腓骨头的形态观测及其临床应用评价

目的:为带腓骨头腓骨上段骨瓣移植的合理应用提供解剖学依据。方法:在60根腓骨干燥完整标本上(左33,右27)对腓骨头进行形态学测量。结果:腓骨头外内角(内倾角)为(28.8±0.5)°,后前角(前倾角)为(10.3±3.3)°,腓骨头内侧面中央隆起宽(2.1±0.3)cm,厚(2.0±0.3)cm。腓骨头端有一关节面朝向前上内方,与胫骨外侧髁朝向外下方的腓关节面相关节,两者构成了轴向对接。结论:要使腓骨头关节面与人体其他关节面能较贴切对合重组新关节者,必需符合3个条件:①形态是否相似;②凹凸面是否匹配;③对接方式是否一致。     

吻合膝上外侧血管髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损的应用解剖

目的 :为带血供髂胫束移植修复跟腱缺损新术式提供解剖学基础。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本上 ,对膝上外侧动脉的起源、走行、分支、分布、吻合以及髂胫束的血供来源等进行解剖观测。结果 :膝上外侧动脉于腓骨头上缘近侧垂直距离 5 .2± 0 .9cm处起自动脉 ,起始外径1.8± 0 .4mm ,向外上蜿蜒走行 3 .0± 0 .2cm ,分为升、降支。升支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支和髂胫束穿支 ;降支起始外径 1.2± 0 .4mm ,发出肌支、3～ 5支股骨外侧髁骨膜支及髂胫束穿支。其中低位髂胫束穿支距腓骨头上缘距离 6.1± 1.1cm ,膝上外侧血管髂胫束瓣蒂长 4.9± 1.0cm。结论 :根据膝上外侧血管的分支、分布特点 ,设计吻合血管髂胫束游离移植修复跟腱缺损的术式具有可行性。     

腓骨上段移植重建第1跖骨的解剖学基础

目的：为腓骨上段移植重建第１跖骨提供解剖学依据。方法：在３０具骨骼标本上,对腓骨上段及第１跖骨进行形态学测量。结果：腓骨上段、第１跖骨形态比较,横径：腓骨头为（２．１±０．３）ｃｍ,跖骨头为（２．１±０．２）ｃｍ;腓骨颈为（１．１±０．１）ｃｍ,跖骨体为（１．４±０．１）ｃｍ。长度：腓骨头为（２．２±０．３）ｃｍ,跖骨头为（ １．５ ± ０．２）ｃｍ。矢状径：腓骨头为（２．６ ± ０． ３）ｃｍ,跖骨头为（ １． ９ ± ０． ２）ｃｍ。跖骨长度为（５． ８ ± ０． ３）ｃｍ。结论：腓骨上段与第１跖骨形态相似,设计带血管的腓骨上段移植重建第１跖骨具有可行性,临床已应用４２例,效果满意。     

运用三维摄影测量排量头关节面形态及其意义

测量腓骨头关节面形态，为临床上用带血管蒂的游离骨头植替代桡骨远端重建腕关节提供理论依据。方法：用三维摄影测量法测量４０例成人腓骨头标本，重建差了面数学模型，然后测量关节面倾角，弧长和曲率。结果：腓骨头关节在 后倾角为（９．９６±１．４７）°，内倾角为（２３．０７±２．１４）°，关节面冠状面弧长为１５．９±１．９０ｍｍ，太面弧长为１２．８±１．３０ｍｍ，冠状面屈率为０．１５４±．　，矢状面曲率为０．     

肱骨头两维平面激光投影测量

本文报道用激光对100例成人肱骨头进行两维平面测量,即正位、侧位、左、右45°斜位肱骨头的半径、关节面高度、张角及表面面积等。其结果为:1.肱骨头关节面的张角平均为144.48±11.93°。2.肱骨头半径及高度分别为2.15±0.16 cm、1.56±0.24 cm。肱骨头关节面高度占近似球体直径的36.05％。3.肱骨头关节面的表面积为21.02±4.03 cm~2。4.激光测量比接触测量客观、准确,可以重复并易取得统一标准,为骨胳测量提供一种较好方法。根据所测肱骨头半径与关节面张角,即能绘出肱骨头关节面的图形,计算出关节面曲率。本文对设计、制造肱骨头提供了国人数据,也可为肱骨头生物力学的研究提供参考。     

