河北省2011-2015年流行性乙型脑炎流行病学特征分析

目的 分析河北省2011-2015年流行性乙型脑炎(JE)的流行病学特征,为有效控制乙脑提供科学依据。 方法 采用描述性流行病学分析方法,对乙脑监测管理系统信息、个案调查资料进行综合分析。 结果 河北省2011-2015年共报告乙脑病例272例,死亡3例,年均发病率0.075/10万,年均死亡率为0.001/10万,病死率为1.10%。其中2013年乙脑发病234例,发病率达到0.32/10万。病例散发且相对集中在河北省中南部地区的石家庄(44.49%)、衡水(19.85%)、邢台(11.76%);乙脑发病季节性明显,10月达到高峰(占68.01%);病例主要集中在15岁以上人群,占病例总数的73.90%;有免疫史的占11.74%,无免疫史和免疫史不详的分别占31.74%、56.52%。 结论 河北省2011-2015年乙脑发病率维持在较低水平。2013年出现乙脑发病高峰,乙脑发病年龄明显后移,需加强防控措施。     

光山县2005年流行性乙型脑炎监测及防治现状分析

目的通过对光山县2005年流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)监测,分析乙脑流行现状,为预防和控制乙脑提供科学依据。方法对疫情信息监测管理系统、个案调查资料、实验室反馈结果进行分析。结果2005年全县共报告乙脑32例,发病率为4.05/10万;病例呈散在分布;(7、8)月份为发病高峰;10岁以下儿童发病占总发病数的100%(32/32)。男女性发病比例为l.46∶1;有免疫史的占31.25%(10/32),无免疫史和免疫史不详的分别占56.25%(18/32)、12.50%(4/32)。实验室检测乙脑IgM抗体阳性率为44.44%(12/27),实验室诊断病例数占总病例数的37.50%(12/32)。结论建立并提高乙脑监测及实验室血清学诊断水平,提高乙脑疫苗有效接种率,清除蚊虫孳生地,做好宣传教育,搞好个人防护等综合性防治措施,可有效控制乙脑的发生和流行。     

2005-2014年钦州市流行性乙型脑炎流行病学特征分析

目的：了解钦州市流行性乙型脑炎（简称乙脑）的流行病学特征,为制定乙脑防制策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对乙脑病例进行分析。结果2005—2014年钦州市共报告乙脑病例68例,死亡7例,年均发病率为0.18/10万,年均死亡率为0.02/10万,病死率为10.30%。发病季节性明显,发病时间为5—7月,75%病例发生在6月份。报告病例年龄均为10岁以下儿童,男女比例为3∶1,无免疫史及免疫史不详病例占总病例的91.18%。以农村儿童为主,居住在农村的病例占总病例的92.65%。结论根据钦州市乙脑流行特征,为有效预防乙脑,应采取普及乙脑防治知识、加强宿主动物管理、提高乙脑疫苗有效接种率、做好灭蚊防蚊等综合防控措施。     

茂名市乙脑综合防治连续三年控制效果分析

目的了解茂名市乙脑疫情的流行情况,分析乙脑流行的原因和特征,探讨乙脑的防制措施,为制订有效的乙脑防制策略提供科学依据。方法采用流行病学调查方法,结合病例临床特征,对2003～2005年茂名市乙脑疫情资料进行统计分析。结果茂名市2003～2005年乙脑共发病144例,年均发病率为0.72/10万,死亡12例,病死率为8.33%;1针免疫的27例,占18.75%,2针免疫的6例,占4.17%,无免疫接种史111例,占77.08%;发病年龄最小者为8个月,最大的15岁,1～6岁儿童发病共114例,占总病例数的79.17%;每年的5月～6月为高发季节,占98.61%。结论茂名市乙脑流行多年,以季节性发病明显。免疫空白和未全程接种是乙脑爆发流行的原因。乙脑疫苗应急接种和防蚊灭蚊是控制乙脑流行的有效措施,本市自2003年以来已将乙脑疫苗纳入计划免疫,实行常规接种,逐步提高接种率及免疫覆盖率,消除免疫空白点,提高人群免疫水平,有效地控制及消除乙脑疫情。     

