新型支点侧屈位X线片在脊柱侧凸中的应用研究

目的探讨新型支点侧屈位X线片应用于青少年特发性脊柱侧凸选择性胸弯融合中的临床疗效。方法采用自行设计的新型支点侧屈位装置,对我院2013年6月至2014年4月住院的23例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者行术前融合节段的选择,其中女性18例,男性5例,平均年龄14.8岁(10.0~19.0岁),13例为Lenke 1AN型;4例为Lenke 1BN型;1例为Lenke 1A-;5例为Lenke 1CN型。影像学评估包括术前站立后前位X线片、新型支点侧屈位X线片以及术后1周、末次随访的站立后前位X线片。测量患者Cobb角,计算该方法比传统方法节省的融合节段。结果术前站立后前位X线片Cobb角平均为(43.7±6.0)°,新型最大支点侧屈位X线片Cobb角平均为(9.2±4.8)°,术后1周站立后前位X线片Cobb角平均为(9.6±3.7)°,末次随访站立后前位X线片Cobb角平均为(10.8±3.7)°。新型最大支点侧屈位X线片平均Cobb角与术后1周站立后前位X线片Cobb角相比差异无统计学意义(t=0.7;P=0.483);术后1周站立后前位X线片平均Cobb角与末次随访的站立后前位X线片平均Cobb角相比差异无统计学意义(t=5.5;P=0.001)。23例AIS患者中17例(74%)患者比传统的Harrington方法节省了至少一个以上融合节段。结论新型支点侧屈位X线片能够安全有效的评估青少年特发性脊柱侧凸融合节段的选择。与传统方法相比较,在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸矫形中应用新型支点侧屈位X线片能够节省融合节段,更多的保留脊柱活动度。     

支点弯曲位X线片预测脊柱侧凸三维矫形效果的价值

目的:评价支点弯曲位X线片在预测特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱矫形融合术效果的价值。方法:对37例特发性脊柱侧凸患者的43个结构性弯曲行术前站立位﹑仰卧侧屈位和支点弯曲位X线摄片,并与术后一周的站立位X线片比较。测量所有Cobb角并进行统计学评价。结果:胸弯组和腰弯组仰卧侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为43°和22°,支点弯曲位平均Cobb角分别为38°和19°,术后Cobb角分别为37°和19°。前路手术组和后路手术组仰卧侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为47°和13°,支点弯曲位平均Cobb角分别为42°和9°,术后Cobb角分别为41°和9°。严重侧弯组和中度侧弯组仰卧侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为52°和22°,支点弯曲位平均Cobb角分别为49°和19°,术后Cobb角分别为45°和20°。僵硬侧弯组和柔软侧弯组仰卧侧屈位平均Cobb角分别为51°和22°,支点弯曲位平均Cobb角分别为48°和17°,术后Cobb角分别为43°和19°。结论:支点弯曲位X线片比传统摄片能更好地评估特发性脊柱侧凸患者在脊柱矫形融合术中所获得的矫正效果,但对严重或较僵硬的侧凸矫形效果预测较差。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸柔韧性影响因素分析及仰卧侧屈角度的预测

目的分析青少年特发性脊柱侧凸柔韧性影响因素,探讨预测指标,初步建立仰卧侧屈位Cobb角角度的预测模型。方法通过对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸150例患者（包括胸椎侧凸和胸腰段/腰椎侧凸共216个）的站立位脊柱全长正位X线片和仰卧侧屈位X线片资料进行回顾性研究,用仰卧侧屈位X线片矫正率作为柔韧性指标,与站立位冠状面Cobb角、年龄、性别、Risser征、是否主侧凸和侧凸位置6个指标进行Pearson或Spearman相关分析及多元线性回归,筛选相关因素;采用同样方法 ,分析6个指标与仰卧侧屈Cobb角的关系。结果站立位冠状面Cobb角（P〈0.01）和侧凸位置（P〈0.01）与柔韧度存在明显线性回归关系。站立位冠状面Cobb角（P〈0.01）、侧凸位置（P〈0.01）和是否主侧凸（P〈0.01）与仰卧侧屈Cobb角存在明显的线性回归关系。对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸,站立位冠状面Cobb角每增加10°,柔韧度约减少8%,胸椎侧凸柔韧性平均比胸腰段/腰椎侧凸低10%。站立位冠状面Cobb角〉45°的胸椎次侧凸和〉50°的胸腰段/腰椎次侧凸,成为结构性侧凸几率较大。结论站立位冠状面Cobb角和侧凸位置是显著影响青少年特发性脊柱侧凸柔韧度的因素,实验探讨了1种预测仰卧侧屈Cobb角角度的简单方法 ,解决了临床实际问题。     