人工肱骨头置换与肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年复杂肱骨近端骨折的近期临床疗效分析

[摘要] 目的 对比分析人工肱骨头置换术和肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年复杂肱骨近端骨折的近期疗效。方法 回顾性分析本院骨科2012年1月~2014年6月采用人工肱骨头置换术和肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗的老年（年龄>65岁）NeerⅢ、Ⅳ部分肱骨近端骨折患者54例，人工肱骨头置换治疗（置换组）30例，肱骨近端锁定钢板内固定治疗（内固定组）24例。比较分析两组手术时间、术中出血量、随访Neer评分及Constant-Murley评分来评定两组临床疗效。结果 两组随访时间相仿，平均随访时间为19.5个月（12~36个月）。内固定组手术时间（101±13）分钟，术中出血量（237.9±32.4）mL，Neer评分（82.5±3.2），Constant-Murley评分（71.7±5.0）；置换组手术时间（98±11）分钟，术中出血量（246.0±39.8）mL，Neer评分（82.9±4.5），Constant-Murley评分（73.5±5.0）。两组手术时间、术中出血量、随访Neer及Constant-Murley评分比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。内固定组有1例出现肩关节半脱位，肱骨头置换组有2例出现肩关节半脱位，通过三角巾悬吊后关节脱位均得到纠正。有1例四部分骨折患者，行内固定术后出现内固定松动、肱骨头坏死，改行人工肱骨头置换术。结论 人工肱骨头置换术和肱骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年肱骨近端复杂骨折的近期临床疗效相似，对不可修复的肱骨近端骨折宜行肱骨头置换术。     

带腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 为带腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管筋膜皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学基础.方法 在32例成人下肢标本上,对腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管进行解剖观测.结果 腓肠外侧皮神经在腓骨头平面上方 7.1±2.4cm处起于腓总神经,分布于小腿后外侧上半或上2/3的皮肤.其营养动脉主要为:腓肠外侧皮动脉:起自腘动脉,在腓骨头平面上方5.0±1.5cm处浅出,外径为0.9±0.3mm;肌间隔筋膜皮支:起自胫后动脉和腓动脉,分别在腓骨头平面下方9.2±3.8cm和15.8±3.8cm处浅出,外径为0.7±0.3mm和0.9±0.4mm.该营养动脉除在腓肠外侧皮神经周围或其内呈链式吻合外,还发出筋膜皮支与邻位的皮动脉连接.静脉血可沿伴行静脉或小隐静脉及其属支回流至深静脉.结论 以腓肠外侧皮神经及其营养血管为蒂,可设计成顺行或逆行转位筋膜皮瓣,修复邻近部位的软组织缺损.     

监测皮岛对深部移植组织瓣血供监测的可靠性研究

目的：评价监测皮岛对深部移植组织瓣血供监测的可靠性。方法：从1989年9月到2003年6月，对85例因肿瘤切除、创伤导致深部组织缺损的病人实施了携带监测皮岛的各种深部游离组织瓣移植修复，术后7d内连续临床观察监测皮岛以了解深部组织瓣的血供。结果：10例监测皮岛出现异常，探查发现真正血栓9例，1例为假阳性。术后3d内出现9例，3d后(术后第5d)出现1例。监测皮岛对深部移植组织瓣血供监测的敏感性、特异性和Youden’s指数(正确诊断指数)分别为100％，98．7％和0．987。结论：(1)监测皮岛能可靠地监测深部移植组织瓣的血供状态；(2)应用监测皮岛，对深部移植组织瓣的血供监测3d是足够的。     

