晚期乳腺癌内乳动脉灌注新辅助化疗后腋窝淋巴结的变化

目的:观察区域性灌注新辅助化疗对晚期乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结状态的影响,以探讨区域性动脉灌注化疗对晚期乳腺癌的治疗意义.方法:对38例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期乳腺癌行内乳动脉置管并连续灌注新辅助化疗,3周后行手术切除(治疗组)并与未化疗直接手术(对照组)的34例乳腺癌比较,观察腋窝淋巴结的变化.结果:治疗组检出腋窝总淋巴结和阳性淋巴结为(16.8±6.1)枚和(3.3±1.9)枚,显著低于对照组的(22.9±4.8)枚和(5.6±3.0)枚(P＜0.05).结论:内乳动脉置管灌注新辅助化疗可使腋窝阳性淋巴结数明显减少.     

内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗对乳腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:观察乳腺癌患者内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗后癌细胞凋亡及增殖程度的变化,判断区域性新辅助化疗的效果和意义.方法:治疗组为38例接受内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗患者,对照组为34例术前未接受化疗的患者,均进行增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)免疫组化染色和原位末端标记法检测细胞凋亡,并进行统计学处理.结果:治疗组PCNA和凋亡指数(AI)的阳性细胞数比率分别为(33.3±6.9)%和(56.9±8.9)%,对照组分别为(51.6±9.8)%和(40.1±7.6)%,两组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗能抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖,诱导凋亡.     

内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗对乳腺癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:观察乳腺癌患者内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗后癌细胞凋亡及增殖程度的变化,判断区域性新辅助化疗的效果和意义.方法:治疗组为38例接受内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗患者,对照组为34例术前未接受化疗的患者,均进行增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)免疫组化染色和原位末端标记法检测细胞凋亡,并进行统计学处理.结果:治疗组PCNA和凋亡指数(AI)的阳性细胞数比率分别为(33.3±6.9)%和(56.9±8.9)%,对照组分别为(51.6±9.8)%和(40.1±7.6)%,两组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗能抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖,诱导凋亡.     

区域性动脉灌注化疗对晚期乳腺癌组织的影响

目的:观察区域性灌注化疗对晚期乳腺癌组织学的影响,以探讨根治性手术的可能性.方法:对38例已确诊为Ⅲ期乳腺癌术前内乳动脉置管并进行连续72小时的灌注化疗,1周后行手术切除并对癌组织行病理检查.结果:38例中有22例原发肿瘤组织转为隐性,18例淋巴结为0转移.结论:区域性灌注化疗可明显缩小肿瘤组织,使晚期乳腺癌手术根治成为可能.     

两种方案治疗乳腺癌的疗效观察

目的：探讨新辅助化疗对乳腺癌特别是局部晚期乳腺癌的作用和近期疗效。方法：150例患者随机分为观察组（76例）和对照组（74例）,观察组采用新辅助化疗方案（TAC）,对照组采用传统的化疗方法（CAF）,观察肿瘤和腋窝淋巴结的变化。结果：观察组效果明显好于对照组,两组效果有显著性差异。结论：新辅助化疗可使乳腺癌病灶和腋窝淋巴结缩小,肿瘤分期降低,提高根治性手术和保乳手术的成功率。     

区域性动脉灌注化疗对晚期乳腺癌组织的影响

目的 :观察区域性灌注化疗对晚期乳腺癌组织学的影响 ,以探讨根治性手术的可能性。方法 :对 3 8例已确诊为Ⅲ期乳腺癌术前内乳动脉置管并进行连续 72小时的灌注化疗 ,1周后行手术切除并对癌组织行病理检查。结果 :3 8例中有 2 2例原发肿瘤组织转为隐性 ,18例淋巴结为 0转移。结论 :区域性灌注化疗可明显缩小肿瘤组织 ,使晚期乳腺癌手术根治成为可能。     