不同方式记忆合金加压钉矫正山羊脊柱侧凸模型的效果对比

目的通过不同型号、不同数量记忆合金加压钉矫正山羊脊柱侧凸模型效果的比较，探讨其调节脊柱生长的最佳干预方式。方法20只山羊用不对称拴系的方法建立脊柱侧凸模型。成模后解除拴系，随机分为4组（n=5）进行处理：3个治疗组行开胸手术，将相应型号的Staple钉植入椎体凸侧，对照组仅解除拴系。术后定期摄胸椎X线片，比较Cobb角变化。结果3个治疗组术后即刻矫形效果明显（P〈0．01），且侧凸的Cobb角随时间减小。各治疗组的有效矫形角度（矫形术后即刻Cobb角-术后2个月Cobb角）均较对照组大（P〈0．05），其中双排单间隙钉组的有效矫形角度最大，数据也较集中，但各治疗组之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论3种Staple钉的植入方式均可以有效的矫正脊柱侧凸，且矫形效果无显著差异。     

支点弯曲位X线片在辅助青少年脊柱侧凸柔韧性评估中的作用

目的评估支点弯曲位X线片在特发性脊柱侧凸近端胸弯（proximal thoracic,PT）,主胸弯（main thoracic,MT）和胸腰弯/腰弯（thoracolumbar/lumbar,TL/L）冠状位矫形中的作用。方法本研究包括38例连续的行单纯后路椎弓根螺钉矫形固定融合术的青少年脊柱侧凸患者。影像学评估包括术前站立前后位X线片、支点弯曲位X线片,仰卧侧曲位X线片以及术后站立前后位及侧位X线片。测量患者的Cobb角并计算支点弯曲影像（fulcrum bendingradiograph,FBR）柔韧性及支点弯曲矫正指数（fulcrum bending correction index,FBCI）。术后影像学资料包括术后即刻（1周）、3个月、6个月、12个月以及2年随访时的X线片。结果本研究手术节段包括9例PT,37例MT,9例TL/L。平均手术年龄为15.1岁。术前PT组、MT组和TL/L组的FBR柔韧性分别为42.6%、61.1%和66.2%;而平均手术矫正率分别为43.4%、69.3%和73.9%;平均FBCI分别为103.8%、117.0%和114.8%。FBR柔韧性正相关于手术矫正率。尽管MT组和TL/L组的手术矫正率高于PT组,3组的FBCI差异无统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论支点弯曲位X线片可以用来辅助青少年脊柱侧凸患者的柔韧性评估。采用支点弯曲位X线片对侧凸的柔韧性加以评估后发现,椎弓根螺钉对PT、MT和TL/L的矫形能力是相同的。     

哈尔滨市青少年脊柱侧凸普查与支具治疗结果分析

[目的]调查哈尔滨市青少年脊柱侧凸的患病率及类型,分析支具治疗的临床效果。[方法]于2005年10月～2009年10月对哈尔滨市城乡32所中、小学校6～16岁的24 362名中、小学生进行脊柱侧凸普查,统计患病率情况。根据特发性脊柱侧凸患者Cobb角大小不同,给予热塑支具治疗(Cobb角20°～40°)。每6个月复查1次,摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,分析治疗结果。[结果]第一检结果阳性1 240名(5.09%),第二检阳性518名(2.13%),其中497名进行第三检,全脊柱正侧位X线片示Cobb角≥10°者423名,患病率为1.74%。特发性脊柱侧凸116例(Cobb角20°～40°)进行热塑支具治疗,支具治疗病例平均随访38个月,84例(72.4%)治疗有效,32例(27.6%)出现脊柱侧凸进展,治疗无效。Cobb角20°～30°组的矫正效果优于Cobb角30°～40°组,两组比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。[结论]通过普查,可以早发现、早诊断青少年脊柱侧凸,以便及时选择适当的方法进行治疗。热塑矫形支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸能够取得较好疗效,侧凸柔软性好,Cobb角较小,则矫正效果好。     

