HPLC法测定风湿福音丸中马钱子碱、士的宁的含量

目的建立风湿福音丸中马钱子碱、士的宁的含量测定方法。方法采用ApolloC18为分析柱,乙腈-0.01mol·L^-1庚烷磺酸钠与0.02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液（用10%磷酸调节pH值2.8）（20∶80）为流动相;流速为0.8mL·min^-1,检测波长为260nm。结果线性范围：士的宁0.05984～0.8976μg,r=0.99995,平均回收率为100.57%;RSD为2.38%（n=6）。马钱子碱0.04228～0.6342μg,r=0.9994,平均回收率为98.12%;RSD为1.56%（n=6）。结论该法操作简便、准确、分离度与稳定性好、专属性强,可作为控制该制剂的质量方法。     

复方马钱子片中士的宁和马钱子碱含量的测定

目的:建立复方马钱子片中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量测定方法.方法:采用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇 乙腈 水 冰醋酸(35∶40∶25∶0.5)为流动相,ZorbaxSB C18ODS(4.6 mm×250.0 mm,5 μm)为分析柱,紫外检测波长为254 nm.结果:士的宁线性范围为0.05～0.45 μg,r＝0.999 7,测量平均回收率99.4%,RSD 2.2%.马钱子碱线性范围0.06～0.54 μg,r＝0.999 4,测量平均回收率101.3%,RSD 1.22%.结论:高效液相色谱法测定复方马钱子片中士的宁和马钱子碱含量简便、快速、灵敏.     

腰腿痛片质量标准研究

目的建立腰腿痛片质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对处方中马钱子、防己、当归进行定性鉴别，用紫外分光光度法测定处方中马钱子中士的宁的含量。结果薄层色谱检出了马钱子、防己、当归的特征斑点；士的宁质量浓度线性范围是2．18-19．64μg／mL，r=0．9998（n=6），平均加样回收率为99．86％，RSD=0．15％（n=6）。结论方法简便准确，重现性好，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定蒙药顺气安神丸中马钱子碱和士的宁含量

目的：建立顺气安神丸中马钱子碱和士的宁的含量测定方法.方法：高效液相色谱法,以SHMADZUC18柱和phenomenex C18（均为250minx4.6mm,5μm）为色谱柱,以乙腈-0.02mol/L庚烷磺酸钠与0.04mol/L磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液（用10%磷酸调节PH值2.8）（18.5：81.5）为流动相,检测波长260nm.结果：马钱子碱进样量在0.0516μg～1.0336μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率为99.4%,RSD为0.86%（n=6）;士的宁进样量在0.0906μg～1.8120μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.89%（n=6）.结论：该方法灵敏、准确,重复性、专属性好,适用于顺气安神丸中毒性药材马钱子的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定止痛风湿丸中马钱子碱和士的宁的含量

目的建立止痛风湿丸中马钱子碱和士的宁的高效液相色谱的分析法。方法采用lunaC18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.01mol/L庚烷磺酸钠与0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾等量混合液(用10%磷酸调节pH值至2.8)(22∶78);流速1.0mL/min;检测波长为260nm。结果马钱子碱在0.06608～1.652μg(r=0.99988)、士的宁在0.04064～1.0160μg(r=0.99998),范围内呈良好的线性关系;马钱子碱平均回收率为98.4%,RSD为1.1%;士的宁平均回收率为98.6%,RSD为1.0%。结论本方法准确可靠,简便灵敏,重现性好,可用于止痛风湿丸中马钱子碱和士的宁的质量控制。     

HPLC测定风湿安泰片中马钱子碱和士的宁的含量

目的:采用反相高效液相色谱法测定风湿安泰片中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量。方法:采用 Hypersil BDS C_(18)色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),保护柱(4.6 mm×12 mm);乙腈-0.3%三乙胺溶液(磷酸调 pH=2.6)(10:90)为流动相,流速:1.0 mL·min~(-1),柱温:室温,检测波长:254 nm。结果:士的宁在4.6～46μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998),马钱子碱在2.65～26.5μg·mL~(-1)(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线性关系,士的宁的平均回收率(n=5)为101.1%,RSD 为2.8%;马钱子碱的平均回收率(n=5)为99.6%,RSD 为2.9%。结论:本方法准确、简便、快速,适用于风湿安泰片的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定山药丸中士的宁、马钱子碱的含量

目的：建立测定山药丸中士的宁和马钱子碱含量的方法。方法：采用HPLC法，色谱柱为Luna C18（4.6 mm×250 mm，5μm）；流动相为乙腈-0.0lmol?L-1庚烷磺酸钠与0.02mol?L-1磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液(用10％磷酸调节pH值至2.8)(21∶79)，流量1.0mL?min-1，柱温35℃，检测波长为260nm。结果：士的宁和马钱子碱的线性范围分别为0.03～0.95μg（r=1.0000）、0.03～1.17μg（r=0.9995），平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.5%、99.0%，其RSD分别为1.4%、0.8%。结论：所建方法可靠、准确，可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

RP—HPLC法测定瘫痿胶囊中马钱子碱和士的宁的含量

目的建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定瘫痿胶囊中马钱子碱和士的宁含量的方法。方法色谱柱为依利特C18（4．6×150mm，5μm），流动相为：0．01mol／L庚烷磺酸钠与0．02mol／L磷酸二氢钾等量混合溶液（用10％磷酸调节pH值2．8）-乙睛（79：21），流速：1．0ml／min，检测波长：260mm，柱温：30℃。结果马钱子碱进样量在0．1296～1．9440μg（r=0．99996）范围内，士的宁的进样量在0．1338—2．0070μg（r=0．99993）的范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系。平均加样回收率马钱子碱为99．91％，RSD=1．95％，（n=6）；士的宁为99．60％，RSD=1．48％，（n=6）。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好，可用于瘫痿胶囊的质量控制。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定痹痛消丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的含量

建立痹痛消丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的反相高效液相分析法。采用Diamonsil C18色谱柱;流动相为乙腈-甲醇-0.05mol.L-1KH2PO4溶液-三乙胺(25∶19∶55∶1),磷酸调pH至3.5;流速1ml.min-1;检测波长254nm。士的宁在15.49~185.88μg.ml-1(r=0.9999)、马钱子碱在5.05~60.60μg.ml-1(r=0.9998)范围内呈良好的线性关系;士的宁平均回收率为98.42%,RSD为1.14%;马钱子碱平均回收率为100.30%,RSD为1.07%。本方法准确可靠,简便灵敏,重现性好,可用于痹痛消丸中士的宁和马钱子碱的质量控制。     

补筋片的质量控制研究

目的建立补筋片质量控制方法。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别补筋片中丹参、制何首乌;采用高效液相色谱法测定士的宁、马钱子碱含量。结果薄层色谱法可以很好的鉴别丹参、制何首乌;士的宁在0．1338～2．007μg间线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为98．98％（RSD=2．61％）;马钱子碱在0．1296～1．944μg间线性关系良好（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为100％（RSD=2．11％）。结论该法操作简便、准确,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.