雌、孕激素受体表达状态与局部晚期乳腺癌经内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗疗效的关系

目的 探讨雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)表达状态对局部晚期乳腺癌经内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗疗效的预测价值.方法 选择98例临床认为不能一期手术,分期为ⅢA~ⅢC期的局部晚期乳腺癌患者为研究对象,采取患侧内乳动脉置管微量泵持续给药的新辅助化疗.化疗方案包括FAC、FEC、AC和TAC,以21 d为1个周期.2~4个周期后视情况行乳腺癌改良根治术或标准根治术.新辅助化疗前后分别对肿瘤标本通过免疫组化的方法进行ER、PR检测.新辅助化疗后对疗效进行评估.对比研究ER、PR不同表达状态对疗效的预测价值.结果 比较ER、PR的不同表达状态对局部晚期乳腺癌经内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗总有效率的影响结果显示差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 本研究没有支持ER、PR在局部晚期乳腺癌经内乳动脉置管新辅助化疗中对疗效有明显的预测价值.     

乳腔镜辅助下乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫的临床应用

目的分析乳腺癌患者采用乳腔镜辅助下乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术治疗效果。方法 60例乳腺癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组。对照组：采用传统开放腋窝淋巴结清扫术治疗;观察组：采用乳腔镜辅助下乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术治疗。结果观察组平均手术时间、出血量、术后肛门排气时间、术后并发症、留置尿管时间、术后补充治疗间隔时间均明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论对乳腺癌患者采用乳腔镜辅助下乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术治疗安全可靠。     

新辅助化疗后保乳手术治疗乳腺癌的临床效果

目的探讨新辅助化疗后保乳手术治疗乳腺癌的临床效果。方法收集2014年7月～2016年8月来我院接受保乳手术治疗的48例早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料。按照术前是否接受新辅助化疗分为观察组24例和对照组24例。对照组:保乳手术治疗。观察组:新辅助化疗后保乳手术治疗。观察患者手术情况、疗效、生活质量、术后并发症发生情况。结果观察组手术时间[(43.91±7.25)min vs(79.95±8.66)min]、术中出血量[(131.47±16.24)m L vs(245.81±18.77)mL]、术后住院时间[(9.23±1.28)d vs(16.17±3.49)d]均低于对照组(P <0.05),两组患者疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),观察组手术前和手术后1年生活质量对比,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05);对照组手术后1年生活质量低于手术前(P <0.05)。观察组术后并发症总发生率(16.67%vs 58.33%)低于对照组(P <0.05)。结论新辅助化疗后保乳手术治疗乳腺癌效果较好,患者手术时刻短、术中出血量少,术后住院时间短,生活质量未受到明显影响,术后并发症较少,临床应用价值较高。     

腔镜辅助下乳腺癌保乳术结合新辅助化疗的临床疗效观察

目的 探讨腔镜辅助下乳腺癌保乳术结合新辅助化疗的临床效果。方法 100例乳腺癌患者,随机分为观察组和对照组,各50例。对照组患者使用常规乳腺癌根治术进行治疗,观察组患者使用腔镜辅助下乳腺癌保乳术结合新辅助化疗的方法进行治疗。在治疗后观察两组患者的治疗效果、术中出血量、住院时间、手术时间以及患者对治疗的满意程度。结果 两组患者在经过治疗后均有所好转,观察组总有效率98%明显优于对照组总有效率76%;观察组手术时间(43.56±5.26)min明显优于对照组手术时间(85.27±10.97)min;观察组术中出血量(108.27±8.57)ml明显优于对照组术中出血量(287.25±24.59)ml;观察组住院时间(4.21±1.02)d明显优于对照组住院时间(8.98±3.26)d;观察组治疗满意度评分(8.25±1.75)分明显优于对照组治疗满意度评分(5.02±1.42)分,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 在对乳腺癌患者进行手术的过程中,使用腔镜辅助下乳腺癌保乳术结合新辅助化疗的治疗方法能够有效提升治疗效果,减少患者的手术时间、住院时间以及术中出血量,帮助患者尽快恢复,提升患者的满意程度,在实际的对乳腺癌患者的治疗过程中值得推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.