3种摄片方法预测青少年特发性脊柱侧凸矫形结果的对比研究

[目的]评估术前站立位、支点弯曲位、重力悬吊牵引位和仰卧侧屈位X线片在预测青少年特发性脊柱侧凸三维矫形融合术效果的价值.[方法]对63例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的79个结构性侧凸摄术前站立位、支点弯曲位、重力悬吊牵引位和仰卧侧屈位X线片,将其与术后的站立位X线片比较,测量全部Cobb's角后进行统计学处理,并评估其价值.[结果]结构性胸凸组与结构性腰凸组重力悬吊牵引位片Cobb's角分别是40°和21°,仰卧侧屈位片Cobb's角分别是41°和23°,支点弯曲位片Cobb's角分别是35°和19°,术后站立位片Cobb's角分别是36°和18°;重度组(≥60°)与中度组(＜60°)重力悬吊牵引位片Cobb's角分别是52°和23°,仰卧侧屈位片Cobb's角分别是53°和24°,支点弯曲位片Cobb's角分别是47°和20°,术后站立位片Cobb's角分别是44°和19°;僵硬组与柔软组重力悬吊牵引位片Cobb's角分别是51°和22°,仰卧侧屈位片Cobb's角分别是52°和22°,支点弯曲位片Cobb's角分别是48°和18°,术后站立位片Cobb's角分别是45°和17°;前路手术组与后路手术组重力悬吊牵引位片Cobb's角分别是47°和15°,仰卧侧屈位片Cobb's角分别是49°和16°,支点弯曲位片Cobb's角分别是43°和11°,术后站立位片Cobb's角分别是42°和10°,以上角度均为平均值.平均随访时间是1.5年(11～37个月).[结论]支点弯曲位X线片比重力悬吊牵引位和仰卧侧屈位X线片能更准确地预测术后矫正效果,并能为选择前路或后路术式,以及融合节段提供依据.     

牵引位片与侧屈位片在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸融合区域选择上的对比研究

目的　对进行后路脊柱融合手术的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者的仰卧位侧屈位片和牵引位片在评价侧凸柔韧度和决定融合节段上的有效性进行比较。方法 :对 75例青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者进行了回顾 ,所有患者术后均随访了至少 2年时间。术前X线片包括了站立位的后前位片、侧位片、双侧最大自主侧屈位片以及在牵引床上所进行的牵引位片。术前对这些X线资料进行评估以决定侧凸的柔韧性和融合节段。在随访中 ,观察躯干失平衡和侧凸节段进一步进展的发生情况。结果　角度小于 6 0°的侧凸 ,侧屈位片比牵引位片具有更大的矫正率 ,而角度大于 6 0° ,其结果相反。对于KingⅠ型和KingⅡ型侧凸来说 ,侧屈位片在确定腰椎的柔韧度和区别这两种侧凸类型上具有其优势。在牵引位片上 ,稳定椎的位置比站立位正位片上平均要高 1.4个椎体。根据牵引位片上的数据 ,将融合节段向头侧移动后 ,躯干失平衡与侧凸节段进一步发展的现象时有发生。结论　侧凸角度不大于 6 0°时 ,仰卧位侧屈位片在评估脊柱弯曲的柔韧性时比牵引位片更具有优势。根据牵引位片进行融合节段末端椎体的选择 ,矫正效果差的发生率较高。青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的融合节段选择最好是结合站立位后前位片、侧位片和仰卧位最大自主侧屈位片来决定。     

Lenke 5、Lenke 6型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路矫形术后影像学与临床美学评估

