance were used to study between-subject (group) and within-subject (limb and height) effects on the variables. Whenever a height effect was found, a polynomial test was used to determine the linear trend. α = 0.05 was set for all tests.ResultsPatients with AIS significantly reduced pelvic downward list but increased dorsiflexion in both stance and swing ankles at leading limb crossing when compared to controls (p < 0.05). During AIS-A, additional kinematic modifications were observed, i.e., increased stance hip adduction (4.2 ± 0.8°, p = 0.005) and increased swing knee flexion (12.6 ± 1.4°, p = 0.106), with significantly decreased leading toe-clearance (AIS-A: 121.4 ± 6.7 mm, controls: 140.1 ± 5.6 mm, p = 0.031).ConclusionsPatients with AIS adopted an altered kinematic strategy for successful obstacle-crossing. With the concave-side limb leading, more joint kinematic modifications with reduced toe-clearance were found when compared to those during the convex-side limb leading, suggesting an increased risk of tripping. Further studies on the kinematic strategies adopted by different types of AIS will be needed for a more complete picture of the functional adaptations in such patient group.     

Gait stability improvement after fusion surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is influenced by corrective measures in coronal and sagittal planes

To achieve optimal results after fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), radiographic parameters must be aligned with motion and performance. The effects of fusion on balance are poorly understood. Center of mass (COM) excursion and instantaneous interaction with center of pressure (COP) provides information about patients’ balancing ability during gait. This study investigates the interaction between COM and COP (COM–COP) in AIS patients before and one year after spine fusion and determines what radiographic goals predict restoration of harmonious COM–COP. This was a prospective study that investigated sixteen adolescents with AIS curvature >30˚ requiring surgical correction. Clinical outcomes measures, X-rays, and 3D motion-capture gait analysis were collected. Sagittal and coronal COM and COP offsets and inclination angles were calculated from positional data. COM excursion was calculated as peak COM displacement based on mediolateral and vertical deviation from a line fitted to the patient’s path. Radiographic parameters were measured to determine variables predictive of change in COM excursion. Post-operatively, average COM peak displacement decreased (42.6 to 13.1 mm, p = 0.001) and COM peak vertical displacement remained unchanged (17.0 to 16.3mm, p = 0.472). COM–COP inclination angles reduced in the coronal, but not sagittal plane. Coronal lower extremity peak inclination angles reduced (8.8˚ to 7.5˚, p = 0.025), correlating with C7 plumb-line offset (R = 0.581, p = 0.018). Thoracic Cobb, thoracic kyphosis, and C7 plumb-line were predictors of change in COM excursion. Mediolateral COM excursion post-surgery may reflect an attempt to reduce kinetic demands with improved spinal alignment. Although AIS correction has historically focused on the coronal plane, sagittal parameters may be more important for motion than previously theorized.