反相高效液相色谱法测定蜂地麻滴眼液的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法测定蜂地麻滴眼液中盐酸丁卡因和盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法.方法:采用梯度洗脱反相高效液相法;C18色谱柱;以0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钠:乙腈=9∶1为流动相A,0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钠:乙腈=3∶7为流动相B;检测波长:218 nm.结果:盐酸丁卡因和盐酸麻黄碱在50.26～753.9 μg/mL和51.38～770.7 μg/mL范围内线性良好(r=1.000、0.999 5),平均回收率为100.25%、99.57%,RSD为0.75%、0.91%(n=9).结论:该方法可有效地同时测定样品中盐酸丁卡因和盐酸麻黄碱的含量,简便准确,适用于有蜂蜜干扰的制剂的含量测定.     

荧光分光光度法测定利多卡因丁卡因注射液中盐酸丁卡因的含量

目的:建立荧光分光光度法测定利多卡因丁卡因注射液中盐酸丁卡因的含量.方法:以311nm为激发波长,370 nm为发射波长,测定相对荧强度.结果:盐酸丁卡因在0.4～1.2μg·ml-1浓度范围与相对荧光强度呈良好线性关系,r=0.999 8.平均回收率为100.1%,RSD0.8%.结论:本品专属性强,可用于该制剂中盐酸丁卡因的含量测定.     

HPLC法同时测定宣肺止咳糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱和苦杏仁苷的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定宣肺止咳糖浆中盐酸麻黄碱和苦杏仁苷含量的方法.方法：采用Luna C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μn）,乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（加入0.1%三乙胺）（10：90）为流动相,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长210 nm,柱温30℃.结果：盐酸麻黄碱在2.2～111.5μg·ml-1的范围内有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 6,平均回收率为96.4%,RSD为1.34%（n=9） 苦杏仁苷在20.4～1 020.0μg·ml-1范围内有良好线性关系,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.0%,RSD为0.50%（n=9）.结论：方法可同时测定盐酸麻黄碱和苦杏仁苷的含量,简便,准确,重复性好,可作为宣肺止咳糖浆的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定喘康胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定喘康胶囊中盐酸麻黄碱含量的方法.方法:色谱柱为Kromasil C18(250 mm×4.6mm,5 μm),流动相为甲醇～0.01 mol·ml-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(磷酸调pH 2.5)(20:80),流速为0.8 ml·min-1,检测波长为210nm.结果:盐酸麻黄碱在2.7～27 μg·ml-1(r=0.999 9)范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为1.3%(n=6).结论:方法简便、准确、重复性好,可作为喘康胶囊的含量测定方法.     

紫外分光光度法测定复方替硝唑凝胶中替硝唑和盐酸利多卡因的含量

目的:建立紫外分光光度法测定复方替硝唑凝胶中替硝唑和盐酸利多卡因含量的方法.方法:分别采用单波长法和双波长法不经分离直接测定替硝唑和盐酸利多卡因的含量,替硝唑的测定波长为317 nm,盐酸利多卡因的测定波长为263 nm,参比波长为360 nm.结果:替硝唑在浓度为6～16 μg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为101.0%,RSD为0.9%(n=9).盐酸利多卡因在浓度为0.100~0.501 mg·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9,平均回收率为100.9%,RSD为0.6%(n=9).结论:该法操作简便,准确性较好,可用于直接测定复方替硝唑凝胶中替硝唑和盐酸利多卡因的含量.     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸丁卡因含量

目的建立紫外分光光度法测定复方盐酸丁卡因含漱液中的盐酸丁卡因含量,有效控制药品质量。方法利用盐酸丁卡因最大吸收波长,在311nm处紫外分光光度法测定含量。结果盐酸丁卡因含量测定方法的线性范围为1～9μg·mL-1,其回归方程为y=0.076x 0.0045(n=5,r=1.0000),平均回收率为101.3%,RSD为0.78%(n=9)。在测定波长处空白溶液对盐酸丁卡因测定无干扰,样品溶液在7h内稳定。结论本法快速,简便,重现性好,可用于复方盐酸丁卡因含漱液的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中主药的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液中呋喃西林和盐酸麻黄碱的含量.方法:采用HPLC,Agilent Eclipse×OB-C8色谱柱,乙腈:0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(22:78)为流动相,检测波长为255 nm.结果:呋喃西林在8～32μg·ml-1浓度范围内,盐酸麻黄碱在400～1600μg·ml-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,其相关系数分别为r=0.999 8和r=0.999 9,呋喃西林的平均回收率为99.66%(RSD为0.68%),日内RSD为0.38%;日间RSD为1.25%;盐酸麻黄碱的平均回收率为99.90%(RSD为0.44%),日内RSD为0.29%,日间RSD为1.12%.结论:本法简便、快速、结果准确,可用于测定复方呋喃西林滴鼻液的含量.     

HPLC双波长切换法同时测定复方唑克搽剂中甲硝唑和盐酸克林霉素的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定复方唑克搽剂中甲硝唑和盐酸克林霉素的含量.方法：采用Thermo Syncronics C18（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm） 色谱柱;流动相为0.05 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用25%氢氧化钾调节pH至7.5）-乙腈（55：45）;流速为1.0 ml·min-1;柱温为30℃;波长切换,0～5 min在230 nm波长下测定甲硝唑含量,5～10 min在210 nm波长下测定盐酸克林霉素含量.结果：甲硝唑在198.50～1 389.50 μg·ml-1（r=0.999 9）,盐酸克林霉素在102.74～719.18 μg· ml-1（r=0.999 9）的浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系;甲硝唑的平均加样回收率为98.09%,RSD为0.37%（n=9）,盐酸克林霉素的平均加样回收率为98.05%,RSD为0.60%（n=9）.结论：该方法简便、准确,结果稳定,可为复方唑克搽剂的质量评价提供依据.     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸丁卡因滴眼液的含量

目的 建立一种测定盐酸醒丁卡因滴眼液含量的方法.方法 采用紫外分光光度法,检测波长:311 nm.结果 盐酸丁卡因在2.18～13.08 μg·ml-1 的浓度范围内有良好的线性关系,平均回收率为98.5%.结论 本法简便、快速、准确.     

高效液相色谱法测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的 :建立测定氯麻滴鼻液中氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法。方法 :采用反相 μ Bondpak色谱柱 ,甲醇- 0 .0 2mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾 (5 5∶45 ,磷酸调 pH值3.5 )为流动相 ,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果 :氯霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的线性范围分别为 2 0～ 12 0 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ,80～ 480 μg·ml-1(r =0 .9998) ;加样回收率分别为 10 1.4% ,RSD =0 .5 %及 10 0 .8% ,RSD =0 .9% (n =5 ) ,日内RSD分别为 0 .9%和 0 .4% (n =5 ) ,日间RSD分别为 1.0 %和 0 .8% (n =4)。结论 :HPLC法可用于本制剂的含量测定和质量控制 ,方法简便、灵敏、结果准确     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.