【摘要】 目的：研究Lenke 5、Lenke 6型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）接受后路矫形术后临床美学的改善,探讨临床美学改善程度与影像学改善程度的相关性。方法：研究对象为28例以腰弯/胸腰弯为主弯的AIS患者,其中Lenke 5型患者12例,Lenke 6型患者16例。所有患者术前、术后均摄站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,在X线片上测量主弯Cobb角及顶椎偏移（apical vertebral translation,AVT）,同时在照片     

后路半椎体全切钉棒固定治疗幼儿先天性脊柱侧凸畸形

目的：评价后路半椎体切除钉棒固定治疗幼儿先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的临床效果。方法采用后路一期半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉固定治疗16例完全性半椎体畸形患儿,手术时年龄12～27（15．56±3．79）个月。术前侧凸 Cobb 角为32°～45°（38．35°±3．44°）,Bending 位侧凸26°～72°（53．26°±7．28°）。结果手术时间145～210（185±25）min,术中出血量220～580（375±58）ml,输血量300～480（450±38）ml;固定节段4～6（5．12±0．75）个椎体。患儿均获随访,时间13～26（18．5±3．2）个月。术后患儿站立位全脊柱正、侧位 X线片示侧凸 Cobb 角9°～15°（12．26°±2．06°）,平均矫正率68．4％;末次随访时侧凸 Cobb 角12°～20°（17°±1．56°）,丢失约5°,平均矫正率55．3％。术后伤口愈合不良1例,无神经系统并发症。结论采用一期后路半椎体切除、钉棒固定治疗幼儿先天性脊柱侧凸畸形,可直接去除致畸因素,在幼儿可获得良好的临床效果。     

垂直悬吊牵引像在重度脊柱侧凸矫形中的应用

目的分析悬吊牵引像在脊柱侧凸矫形中预测上、下固定椎的作用。方法选择2004年7月至2008年7月北京协和医院骨科收治的胸椎侧凸畸形患者27例,男15例,女12例,年龄11～21岁,平均15.5岁。所有患者均采用后路脊柱侧凸矫形植骨融合、钉钩混合固定,随访6～36个月,平均14.7个月。采用标准方法测量术前脊柱正侧位悬吊牵引像,术后及随访正位像的Cobb角、顶椎偏距、悬吊稳定椎等,测量所得结果进行统计学分析。结果 （1）术后胸弯平均Cobb角为43.8°,术后随访平均Cobb角为51.1°,较术前（平均Cobb角84.6°）明显改善（P〈0.01）,平均矫正率为48.2%;（2）悬吊像胸弯Cobb角与术后胸弯Cobb角呈正相关（P〈0.01）;（3）悬吊像顶椎偏距、术后胸弯顶椎偏距与术前顶椎偏距有显著差异（P〈0.01）;（4）悬吊像下平分椎倾斜度与术前站立位下固定椎无显著差异（P〉0.05）,与术后及随访的下固定椎倾斜度有显著差异（P〈0.01）;（5）悬吊像上平分椎倾斜度与术前站立位上固定椎、术后及随访的上固定椎倾斜度有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论选择悬吊牵引像的稳定椎作为脊柱侧凸矫形中上、下固定椎,术后平衡效果良好。     

