Radical vulvectomy and bilateral groin lymphadenectomy utilizing separate groin incisions: report of a case with recurrence in the intervening skin bridge

Postoperative wound breakdown is very common following the en bloc dissection of the vulva and inguinal/femoral lymph nodes for carcinoma of the vulva. To decrease the incidence of wound morbidity, techniques have been described for performing the inguinal/femoral lymphadenectomy through separate groin incisions. This approach leaves a bridge of tissue between the vulvar excision and the lymph node dissection. A case of stage I squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva that was treated with a radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal/femoral lymphadenectomy utilizing separate groin incisions is presented. This patient later developed a recurrence in the tissue bridge between the vulvar and groin excisions. The mechanism for this recurrence is discussed.     

A single technique for polypropylene mesh hernioplasty of inguinal and femoral hernias.

The main factor in the repair of groin hernias is the reinforcement of posterior wall defects of the inguinal canal, including the femoral ring, because the normal insertion of the transversalis fascia and transversus abdominis muscle is on Cooper's ligament and not Poupart's ligament. In approximately one-half of primary femoral hernia repairs in men, a coincidental ipsilateral inguinal hernia existed. Recurrence after inguinal herniorrhaphy is usually femoral. Forty-three patients with direct, large indirect or femoral hernias (primary or recurrent) had a Marlex mesh hernioplasty to treat the inguinal and femoral region simultaneously.     

Limb preservation by Gore-Tex vascular graft for groin recurrence after postoperative adjuvant radiation in vulvar cancer

BACKGROUND:Recurrent vulvar cancer involving the femoral artery after groin radiation is usually considered inoperable. A patient with such recurrent vulvar cancer successfully treated by femoral vascular graft and rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction with limb salvage is described. CASE: A 51-year-old woman had recurrent vulvar cancer involving the right femoral vessels 6 months after a radical vulvectomy plus inguinal lymphadenectomy and postoperative pelvic and groin radiation. Radical en bloc excision of tumor along with the involved femoral artery and vein followed by Gore-Tex vascular graft and rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap reconstruction led to a complete remission. However, occlusion of the grafted vessels occurred 21 months following bypass surgery. Since the compensatory collaterals were established, debridement and removal of the occluded graft were carried out. The patient has been clinically free of disease for more than 48 months since graft reconstruction surgery. CONCLUSION: It is highlighted that aggressive tumor resection with limb salvage is feasible even for patients with vulvar cancer of the groin recurrence involving the femoral artery after primary surgery and groin radiation.     

Vulvar Eccrine Porocarcinoma

A rare case of a slowly growing vulvar tumor in a 75-year-old woman is presented. This vulvar neoplasm was an eccrine porocarcinoma with left inguinal nodal metastases. This is believed to be only the second reported case of a vulvar eccrine porocarcinoma. Treatment included a left hemivulvectomy, bilateral inguinal–femoral lymphadenectomy, and postoperative radiation therapy. A review of the literature regarding this unusual malignancy is included.     

Hip disarticulation for recurrent vulvar cancer in the groin.

A patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva treated with a radical vulvectomy and bilateral inguinal and femoral lymphadenectomies utilizing separate groin incisions, subsequently developed a recurrence in the skin bridge between the vulvar and groin excisions. Following groin irradiation with chemosensitization, the tumor progressed to involve the superior public ramus and femoral vessels. A left hip disarticulation and resection of a portion of the superior pubic ramus was performed. The patient has been free of disease for 3 years. The advantages of this procedure over a hemipelvectomy include shorter operative time, reduced blood loss, better fascial closure of the abdomen, and the creation of a stump which is more amendable to prosthetic fitting.     

A gelatin matrix-thrombin tissue sealant (FloSeal®) application in the management of groin breakdown after inguinal lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer

The rate of groin breakdown after radical wide vulvar excision and inguinal lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer remains significant despite conservative surgical approaches. An 86-year-old Latin American woman underwent wide radical excision and bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy for vulvar cancer. The postoperative course was complicated by bilateral groin wound separation and high output lymphorrhea. The patient responded to the application of a gelatin matrix-thrombin tissue sealant (FloSeal) to the bases of each groin with resolution in lymphorrhea and formation of granulation tissue. The application of a gelatin matrix-thrombin tissue sealant (FloSeal) may be a viable treatment in the management of groin breakdown in selected patients when conventional therapy produces suboptimal results.     

Video endoscopic-assisted inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy (VEIL) in squamous cell invasive vulvar carcinoma: our initial experience

Inguinal lymphadenectomy is a part of the surgical treatment of invasive perineal cancers and lower extremities and inferior trunk melanomas. Inguinal node metastasis represents a major prognostic factor; therefore, inguinal lymphadenectomy has a central role in oncological patient management. Nevertheless, inguinal node dissection is associated with significant morbidity such as lymphedema, wound dehiscence, flap necrosis, infection, seroma, femoral hernia, and deep venous thromboembolism. Recently, several publications have reported experiences with video endoscopic-assisted techniques attempting to reduce the high morbidity related to open inguinal lymphadenectomy. The primary results are promising in terms of feasibility, oncological survey and goals, postoperative complications, and esthetic results. We discuss here our initial experience with video endoscopic inguino-femoral lymphadenectomy (VEIL) in a patient with invasive vulvar carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bilateral VEIL in vulvar carcinoma.     

Effectiveness of definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva with gross inguinal lymphadenopathy

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness and long-term side effects of definitive groin radiotherapy for vulvar cancer with grossly involved inguinal lymph nodes.