胸锁关节松动术治疗肱骨近端骨折术后患者肩关节功能障碍的效果

目的:探讨在常规治疗方案的基础上配合胸锁关节松动术对肱骨近端骨折术后肩关节功能障碍的康复疗效.方法:将40例肱骨近端骨折患者按随机数字表法分为2组,各20例.对照组采用常规治疗方案:盂肱关节松动术、超声波治疗、中药熏蒸、干扰电疗法,观察组在此基础上加入胸锁关节松动术.治疗前及治疗4周和8周后均采用Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分量表(Constant-Murley shoulder joint function assessment scale,CMS)、目测类比评分法(visual analogue score,VAS)及肩关节活动范围对患者的肩关节功能进行评定.结果:治疗4周及8周后,两组CMS总分评定显著高于治疗前,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗4周后,观察组在日常活动(12.95±2.80)及关节活动范围(17.40±3.32)评分较对照组有显著差异,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗8周后,观察组除疼痛评分外,在日常活动(14.70±3.79)、关节活动范围(22.10±4.38)及力量测试(15.30±2.94)评分较对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗8周后,两组在肩关节活动度及VAS评分上较治疗前均有显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗4周后,两组肩关节前屈(108.20°±26.28°)、外展(78.35°±19.49°)及VAS评分(3.55±0.14)相比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).治疗8周后,观察组肩关节前屈(127.75°±25.30°)、外展(95.50°±16.93°)及VAS评分(2.05±0.15)明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:在常规治疗方案的基础上加用胸锁关节松动术可有效扩大肩关节活动范围,改善肩关节运动功能.     

人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的技术要点

背景:采用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折可快速恢复肩关节良好的活动功能。但人工肱骨头置换过程中如何重建和恢复肩关节周围软组织平衡,其关键技术值得探讨。目的:分析人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折的效果及技术关键。方法:选择1999-06/2009-01解放军第八十九医院骨科关节外科施行人工肱骨头置换的13例肱骨近端粉碎性骨折患者,男4例,女9例,年龄在69.2(63~78)岁。术中准确复位固定大小结节,假体植入得当,修复肩袖损伤,术后进行康复训练,采用Neer评分标准随访评价治疗效果。结果与结论:13例患者随访51(9~112)个月,Neer评分标准显示,优6例,良5例,可2例,优良率85%;X射线片示无关节脱位、假体松动或断柄,患者均能完成日常活动,10例主观非常满意,主观满意度为77%。在熟悉肩关节解剖和功能特点的基础上,严格把握手术适应证,遵循肱骨头置换过程中的关键技术方法,置换后落实必不可少的康复训练过程,采用人工肱骨头置换治疗老年肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,可快速恢复肩关节良好的活动功能。     

以旋髂深血管为蒂的髂骨瓣和血管束联合移植的应用解剖学(治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的新术式)

在41侧成人尸体上观测了旋髂深血管的起始和外径。依据旋髂深血管的髂骨支和腹壁肌支的局部解剖学,设计了以旋髂深血管为蒂的髂骨瓣和血管束联合移植治疗股骨头缺血性坏死的新术式,并讨论了该术式的意义及应用解剖学要点。     

Aromatase immunolocalization in human ductuli efferentes and proximal ductus epididymis

Cytochrome P450 aromatase is a terminal enzyme that catalyses the conversion of androgens into oestrogens. This study investigated the immunohistochemical localization of aromatase in human efferent ductules and proximal ductus epididymis using a mouse anti‐human monoclonal P450arom IgG as primary antibody and a goat anti‐mouse biotinylated IgG as secondary antibody. A strong immunoreaction was observed in the epithelial cell cytoplasm of both ductuli efferentes and proximal ductus epididymis, whereas the smooth muscle cells were immunonegative in the two regions. The results show, for the first time in humans, that epithelial cells of ductuli efferentes and proximal caput epididymis express aromatase, suggesting that locally produced oestrogens may have a role in epididymal function.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.