全节段与选择性节段椎弓根螺钉固定治疗重度僵硬型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸比较

目的 比较全节段椎弓根螺钉(all segmental pedicle screws,ASPS)固定与选择性节段椎弓根螺钉(selective segmental pedicle screws,SSPS)固定治疗重度僵硬型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adoles-cent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院2003年3月至2008年12月期间单纯行后路椎弓根螺钉固定融合治疗的重度僵硬型AIS患者.站立前后位主胸弯Cobb角>70°和柔韧度<30%者为筛选对象,从327例AIS患者中筛选出符合标准的48例,22例行SSPS同定,26例行ASPS固定.统计并比较两组患者手术时的年龄、术前冠状面主胸弯Cobb角、脊柞柔韧度、术中出血量、术后1周及末次随访时的矫正率.结果 ASPS组和SSPS组的平均年龄分别为15.65岁和17.32岁,术前冠状面主胸弯Cobb角分别为86.77°±11.71°(71.31°～107.51°)和87.56°±14.88°(70.10°～117.83°),柔韧度分别为15.82%±7.37%(6.82%～29.74%)和19.30%±9.19%(0.89%～29.71%),手术时间分别为(280.69±35.92)min和(275.10±33.91)min,术中出血量分别为(988.50±287.80)ml和(800.98±360.47)ml(t=2.004,P=0.051),术后1周冠状面主胸弯畸形矫正率分别为60.07%±8.80%和46.79%±14.90%(u=3.280,P=0.001).ASPS组有1例因凸侧断棒而明显丢失畸形矫正率,余患者无明显丢失.结论 对于重度僵硬型AIS,ASPS治疗的患者术后冠状面主胸弯矫正率明显高于SSPS治疗的患者.     

牵引推压位X线片在特发性脊柱侧凸柔韧性评估中的应用研究

目的评价用牵引推压位X线片评估特发性脊柱侧凸患者柔韧性的效果。方法使用自行研制的电动牵引推压床提供可精确控制的轴向牵引和侧方推压的双向矫形力,对29名连续的特发性脊柱侧凸患者进行柔韧性评估。根据侧凸部位将患者分为胸椎侧凸组、胸腰段/腰椎侧凸组和代偿性侧凸组,将牵引推压位预测角度与仰卧侧屈位、支点侧屈位、悬吊牵引位进行对比分析。结果在胸椎侧凸组,牵引推压位的预测角度比悬吊牵引位小,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,与支点侧屈位、仰卧侧屈位无明显差异。牵引推压位和支点侧屈位预测角度与术后角度无明显差异,而仰卧侧屈位和悬吊牵引位预测值与术后角度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在胸腰段/腰椎侧凸组,牵引推压位预测角度小于悬吊牵引位,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,与支点侧屈位和仰卧侧屈位预测值差异不明显。仰卧侧屈位、牵引推压位和支点侧屈位预测角度与术后角度无明显差异;悬吊牵引位预测角度与术后角度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。在代偿性侧凸组,牵引推压位、悬吊牵引位预测角度与术后角度无明显差异;仰卧侧屈位预测角度与术后角度差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论使用1/2体重的推压和牵引力进行双向矫形的柔韧性评估能够准确预测主凸和代偿凸的术后角度,采用牵引推压位X线片预测角度是一种可适用于不同侧凸并且相对稳定和准确的预测方法。对牵引力与推压力组合比例的进一步探讨可能会获得更好的柔韧性评估效果。     

The ��X-Factor�� Index: a new parameter for the assessment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction

The correction rate (CR) and fulcrum bending correction index (FBCI) based on the fulcrum bending radiograph (FBR) were parameters introduced to measure the curve correcting ability; however, such parameters do not account for contributions by various, potential extraneous “X-Factors” (e.g. surgical technique, type and power of the instrumentation, anesthetic technique, etc.) involved in curve correction. As such, the purpose of the following study was to propose the concept of the “X-Factor Index” (XFI) as a new parameter for the assessment of the correcting ability of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). A historical cohort radiographic analysis of the FBR in the setting of hook systems in AIS patients (Luk et al. in Spine 23:2303–2307, 1998) was performed to illustrate the concept of XFI. Thirty-five patients with AIS of the thoracic spine undergoing surgical correction were involved in the analysis. Plain posteroanterior (PA) plain radiographs were utilized and Cobb angles were obtained for each patient. Pre- and postoperative PA angles on standing radiograph and preoperative fulcrum bending angles were obtained for each patient. The fulcrum flexibility, curve CR, and FBCI were determined for all patients. The difference between the preoperative fulcrum bending angle and postoperative PA angle was defined as Angle_XF, which accounted for the correction contributed by “X-Factors”. The XFI, designed to measure the curve correcting ability, was calculated by dividing Angle_XF by the fulcrum flexibility. The XFI was compared with the curve CR and FBCI by re-evaluating the original data in the original paper (Luk et al. in Spine 23:2303–2307, 1998). The mean standing PA and FBR alignments of the main thoracic curve were 58.3° and 24.5°, respectively. The mean fulcrum flexibility was 58.8%. The mean postoperative standing PA alignment was 24.7°. The mean curve CR was 58.0% and the mean FBCI was 101.1%. The mean XFI was noted as 1.03%. The CR was significantly positively correlated to curve flexibility (r = 0.66; p < 0.01).The FBCI (r = −0.47; p = 0.005) and the XFI (r = −0.45; p = 0.007) were significantly negatively correlated to curve flexibility. The CR was not correlated to Angle_XF (r = 0.29; p = 0.089).The FBCI (r = 0.97; p < 0.01) and the XFI (r = 0.961; p < 0.01) were significantly positively correlated to Angle_XF. Variation in XFI was noted in some cases originally presenting with same FBCI values. The XFI attempts to quantify the curve correcting ability as contributed by “X-Factors” in the treatment of thoracic AIS. This index may be a valued added parameter to accompany the FBCI for comparing curve correction ability among different series of patients, instrumentation, and surgeons. It is recommended that the XFI should be used to document curve correction, compare between different techniques, and used to improve curve correction for the patient.     