Das Sentinellymphknotenverfahren beim Vulvakarzinom

Although the local and regional radicality in treating vulvar carcinoma could be reduced during the last years, the inguinal lymphadenectomy with its short term and long term morbidity will remain in most cases a necessary part of the surgical treatment. Therefore, since some years, there are studies to find out whether the procedure of sentinel lymph node biopsy could be used in vulvar cancer. The results up to now show an almost hundred percent rate for identification of the sentinel node using radioactive tracer alone or in combination with vital dye. Histological diagnosis of metastases in a sentinel node yields very high values for sensitivity and specificity. The sentinel lymph node procedure in vulvar cancer, however, is not sufficiently evaluated up to now to replace the standard of complete inguinal lymphadenectomy.     

The role of preoperative ultrasound evaluation of inguinal lymph nodes in patients with vulvar malignancy

Objectives

Inguinal lymphadenectomy in vulvar malignancies is associated with significant morbidity, especially in patients over 70 years old. Under certain conditions, surgical guidelines recommend biopsy and evaluation of the sentinel node in early vulvar cancer. The purpose of our study is to evaluate ultrasonography as a predictor of inguinal lymph node involvement.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed with 60 patients who had vulvar malignancies (92% of which were squamous cell carcinomas) and who were treated at our hospital between 2002 and 2012. The patients ranged in age from 35 to 89 years, with a median age of 76 years. In total, 118 groin scans were retrospectively evaluated for sonographic evidence of lymph node involvement (i.e., absence of fatty hilum, irregular shape, cortical region diameter and vascularization pattern). The results were then compared with histopathologically confirmed lymph node status.

Results

Histopathologically confirmed lymph node status was available for 107 of the inguinal nodes examined by ultrasound, and lymph node metastases were found in 38 (35.5%) cases. The presence or absence of inguinal lymph node metastases was correctly identified by sonography in 92 (86.0%) of the scanned areas. Sensitivity was 76.3%, specificity was 91.3%, and positive and negative predictive values were 82.9% and 87.5%, respectively.

Conclusions

Ultrasonography of the inguinal lymph nodes showed a relatively high sensitivity and specificity for predicting inguinal tumor metastases. However, our results indicate that surgical lymph node staging is still needed to precisely determine inguinal lymph node status in vulvar cancer, especially because a missed lymph node-metastasis is often fatal.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.     

Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva in Turner syndrome

BACKGROUND: Verrucous carcinoma of the vulva in a patient with Turner syndrome is extremely rare. CASE REPORT: A 7.5 x 4 cm exophytic tumor of the vulva with a palpable ipsilateral groin lymph node developed in a 41-year-old single nulligravid Japanese woman with short stature and a history of primary amenorrhea. Analysis of karyotype demonstrated mosaic Turner syndrome. She underwent total deep vulvectomy with en-block inguinal femoral lymphadenectomy. Histopathological finding of the extirpated specimen demonstrated verrucous carcinoma with clear margins and the absence of metastasis to the lymph nodes. There was no sign of HPV genome detected in the carcinoma tissue. CONCLUSION: This seems to be the first case of vulvar verrucous carcinoma in a patient with Turner syndrome.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.     

Carcinoma of the vulva. Clinicopathologic factors involved in inguinal and pelvic lymph node metastasis

Eighty-five women with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma were subjected to radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinal and femoral node dissection or to radical vulvectomy with bilateral inguinofemoral and deep pelvic node dissection. The association between lymph node status (metastatic or not) and several parameters was analyzed: tumor location, size and clinical stage; tumor thickness, histologic grade and mitotic index; blood vessel, lymphatic and perineural infiltration; and lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrates. There were no metastases to the pelvic lymph nodes without previous inguinal lymph node involvement. Unilateral vulvar carcinomas did not have contralateral metastatic nodes when there was no ipsilateral nodal involvement. Lymphatic vessel infiltration showed a statistically significant correlation with inguinal node metastases (P less than .05). No correlation was found between lymph node metastasis and tumor size, clitoral invasion, tumor thickness, histologic grade, blood vessel and perineural infiltration, lymphocytic and plasma cell infiltrates, and mitotic index.     

前哨淋巴结活检术应用于外阴癌的初步研究

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)应用于外阴癌的可行性.方法 选择2004年10月-2008年4月间于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院接受手术治疗、术中采用SLNB的外阴癌患者21例,其中处于研究前期(即2005年5月前)的11例患者采用染料法识别前哨淋巴结(SLN)、处于研究后期的10例患者采用核素-染料联合法识别SLN,术后行常规病理检查.以病理检查结果为金标准,观察SLNB的检测效果;并观察与SLNB相关的并发症的发生情况.结果 21例患者中,20例(95%)检出SLN,其中8例为单侧腹股沟、12例为双侧腹股沟.20例SLN阳性患者共检出83枚SLN,每例患者平均检出4.2枚(1～9枚),每侧腹股沟平均2.6枚(1～6枚).其中,染料法每例患者平均检出4.4枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.5枚,核素-染料联合法每例患者平均检出3.9枚、每侧腹股沟平均2.7枚,分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=0.459,P=0.652;t=-0.421,P=0.717).20例SLN阳性患者腹股沟浅组淋巴结中均检出SLN,其中1例双侧腹股沟深组淋巴结中也检出SLN.20例SLN阳性的患者中,8例(10侧腹股沟)术后病理检查显示腹股沟淋巴结转移,其中7例患者(9侧腹股沟)的转移淋巴结中均包括有SLN、1例(1侧腹股沟)出现假阴性.以SLN识别预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移的假阴性率为10%(1/10),阴性预测值为96%(22/23).未发现与SLNB相关的损伤及不良反应.结论 SLNB应用于外阴癌安全、可行,以SLN预测同侧腹股沟淋巴结转移具有较高准确性.