2006-2015年重庆市流行性乙型脑炎流行特征分析

目的 分析2006-2015年重庆市流行性乙型脑炎的流行特征,为控制乙脑流行提供有针对性和科学性的防治措施。 方法 采用描述性流行病学方法,利用SAS软件进行统计分析。 结果 2006-2015年重庆市共报告乙脑病例1 611例,发病率由2006年的0.72/10万降低到2015年的0.12/10万,发病率年均降低17.67%,年均发病率为0.49/10万;死亡31例,年均死亡率为0.009/10万,年均病死率为1.62%。男性发病率(0.57/10万)显著高于女性(0.40/10万)(P<0.05)。39个区县均有病例报告,发病呈散发,主要分布在大足区(129例,8.00%)、丰都县(123例,7.64%)、开县(114例,7.08%)、垫江县(97例,6.02%)。发病呈明显季节性,发病病例和死亡病例主要集中在7-8月(1 530例,94.97%);发病年龄以1~7岁为主,占73.43%,死亡以1~3岁为主,死亡中位年龄为2岁;职业分布以散居儿童为主,占55.62%。临床诊断病例698例(43.33%),实验室确诊病例913例(56.67%);病例以发热(89.63%),嗜睡(72.32%)等症状为主。病例中有疫苗接种史占18.37%,无疫苗接种史占26.88%,免疫史不详的占54.75%。 结论 重庆市乙脑发病逐年降低,今后应加强流行季节病例监测,在持续常规免疫的基础上,免疫重点应针对发病率相对较高地区的1~5岁散居儿童,同时提高个案调查质量和实验室诊断比例。     

2004～2008年周口市麻疹流行特征分析

[目的]了解周口市近年来麻疹流行特征,为制订消除麻疹措施提供依据。[方法]对2004~2008年周口市麻疹疫情资料进行分析。[结果]周口市2004~2008年合计麻疹病例2 850例,年均发病率为5.29/10万,发病率逐年上升。10个县(市、区)中,年均发病率川汇区最高(35.55/10万)。2 850例中,3~6月发病1 651例,占57.93%;学龄前儿童2 514例,占88.21%。8月龄至14岁2 110例中,有麻疹疫苗免疫史占13.98%,无免疫史占51.23%,免疫史不详占34.79%。麻疹暴发疫情合计103起,发病514例,占同期发病总数18.04%。[结论]周口市近几年麻疹发病呈上升趋势,适龄儿童中存在麻疹疫苗免疫空白。     

惠州市1990-2007年流行性乙型脑炎流行特征分析

目的了解惠州市流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)的流行情况,为乙脑的预防控制提供科学依据。方法利用传染病报告系统和乙脑监测系统报告数据,分析惠州市1990-2007年乙脑流行特征。结果惠州市1990-2007年共报告乙脑病例59例,死亡7例,乙脑年发病率为0～0.664/10万。乙脑发病集中在6-7月,占总病例数的86.40%;病例以散居儿童为主,≤9岁病例占86.40%;2003年以来的病例中66.60%的病例无免疫史或免疫史不详。结论预防控制乙脑应以抓好乙脑疫苗常规免疫接种为根本,建议每年在乙脑流行季节前开展乙脑疫苗查漏补种,重点做好农村和城郊地区的防蚊灭蚊工作,同时加强实验室监测。     

深圳市宝安区1990-2007年流行性乙型脑炎流行特征分析

目的 了解深圳市宝安区流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)的流行情况,为乙脑的预防控制提供科学依据.方法 利用传染病报告系统和乙脑监测系统报告数据,分析深圳市宝安区1990-2007年乙脑流行特征.结果 深圳市宝安区1990-2007年共报告乙脑病例59例,死亡7例,乙脑年发病率为0～0.664/10万.乙脑发病集中在6-7月,占总病例数的86.40%;病例以散居儿童为主,≤9岁病例占86.40%;2003年以来的病例中66.60%的病例无免疫史或免疫史不详.结论 预防控制乙脑应以抓好乙脑疫苗常规免疫接种为根本,建议每年在乙脑流行季节前开展乙脑疫苗查漏补种,重点做好农村和城郊地区的防蚊灭蚊工作,同时加强实验室监测.     

1994～2004年陆川县流行性乙型脑炎流行病学研究

目的了解陆川县流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）流行病学特征，为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法对1994—2004年陆川县乙脑疫情报告资料采用描述性流行病学方法进行分析。结果1994-2004年共报告病例85例。死亡7例。年均发病率0．92／10万。年均死亡率0．08／10万，年均病死率8．23％。5-7月为发病高峰。发病年龄以10岁以下散居儿童为主。占总病例数的98．82％，男女性别比为1．13：1。全程免疫占3．53％，未全程占11．76％。无免疫史占52．94％，免疫史不详占31．76％。结论乙脑发病主要表现为散发，乙脑疫苗覆盖率低是发病的重要原因。发病有明显的季节性。发病人群以低年龄组为主，应加强乙脑疫苗的预防接种，并在流行季节开展防蚊、灭蚊等综合防治措施。     

嘉兴市流行性乙型脑炎发病及影响因素分析

目的分析嘉兴市流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)流行情况,为乙脑预防和控制提供依据。方法利用"中国疾病预防控制信息系统"中乙脑监测数据,描述乙脑流行情况,分析影响乙脑发病的主要因素。结果嘉兴市2004—2013年共报告乙脑确诊病例67例,年平均发病率0.13/10万;7月为发病高峰;8月龄~14岁儿童病例占总数的74.63%;72.22%的病例为无免疫史或免疫史不详,本市户籍人群累计发病率为0.03/10万,低于非本市户籍0.30/10万的发病率(P0.01)。结论无免疫史或免疫史不详是乙脑发病的主要因素,应加强非本市户籍儿童的接种率。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.