Comparison of push-prone and lateral-bending radiographs for predicting postoperative coronal alignment in thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliotic curves

STUDY DESIGN: A comparative evaluation of supine right and left lateral-bending radiographs and push-prone radiographs in patients with thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis to determine postoperative correction of the curve. OBJECTIVES: To determine the difference in the ability of the push-prone radiograph and the supine lateral-bending radiograph to predict postoperative coronal alignment for primary thoracolumbar and lumbar curves managed with an anterior spinal instrumentation and fusion. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Right and left supine side-bending radiographs are the standard means of evaluating curve flexibility before surgery in idiopathic scoliosis. A push-prone radiograph also has been obtained at the authors' institution as a single dynamic radiographic assessment of forced correction of the primary curve and resultant effects on compensatory curves above and below the fusion. METHODS: Preoperative standing, supine right and left lateral-bending, and push-prone radiographs were performed in 40 patients who underwent anterior spinal instrumentation and fusion. Postoperative standing radiographs of the spine were obtained at 3 months after surgery. Measurements on all the radiographs included the coronal Cobb angle, the angle of the lowest instrumented vertebra to the horizontal, the rotation of the lowest instrumented vertebra, and the distance of the midpoint of the lowest instrumented vertebra from the center sacral line. RESULTS: The lateral-bending and the push-prone radiographs predicted less correction of the Cobb angle and the angle of the lowest instrumented vertebra to the horizontal than was achieved after surgery. However, the push-prone radiograph was superior to the lateral-bending radiograph in accurately predicting the postoperative correction of the rotation of the lowest instrumented vertebra as well as the translation of the lowest instrumented vertebra from the center sacral line. CONCLUSIONS: The push-prone and lateral-bending radiographs are similar in predicting less correction of the Cobb angle after anterior spinal surgery. The push-prone radiograph helps in determining the effects that correction of the primary curve has on the curves above and below the level of fusion by better predicting the translational correction of the lowest instrumented vertebra and the rotation of the lowest instrumented vertebra.     

Prospective comparison of flexibility radiographs in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective evaluation of radiographs in patients undergoing anterior spinal fusion or posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most effective preoperative radiographic method for evaluating coronal plane flexibility by comparing preoperative and postoperative correction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Curve flexibility is traditionally evaluated with side-bending radiographs. Recently, the fulcrum-bending radiograph was shown to provide better correction of thoracic curves undergoing posterior spinal fusion but was not evaluated in thoracolumbar/lumbar curves or in patients undergoing anterior spinal fusion. METHODS: Preoperative coronal radiographs of 46 consecutive patients undergoing spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis obtained while standing, lying supine, side-bending (maximally bending while supine), push-prone (padded bolsters applied to chest wall while prone), and fulcrum-bending (curve apex suspended over a radiolucent fulcrum while lateral) were compared with standing postoperative radiographs. Cobb angles were determined and evaluated for statistical significance. RESULTS: The fulcrum-bending radiograph demonstrated statistically better correction than other preoperative methods for main thoracic curves (P < 0.01) but fell short of demonstrating the correction obtained surgically. There was no statistical difference between side-bending, fulcrum-bending, or postoperative correction for thoracolumbar/lumbar curves (all P values > 0.07). The left side-bending was the most effective method for reducing upper thoracic curves (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the results obtained for curves corrected by anterior spinal fusion or anterior spinal fusion. CONCLUSION: To achieve maximal preoperative correction, thoracic fulcrum-bending radiographs should be obtained for evaluating main thoracic curves, whereas side-bending radiographs should continue to be used for evaluating both upper thoracic and thoracolumbar/lumbar curves.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术前肺功能影响因素分析及临床意义

目的 分析影响青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者术前肺功能的相关影像学参数及其临床意义.方法 回顾性研究2009年7月～2012年8月本院收治的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者24例,术前肺功能检查、胸部CT扫描资料完整.分析肺功能结果与站立位全长X线片Cobb角、顶椎偏移、椎体旋转分度（Nash/Moe法）、顶椎肋椎角差值、矢状位T5-12后凸角和胸段累及椎体数目之间相关性.结果 患者年龄平均14.8岁,Cobb角平均52.8°;主弯Cobb角与术前肺活量占预计值百分比、第1秒最大呼气容积占预计值百分比、用力肺活量占预计值百分比、最大通气量占预计值百分比、肺总量占预计值百分比、一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比和一氧化碳弥散量呈负相关;顶椎偏移与肺总量占预计值百分比、一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比及一氧化碳弥散量呈明显负相关;站立位顶椎凸凹侧肋椎角差值分别与肺总量占预计值百分比、肺总量、一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比和一氧化碳弥散量呈负相关;Bending位顶椎凸凹侧肋椎角差值与肺总量、一氧化碳弥散量呈负相关;胸段累及椎体数≥7个组患者50％肺活量时最大呼气流量、75％肺活量时最大呼气流量、最大用力呼气中段流速占预计值百分比、最大通气量占预计值百分比及一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比数值,比胸段累及椎体数＜7个组患者有减少（P＜0.05）.结论 术前站立位主弯Cobb角愈大,主弯顶椎偏移增大,站立位以及Bending位顶椎凸凹侧肋椎角差值增加,肺功能下降.近胸弯≥30°组较之＜30°组,胸段累及椎体数≥7个组较之＜7个组,肺功能数值下降.     

Determination of optimal screw number based on correction angle for main thoracic curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

BackgroundReducing the number of screw insertions while maintaining good clinical outcomes can improve the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of scoliosis surgery. However, the optimal minimum number of pedicle screws remains unclear. This study searched for factors to estimate the fewest number of pedicle screws required between end vertebrae in relation to preoperative main thoracic curve flexibility.MethodsSixty-nine subjects (4 male and 65 female, mean age: 14.8 ± 2.5 years) who underwent skip pedicle screw fixation for Lenke type 1–4 or 6 curves and were followed for at least 1 year were enrolled. Intervention technique was selected according to the size and flexibility of the preoperative main thoracic curve. Surgery-related variables included pedicle screw number, rod material and diameter, and extent of Ponte osteotomy. The effect on postoperative correction angle (i.e., the difference between the preoperative supine position maximum bending and postoperative standing Cobb angles of the main thoracic curve) according to surgical intervention technique was estimated using multiple linear mixed regression models with the preoperative supine position maximum bending correction angle (i.e., the difference between the standing preoperative and supine position maximum bending Cobb angles) as a random effect.ResultsThe preoperative maximum bending correction angle was 8–42° and had a moderate negative correlation with postoperative correction angle (r = ?0.65, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed a 1.7° (95% CI 0.7–2.6; P < 0.01) correction gain per single-screw insertion and a 1.8° (95% CI 0.5–3.1; P < 0.01) gain per intervertebral level in Ponte osteotomy.ConclusionsThe number of pedicle screws necessary to correct main thoracic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis curves can be estimated by calculating correction gains of 1.7° per pedicle screw and 1.8° per Ponte osteotomy intervertebral level. Based on these results, it may be possible to reduce invasiveness and cost for patients requiring a smaller degree of correction.     

Coronal deformity correction in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients using the fulcrum-bending radiograph: a prospective comparative analysis of the proximal thoracic, main thoracic, and thoracolumbar/lumbar curves

The aim of the prospective, comparative radiographic analysis was to determine the role of the fulcrum-bending radiograph (FBR) for the assessment of the proximal thoracic (PT), main thoracic (MT), and the thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curves in patients undergoing posterior spinal pedicle screw fixation and fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The FBR demonstrated statistically better correction than other preoperative methods for the assessment of frontal plane correction of the MT curves. The fulcrum-bending correction index (FBCI) has been considered a superior method than the correction rate for comparing curve correction undergoing posterior spinal fusion because it accounts for the curve flexibility. However, their applicability to assess the PT and TL/L curves in AIS patients remains speculative. The relation between FBR and correction obtained by pedicle screws fixation is still unknown. Thirty-eight consecutive AIS patients who underwent pedicle screw fixation and posterior fusion were included in this study. The assessment of preoperative radiographs included standing posterior–anterior (PA), FBR, supine side-bending, and postoperative standing PA and lateral plain radiographs. The flexibility of the curve, as well as the FBCI, was calculated for all patients. Postoperatively, radiographs were assessed at immediate (i.e. 1 week), 3-month, 6-month, 12-month, and 2-year follow-up. Cobb angles were obtained from the PT, MT, and TL/L curves. The study consisted of 9 PT, 37 MT, and 12 TL/L curves, with a mean age of 15.1 years. The mean FBR flexibility of the PT, MT, and the TL/L curves was 42.6, 61.1, and 66.2%, respectively. The mean operative correction rates in the PT, MT, and TL/L curves were 43.4, 69.3, and 73.9%, respectively, and the mean FBCI was 103.8, 117.0, and 114.8%, respectively. Fulcrum-bending flexibility was positively correlated with the operative correction rate in PT, MT, and TL/L curves. Although the correction rate in MT and TL/L curves was higher than PT curves, the FBCI in PT, MT, and TL/L curves was not significantly different (p < 0.05). The FBR can be used to assist in the assessment of PT, MT, and TL/L curve corrections in AIS patients. When curve flexibility is taken into account by FBR, the ability of pedicle screws to correct PT, MT, and TL/L curves is the same.     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者脊柱柔韧性的影响因素

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者脊柱柔韧性的可能影响因素.方法:选取2006年12月～2008年4月在我院脊柱外科手术治疗的204例AIS患者,男性36例,女性168例,平均年龄15.0岁;平均Cobb角50.1°;平均Risser征3.4度;主弯跨度平均6.8个椎体;主弯顶椎旋转度平均2.0度.摄站立位全脊柱正侧位及仰卧左右侧屈位X线片,计算主弯柔韧性.采用相关分析研究各临床指标与主弯柔韧性的相关性.结果:女性AIS患者的脊柱柔韧性明显高于男性(P<0.05);胸腰弯组和腰弯组AIS患者的脊柱柔韧性显著大于胸弯组(P<0.05),胸腰弯和腰弯组之间无显著性差异(P>0.05).女性AIS患者中的年龄及主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)均与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05),且胸弯女性AIS患者的月经初潮至手术时间及顶椎旋转度也与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05).男性胸弯AIS患者中侧屈位主弯Cobb角、胸腰弯/腰弯组中主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)均与脊柱柔韧性显著负相关(P<0.05).主弯跨度及Risser征与脊柱柔韧性均无明显相关性(P>0.05).结论:女性AIS患者脊住柔韧性受年龄、月经初潮至手术时间、主弯Cobb角(站立位与侧屈位)、弯型及顶椎旋转度等因素影响;男性AIS患者的脊柱侧凸柔韧性主要受主弯Cobb角及弯型影响.